History of neuraxial anesthesia explained

The history of neuraxial anaesthesia dates back to the late 1800s[1] and is closely intertwined with the development of anaesthesia in general.[2] Neuraxial anaesthesia, in particular, is a form of regional analgesia placed in or around the Central Nervous System, used for pain management and anaesthesia for certain surgeries and procedures.

19th century

In 1855, Friedrich Gaedcke (18281890) became the first to chemically isolate cocaine, the most potent alkaloid of the coca plant. Gaedcke named the compound "erythroxyline".[3] [4]

In 1884, Austrian ophthalmologist Karl Koller (18571944) instilled a 2% solution of cocaine into his own eye and tested its effectiveness as a local anesthetic by pricking the eye with needles.[5] His findings were presented a few weeks later at annual conference of the Heidelberg Ophthalmological Society.[6] The following year, William Halsted (18521922) performed the first brachial plexus block.[7] Also in 1885, James Leonard Corning (18551923) injected cocaine between the spinous processes of the lower lumbar vertebrae, first in a dog and then in a healthy man.[8] [9] His experiments are the first published descriptions of the principle of neuraxial blockade.[10]

On August 16, 1898, German surgeon August Bier (18611949) performed surgery under spinal anesthesia in Kiel.[11] Following the publication of Bier's experiments in 1899, a controversy developed about whether Bier or Corning performed the first successful spinal anesthetic.[12] [13]

There is no doubt that Corning's experiments preceded those of Bier. For many years however, a controversy centered around whether Corning's injection was a spinal or an epidural block. The dose of cocaine used by Corning was eight times higher than that used by Bier and Tuffier. Despite this much higher dose, the onset of analgesia in Corning's human subject was slower and the dermatomal level of ablation of sensation was lower. Also, Corning did not describe seeing the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in his reports, whereas both Bier and Tuffier did make these observations. Based on Corning's own description of his experiments, it is apparent that his injections were made into the epidural space, and not the subarachnoid space.[13] Finally, Corning was incorrect in his theory on the mechanism of action of cocaine on the spinal nerves and spinal cord. He proposed – mistakenly – that the cocaine was absorbed into the venous circulation and subsequently transported to the spinal cord.[13]

Although Bier properly deserves credit for the introduction of spinal anesthesia into the clinical practice of medicine, it was Corning who created the experimental conditions that ultimately led to the development of both spinal and epidural anesthesia.[13]

20th century

Romanian surgeon Nicolae Racoviceanu-Pitești (1860–1942) was the first to use opioids for intrathecal analgesia; he presented his experience in Paris in 1901.[14]

In 1921, Spanish military surgeon Fidel Pagés (18861923) developed the modern technique of lumbar epidural anesthesia,[15] which was popularized in the 1930s by Italian surgery professor (18971966).[16] Dogliotti is known for describing a "loss-of-resistance" technique, involving constant application of pressure to the plunger of a syringe to identify the epidural space whilst advancing the Tuohy needle – a technique sometimes referred to as Dogliotti's principle.[17] Eugen Bogdan Aburel (18991975) was a Romanian surgeon and obstetrician who in 1931 was the first to describe blocking the lumbar plexus during early labor, followed by a caudal epidural injection for the expulsion phase.[18] [19]

Beginning in October 1941, Robert Andrew Hingson (19131996), Waldo B. Edwards and James L. Southworth, working at the United States Marine Hospital at Stapleton, on Staten Island in New York, developed the technique of continuous caudal anesthesia.[20] [21] [22] [23] Hingson and Southworth first used this technique in an operation to remove the varicose veins of a Scottish merchant seaman. Rather than removing the caudal needle after the injection as was customary, the two surgeons experimented with a continuous caudal infusion of local anesthetic. Hingson then collaborated with Edwards, the chief obstetrician at the Marine Hospital, to study the use of continuous caudal anesthesia for analgesia during childbirth. Hingson and Edwards studied the caudal region to determine where a needle could be placed to deliver anesthetic agents safely to the spinal nerves without injecting them into the cerebrospinal fluid.[22]

The first use of continuous caudal anesthesia in a laboring woman was on January 6, 1942, when the wife of a United States Coast Guard sailor was brought into the Marine Hospital for an emergency Caesarean section. Because the woman had rheumatic heart disease (heart failure following an episode of rheumatic fever during childhood), her doctors believed that she would not survive the stress of labor but they also felt that she would not tolerate general anesthesia due to her heart failure. With the use of continuous caudal anesthesia, the woman and her baby survived.[24]

The first described placement of a lumbar epidural catheter was performed by Manuel Martínez Curbelo (5 June 19061 May 1962) on January 13, 1947.[25] [26] Curbelo, a Cuban anesthesiologist, introduced a 16 gauge Tuohy needle into the left flank of a 40-year-old woman with a large ovarian cyst. Through this needle, he introduced a 3.5 French ureteral catheter made of elastic silk into the lumbar epidural space. He then removed the needle, leaving the catheter in place and repeatedly injected 0.5% percaine (cinchocaine, also known as dibucaine) to achieve anesthesia. Curbelo presented his work on September 9, 1947, at the 22nd Joint Congress of the International Anesthesia Research Society and the International College of Anesthetists, in New York City.[19] [27]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Mandabach . Mark G . 2002-12-01 . The early history of spinal anesthesia . International Congress Series . The history of anesthesia . 1242 . 163–168 . 10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00783-5 . 0531-5131.
  2. Brill . S. . Gurman . G. M. . Fisher . A. . September 2003 . A history of neuraxial administration of local analgesics and opioids . European Journal of Anaesthesiology . 20 . 9 . 682–689 . 10.1017/s026502150300111x . 0265-0215 . 12974588. 46735940 .
  3. Gaedcke. F. Friedrich Gaedcke. Ueber das Erythroxylin, dargestellt aus den Blättern des in Südamerika cultivirten Strauches Erythroxylon Coca Lam. Archiv der Pharmazie. 132. 2. 141–50. 1855. 10.1002/ardp.18551320208. 86030231.
  4. Zaunick. R. Early history of cocaine isolation: Domitzer pharmacist Friedrich Gaedcke (1828–1890); contribution to Mecklenburg pharmaceutical history. Beitr Gesch Pharm Ihrer Nachbargeb. 7. 2. 5–15. 1956. 13395966.
  5. Koller. K. Karl Koller (ophthalmologist). Über die verwendung des kokains zur anästhesierung am auge. On the use of cocaine for anesthesia on the eye. de. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift. 34. 1276–1309. 1884.
  6. Book: Karch, SB. A brief history of cocaine from Inca monarchs to Cali cartels : 500 years of cocaine dealing. 2nd. Genies and furies. 51–68. Taylor & Francis Group. Boca Raton, Florida. 2006. 978-0849397752. https://books.google.com/books?id=EL30bVA3orkC&q=%22Heidelberg+Ophthalmological+Society%22&pg=PA64.
  7. Halsted. WS. William Stewart Halsted. Practical comments on the use and abuse of cocaine; suggested by its invariably successful employment in more than a thousand minor surgical operations. New York Medical Journal. 42. 294–5. 1885-09-12.
  8. Corning. JL. James Leonard Corning. Spinal anaesthesia and local medication of the cord. New York Medical Journal. 42. 483–5. 1885.
  9. Corning. JL. A further contribution on local medication of the spinal cord, with cases. New York Medical Record. 291–3. 1888.
  10. Gorelick. PB. Zych. D. James Leonard Corning and the early history of spinal puncture. Neurology. 37. 4. 672–4. 1987. 3550521. 10.1212/WNL.37.4.672. 31624731.
  11. Bier. A. August Bier. Versuche uber cocainisirung des ruckenmarkes (Experiments on the cocainization of the spinal cord). de. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Chirurgie. 51. 3–4. 361–9. 1899. 10.1007/bf02792160. 41966814.
  12. Wulf. HFW. The centennial of spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 89. 2. 500–6. 1998. 10.1097/00000542-199808000-00028. 9710410. 31186270. free.
  13. Marx. GF. The first spinal anesthesia. Who deserves the laurels?. Regional Anesthesia. 19. 6. 429–30. 1994. 7848956.
  14. Brill. S. Gurman. GM. Fisher. A. A history of neuraxial administration of local analgesics and opioids. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 20. 9. 682–9. 2003. 0265-0215. 12974588. 10.1017/S026502150300111X. 46735940.
  15. Pagés. F. Fidel Pagés. Anestesia metamérica . es . Revista de Sanidad Militar . 11 . 351–4. 1921.
  16. J. C. Diz, A. Franco, D. R. Bacon, J. Rupreht, and J. Alvarez (eds.); The history of anesthesia: proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, Elsevier (2002), pp. 205–6, 0-444-51003-6
  17. Dogliotti. AM. Research and clinical observations on spinal anesthesia: with special reference to the peridural technique. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 12. 2. 59–65. 1933. 10.1213/00000539-193301000-00014. 70731119 .
  18. Aburel. E. Eugen Aburel. L'Anesthésie locale continue prolongée en obstétrique. fr. Bull Soc Obst et Gyn de Paris. 20. 35–37. 1931.
  19. Aldrete. JA. Cabrera. H. Wright. AJ. Manuel Martinez Curbelo And Continuous Lumbar Epidural Anesthesia. Bulletin of Anesthesia History. 22. 4. 1–8. 2004. 20503747. 10.1016/S1522-8649(04)50045-8.
  20. Edwards. WB. Hingson. RA. Continuous caudal anesthesia in obstetrics. American Journal of Surgery. 57. 3. 459–64. 1942. 10.1016/S0002-9610(42)90599-3.
  21. Hingson. RA. Edwards. WB. Continuous Caudal Anesthesia During Labor and Delivery. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 21. 301–11. 1942. 10.1213/00000539-194201000-00072.
  22. Hingson. RA. Edwards. WB. Comprehensive review of continuous caudal analgesia for anesthetists. Anesthesiology. 4. 2. 181–96. 1943. 10.1097/00000542-194303000-00010. 73184705. free.
  23. Rosenberg. H. Robert Andrew Hingson, M.D.: OB analgesia pioneer (1913–1996). American Society of Anesthesiologists Newsletter. 63. 9. 12–13. 1999. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215747/https://www.woodlibrarymuseum.org/Finding_Aid/hingson/hingson.pdf/ . 27 May 2014.
  24. Hingson. RA. Edwards. WB. Continuous Caudal Analgesia in Obstetrics. Journal of the American Medical Association. 121. 4. 225–9. 1943. 10.1001/jama.1943.02840040001001.
  25. Web site: Dr. Pío Manuel Martínez Curbelo . es . 2012-06-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140528005844/http://articulos.sld.cu/editorhome/archives/8890 . 2014-05-28 . dead.
  26. La anestesia epidural continua por via lumbar: antecedentes y descubrimiento . Rev Cub Anest Rean. . 6 . 2 . April 2007 . 1–18 . es . Humberto . Sainz Cabrera . José Antonio . Aldrete Velazco . Carlos . Vilaplana Santaló . Biblioteca Virtual de Salud . 5 April 2019.
  27. Martinez Curbelo . M . Continuous peridural segmental anesthesia by means of a ureteral catheter . Curr Res Anesth Analg . 28 . 1 . 13–23 . 1949 . 10.1213/00000539-194901000-00002 PMID is citation; doi is a login page-->,10.1213/00000539-194901000-00002 . 18105827 .

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