History of YouTube explained

YouTube is an American online video-sharing platform headquartered in San Bruno, California, founded by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005. Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, since which it operates as one of Google's subsidiaries.

YouTube allows users to upload videos, view them, rate them with likes and dislikes, share them, add videos to playlists, report, make comments on videos, and subscribe to other users. The slogan "Broadcast Yourself" used for several years and the reference to user profiles as "Channels" signifies the premise upon which the platform is based, of allowing anyone to operate a personal broadcasting station in resemblance to television with the extension of video on demand.

As such, the platform offers a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media videos. Available content includes video clips, TV show clips, music videos, short and documentary films, audio recordings, movie trailers, live streams, and other content such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational videos.

, there were more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute, and one billion hours of content being watched on YouTube every day., YouTube is the second-most popular website in the world, behind Google, according to Alexa Internet.[1], more than 500 hours of video content are uploaded to YouTube every minute.[2] Based on reported quarterly advertising revenue, YouTube is estimated to have in annual revenues.

YouTube has faced criticism over aspects of its operations, including its handling of copyrighted content contained within uploaded videos,[3] its recommendation algorithms perpetuating videos that promote conspiracy theories and falsehoods,[4] hosting videos ostensibly targeting children but containing violent or sexually suggestive content involving popular characters,[5] videos of minors attracting pedophilic activities in their comment sections,[6] and fluctuating policies on the types of content that is eligible to be monetized with advertising.

Founding (2005)

YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, when they worked for PayPal.[7] Prior to working for PayPal, Hurley studied design at the Indiana University of Pennsylvania; Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.[8] YouTube's initial headquarters was above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California.[9]

The domain name "YouTube.com" was activated on February 14, 2005, with video upload options being integrated on April 23, 2005, with the slogan "Tune In, Hook Up" ─ the original idea of Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim. The concept was an online dating service that ultimately failed but had an exceptional video and uploading platform.[10] After the infamous Justin Timberlake and Janet Jackson Halftime show incident, they found it difficult to find any videos of it on the internet. After noticing that a video sharing platform did not exist, they dropped the dating aspect of the site.[11] The idea of the new company was for non-computer experts to be able to use a simple interface that allowed the user to publish, upload and view streaming videos through standard web browsers and modern internet speeds. Ultimately, creating an easy to use video streaming platform that wouldn't stress out the new internet users of the early 2000s.[12] The first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, was uploaded on April 23, 2005, and shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo and currently has over 120 million views and almost 5 million likes.[13] [14] Hurley was behind the look of the website, creating the logo.[15] Chen made sure the page actually worked and that there would be no issues with the uploading and playback process. Karim was a programmer and helped in making sure the initial website was put together properly and helped in both design and programming.

As of June 2005, YouTube's slogan was "Your Digital Video Repository".[16]

YouTube began as an angel-funded enterprise working from a makeshift office in a garage. In November 2005, venture firm Sequoia Capital invested an initial $3.5 million,[17] and Roelof Botha (a partner of the firm and former CFO of PayPal) joined the YouTube board of directors. In April 2006, Sequoia and Artis Capital Management invested an additional $8 million in the company, which had experienced significant growth in its first few months.[18]

As of December 2005, the number of commenters' videos, favourites, and friends was directly indicated in the comment section, as well as a video's backlinks, comment counts in suggested videos, and rating indicator in video listings search results and channel pages. The site slogan was "Broadcast yourself. Watch and share your videos worldwide!", which would later become just "Broadcast yourself".[19] Later, while some of these indicators were removed, the watch page displayed playlists linking back to a video as of 2007, like SoundCloud does as of 2022.[20]

Growth, purchase by Google, and Person of the Year (2006)

After opening on a beta service in May 2005 YouTube.com was trafficking around 30,000 viewers a day in just months of time. After launching six months later they would be hosting well over two million viewers a day on the website. By March 2006 the site had more than 25 million videos uploaded and was generating around 20,000 uploads a day.[21] During the summer of 2006, YouTube was one of the fastest growing sites on the World Wide Web,[22] hosting more than 65,000 new video uploads. The site delivered an average of 100 million video views per day in July.[23] However, this did not come without any problems, the rapid growth in users meant YouTube had to keep up with it technologically speaking. They needed new equipment and wider broadband internet connection to serve an ever growing audience. The increasing copyright infringement problems and lack in commercializing YouTube eventually led to outsourcing to Google who later failed in their own video platform "Google Video". It was ranked the fifth-most-popular website on Alexa, far out-pacing even MySpace's rate of growth.[24] The website averaged nearly 20 million visitors per month according to Nielsen/NetRatings,[23] with around 44% female and 56% male visitors. The 12- to 17-year-old age group was dominant.[25] YouTube's pre-eminence in the online market was substantial. According to the website Hitwise.com, YouTube commanded up to 64% of the UK online video market.[26]

YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with NBC in June 2006.[27]

The first targeted advertising on the site came in February 2006 in the form of participatory video ads, which were videos in their own right that offered users the opportunity to view exclusive content by clicking on the ad.[28] The first such ad was for the Fox show Prison Break and solely appeared above videos on Paris Hilton's channel.[29] At the time, the channel was operated by Warner Bros. Records and was cited as the first brand channel on the platform. Participatory video ads were designed to link specific promotions to specific channels rather than advertising on the entire platform at once. When the ads were introduced, in August 2006, YouTube CEO Chad Hurley rejected the idea of expanding into areas of advertising seen as less user-friendly at the time, saying, "we think there are better ways for people to engage with brands than forcing them to watch a commercial before seeing content. You could ask anyone on the net if they enjoy that experience and they'd probably say no." However, YouTube began running in-video ads in August 2007, with preroll ads introduced in 2008.[30]

On October 9, 2006, it was announced that the company would be purchased by Google for US$1.65 billion in stock, which was completed on November 13. At that time it was Google's second-largest acquisition.[31] This kickstarted YouTube's rise to becoming a global media dominator, creating a multi-billion-dollar business that has surpassed most television stations and other media markets, sparking success for many YouTubers. Indeed, YouTube as an entity generated more than twice the amount of revenues in 2018 than any major TV network (with $15 billion compared to NBC's $7 billion).[32] The agreement between Google and YouTube came after YouTube presented three agreements with media companies in an attempt to avoid copyright-infringement lawsuits. YouTube planned to continue operating independently, with its co-founders and 68 employees working within Google.[33] Viral videos were the main factor for YouTube's growth in the beginning of its early days with Google, for example Evolution of Dance, Charlie Bit My Finger, David After the Dentist, and more viral videos.[34]

Google's February 7, 2007, SEC filing revealed the breakdown of profits for YouTube's investors after the sale to Google. In 2010, Chad Hurley's profit was more than $395 million while Steve Chen's profit was more than $326 million.[35]

In 2006, Time magazine featured a YouTube screen with a large mirror as its annual "Time Person of the Year". It cited user-created media such as that posted on YouTube and featured the site's originators along with several content creators. The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times also reviewed posted content on YouTube in 2006, with particular regard to its effects on corporate communications and recruitment. PC World magazine named YouTube the ninth of its Top 10 Best Products of 2006.[36] In 2007, both Sports Illustrated and Dime Magazine featured positive reviews of a basketball highlight video titled, The Ultimate Pistol Pete Maravich MIX.[37]

Continued growth and functionality (2007–2013)

It is estimated that in 2007, YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000.[38]

YouTube's early website layout featured a pane of currently watched videos, as well as video listings with detailed information such as full (2006) and later expandable (2007) descriptions, as well as profile pictures (2006), ratings, comment counts, and tags.[39] [40] Channels' pages were equipped with standalone view counters, bulletin boards, and were awarded badges for various rank-based achievements, such as "#15 – Most Subscribed (This Month)", "#89 – Most Subscribed (All Time)", and "#15 – Most Viewed (This Week)". Channels themselves had a view count indicator.[41]

In March 2007, YouTube launched the YouTube Awards, an annual competition in which users voted on the best user-generated videos of the year.[42] The awards were presented twice, in 2007 and 2008. Video contests with prizes existed as early as December 2005, possibly earlier.[43] [44]

At "youtube.com/browse", there were various web feeds, including a list of the videos most recently uploaded to the site, suggesting an upload rate of approximately two videos per minute as of April 2007.[45] Other feeds included the most viewed, highest rated, most discussed, most "favourited", most backlinked, staff picks, videos with most video responses, and "Watch on mobile". Some feeds could be filtered by categories including but not limited to "Autos & Vehicles", "Music", "News & Politics", "People & Blogs", "Travel & Places", and feeds except "Most recent" (where inapplicable) could be filtered by time range ("Today", "This week", "This month", "All time"). An uncaptioned Verizon Wireless logo resided on the "Watch on mobile" feed, suggesting a partnership.[46]

In June 2007, YouTube launched a mobile web front end, where videos are served through RTSP.[47]

In July 2007, YouTube partnered with Verizon Wireless to enable mobile phone users to submit videos through Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS).[48]

On July 23, 2007, and November 28, 2007, CNN and YouTube produced televised presidential debates in which Democratic and Republican US presidential hopefuls fielded questions submitted through YouTube.[49] [50]

In December 2007, YouTube launched the Partner Program, which allows channels that meet certain metrics (currently 1000 subscribers and 4000 public watch hours in the past year)[51] to run ads on their videos and earn money doing so.

As of 2007, the youtu.be domain served as an image hosting service for the site, but was subsequently repurposed for shortening watch page URLs.[52] [53]

Around 2008, "Warp Player" was tested out. It was an experimental interactive interface for browsing videos, where links to videos appeared as thumbnails, visualized in a floating and navigable net.[54]

Starting in 2008, the site featured a series of each year until 2016. At the first, on April 1, 2008, all video links on the front page were redirected to Rick Astley's music video "Never Gonna Give You Up", a prank known as "rickrolling". The other gags are covered in .

In June 2008, were introduced. Users were able to add text boxes and speech bubbles at any desired location and custom sizes in various colours, and optionally with a link and short pausing, allowing for interactive videos. In February 2009, the feature was extended to allow for collaboration, meaning uploaders could invite others to edit their video's annotations.[55] [56] [57] On May 2, 2017, annotations were locked from editing, and on January 15, 2019, they were entirely shut down.

Since October 2008, deep linking to a playback position through a timestamped URL is possible.[58] A new "theatre view" mode was added as well, allowing the video player to optionally extend over both page columns.[59]

As part of the "TestTube" program which allows users to opt to use experimental site features, a comment search feature accessible under /comment_search was implemented in October 2009. YouTube Feather was introduced in December as a lightweight alternative website front-end intended for countries with limited internet speeds.[60] Both were removed subsequently.[61]

In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, and CBS, allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on the site, accompanied by advertisements in a section for US viewers called "Shows". The move was intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, which features material from NBC, Fox, and Disney.[62] [63]

YouTube was awarded a 2008 Peabody Award and cited as being "a 'Speakers' Corner' that both embodies and promotes democracy".[64] [65]

In early 2009, YouTube registered the domain www.youtube-nocookie.com for videos embedded on United States federal government websites.[66] [67] It is currently used in "privacy-preserving mode", an option available for embedded videos, allowing for video playback without the need to accept cookies from YouTube, as well as allowing users to watch videos without affecting their watch history or suggestions on YouTube.com.[68] [69]

In November of the same year, YouTube launched a version of "Shows" available to UK viewers, offering around 4,000 full-length shows from more than 60 partners.[70]

In April 2009, YouTube launched their earliest HTML5 video player experiments.[71]

Throughout 2009, the alphabetical sorting of YouTube's "AudioSwap" feature helped popularizing Alexander Perls' "009 Sound System" music project through frequent use in videos.[72] [73]

In June 2009, YouTube XL was launched. It was a front-end for viewing and browsing on television sets, and as such, for use on stationary game consoles with web browser, such as the Nintendo Wii. Its appearance varied depending on device.[74] [75]

In July 2009, developers of YouTube placed a site notice that warned about the impending deprecation of support for Internet Explorer 6, prompting its users to upgrade their browser. It is claimed that they represented 18% of site traffic at that time. Within months of the announcement, traffic from Internet Explorer 6 reduced to less than half, and traffic from other browsers surged accordingly.[76] Support for its successor, Internet Explorer 7, was deprecated in the second half of 2012.

3D stereoscopic video was first implemented in July 2009.[77] In September 2011, a "2D-to-3D conversion tool" was added.[78] Side-by-side 3D videos could be made to appear as stereoscopic 3D (anaglyph 3D). Since late 2018, it is only available with a flag set in the video file's metadata.[79] [80]

In late 2009, YouTube introduced automatic captioning of videos through speech recognition. Initially only available in English, it was expanded to six European languages in late 2012.[81] [82]

Entertainment Weekly placed YouTube on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list In December 2009, describing it as: "Providing a safe home for piano-playing cats, celeb goof-ups, and overzealous lip-synchers since 2005."[83]

The transition from ActionScript version 2 to 3 was initiated in late 2009.[84]

In January 2010, an overhaul of the watch page was first tested as beta. It was made default on March 31st.[85] [86]

At a similar time, "YouTube Disco" was launched, a music discovery service. It closed in October 2014.[87] [88]

In January 2010,[89] YouTube introduced an online film rentals service which is currently available only to users in the US, Canada and the UK.[90] [91] The service offers over 6,000 films.[92] In March 2010 YouTube began free streaming of certain content, including 60 cricket matches of the Indian Premier League. According to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event.[93]

with the aim of simplifying the interface and increasing the time users spend on the site. Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented: "We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter."[94]

Until then, a five-point video rating system that used star icons was in use. Users were able to rate videos with one to five "stars", where more indicated greater preference. This rating system was replaced with a bidirectional one using positive "like" and negative "dislike" ratings, citing low numbers of users rating other than the most (5) or least (1) stars. Ratings of three or more "stars" were converted to "likes" and such below accordingly to "dislikes".[95] This change was first announced in September 2009.[96] As a reference, widely known sites that operate a five-level rating system as of 2021 are IMDb, Amazon, and the Google Play. Additionally, videos previously marked as "Favorite" have been moved to a playlist for each user, the video description was moved from the right side to below the video viewport, the profile picture was removed from the watch page, and the "More From: channel name" section in the side pane above "Related Videos" was moved to button above the video player labelled with the number of channels' public videos which allowed quickly accessing other videos of a channel without having to navigate to the channel page. Recommended videos since no longer appear in a scrollable box.

Later the same month, the control section of the Flash-based video player was redesigned to feature a dedicated row for the seek bar, as is used since, as of 2021.[97]

In May 2010, it was reported that YouTube was serving more than two billion videos a day, which was "nearly double the prime-time audience of all three major US television networks combined".[98] According to May 2010 data published by market research company Comscore, YouTube was the dominant provider of online video in the United States, with a market share of roughly 43 percent and more than 14 billion videos viewed during May.[99]

Around 2010, an easter egg of the Flash-based video player was discovered, where pressing the arrow key while the dotted loading animation is visible initiates a Snake game formed by the dots. The HTML5-based player, which initially had the same dotted loading animation, did not support it.[100] [101]

In September 2010, a unique full-page interactive TippEx advertising campaign was launched on YouTube, where the entire watch page was simulated in a Flash viewport. A hunter who does not wish to shoot a bear grabs outside of the video's viewport to reach for a Tipp-Ex tape roller, and uses it to cover the word "shoots" in the video titled "A hunter shoots a bear". Users were able to enter words in the gap, which lead to different unlisted videos with a multitude of pre-recorded reactions.[102]

In October 2010, Hurley announced that he would be stepping down as the chief executive officer of YouTube to take an advisory role, with Salar Kamangar taking over as the head of the company.[103]

James Zern, a YouTube software engineer, revealed in April 2011 that 30 percent of videos accounted for 99 percent of views on the site.[104]

Live streaming was introduced in April 2011, initially rolled out to select users and later expanded.[105]

In May 2011, YouTube reported on the company blog that the site was receiving more than three billion views per day, and that 48 hours of footage are uploaded every minute. Later, in January 2012, YouTube stated that the figure had increased to four billion videos streamed per day and sixty hours.

In June 2011, YouTube started experimenting with reaction buttons, allowing users to react to videos with a multitude of expressions, similar to Facebook's 2016 reaction buttons, though YouTube removed reaction buttons soon after.[106] [107]

Since July 2011, the word "YouTube" is placed after the video title in the watch page title, whereas before it until then.[108]

During November 2011, the Google+ social networking site was integrated directly with YouTube and the Chrome web browser, allowing YouTube videos to be viewed from within the Google+ interface.[109] In December 2011, YouTube launched a new version of the site interface, with the video channels displayed in a central column on the home page, similar to the news feeds of social networking sites.[110] It is based on a similar user interface was put to test as early as July 2011 under the code name "Cosmic Panda".[111] At the same time, a new version of the YouTube logo was introduced with a darker shade of red, which was the first change in design since October 2006.[112] A comment section that refreshes automatically to resemble a stream of chat messages was initially tested around that time.[113]

In 2012, YouTube reported that, and that around three-quarters of the material comes from outside the U.S.[114] [115] [116] The site has eight hundred million unique users a month.[117]

As of 2012, users were able to rate playlists, and videos' view counts and playlists' total duration were indicated on playlist pages.[118]

In March 2012, preview tooltips for the video player's seek bar were introduced on the desktop web front end, initially available on select videos and gradually rolled out. This feature allows the viewer to additionally preview portions of a video by hovering above the seek bar with the mouse cursor, whereas only the time stamp was indicated before. Dragging the position handle of the video player additionally showed surrounding preview images in a film strip layout. For videos longer than 90 minutes, a magnified portion of the seek bar was additionally displayed since to facilitate fine seeking.[119]

On March 30 and 31, 2012, in the course of earth hour, the site used a light-on-dark color scheme (or "dark theme"). A switch was located left to the video title, allowing to toggle back if desired. This is the earliest known use of a light-on-dark color scheme on the site. The switch was removed the following day and the bright background was restored.[120] [121]

From 2010 to 2012, Alexa ranked YouTube as the third most visited website on the Internet after Google and Facebook.[122]

In late 2011 and early 2012, YouTube launched over 100 "premium" or "original" channels. It was reported the initiative cost $100 million.[123] Two years later, in November 2013, it was documented that the landing page of the original channels became a 404 error page.[124] [125] Despite this, original channels such as SourceFed and Crash Course were able to become successful.[126] [127]

An algorithm change was made in 2012 that replaced the view-based system for a watch time-based one that is credited for causing a surge in the popularity of gaming channels.

In October 2012, for the first-time ever, YouTube offered a live stream of the U.S. presidential debate and partnered with ABC News to do so.[128] The peak in concurrent views on any live stream was reached on October 14, where over eight million watched a sky dive.[129]

On, The YouTube slogan (Broadcast Yourself) was taken down due to the live stream of the U.S. presidential debate.

In October 2012, YouTube introduced the ability to add a translucent and overlayed custom icon at a corner of all own videos, which can link to the channel page or a specified video. The feature was initially named "InVideo Programming".[130]

YouTube relaunched its design and layout in early December 2012 Notable changes of the watch page are the relocation of title and the "Subscribe" button from above to below the video's viewport, the removal of the button that opened a section above the video viewport showing other videos of the same channel without needing to leave the watch page, and the removal of a button-sized banner located above the viewport, which could contain a custom image, popularly icons and text logos.[131] Playlists on the watch page, which were formerly displayed as collapsible horizontal list fixed at the page bottom, became a scrollable vertical list next to the video player.[132]

On December 21, 2012, the "Gangnam Style" music video by South-Korean musician PSY became the first YouTube video to surpass one billion views.[133]

As of early 2013, YouTube video recommendations contain both videos and channels.[134]

Rise of YouTube stars and feature trim down (2013–2019)

In early 2013, YouTube introduced a new layout for channels known as "One Channel", which added the ability to put playlists into shelves on the channel front page, but removed custom backgrounds. Formerly unified channel pages were separated into multiple sub pages such as "Videos", "Playlists", "Discussion" (channel comments), "Channels" (featured by user), and "About" (channel description, total video view count, join date, outlinks). This layout was initially optional, with a transitional period taking place between March 8 and June 5 after which it has been made permanent for all users. This layout formed the basis of the one currently used as of 2024.[135]

In March 2013, the number of unique users visiting YouTube every month reached 1 billion.[136] In the same year, YouTube continued to reach out to mainstream media, launching YouTube Comedy Week and the YouTube Music Awards.[137] [138] Both events were met with negative to mixed reception.[139] [140] [141] [142]

Automatically generated playlists known as "YouTube Mix" were first rolled out in April 2013.[143] A year later, the feature was rolled out to the mobile app for Android OS.[144] A similar feature called "YouTube Radio" for continuous music playback in resemblance to radio stations was tested in February 2015.[145]

Since approximately July 9, 2013, the first page of videos' comment section is no longer included in the watch page's static HTML source code, but instead loaded subsequently through AJAX.[146]

A picture-in-picture mode for browsing within the app while watching was introduced to the mobile app in August 2013.[147] At a similar time, channel hover cards were first implemented to the desktop site, which are tooltips previewing channel details that appear when pointing at channel names with the mouse cursor. These details include the header image, subscriber count, subscribe button, and a snippet of the channel description text.[148] Additionally, a play symbol ("▶") to indicate a playing video in the page title was added to the desktop site. But it has been rendered obsolete the following years as desktop web browsers were equipped with an indicator for audio-playing tabs.[149] [150] [151]

On September 12, 2013, the "video responses" feature introduced back in May 2006 was discontinued, citing a low click-through rate. It allowed users to respond to videos through a new or existing video which appeared above the comment section.[152]

In the same month, YouTube's comment system on channel pages, and two months later on videos, was integrated to Google's social network site "Google+", since which a Google Brand Account is required to be able to comment. This change also included the ability to edit existing comments and include URLs in comments, with the removal of the 500 characters limit and negative user ratings from comments. Channels created prior as standalone YouTube accounts using its legacy registration form have been grandfathered to a /user/ URL.[153] [154]

In November 2013, YouTube's own YouTube channel surpassed Felix Kjellberg's PewDiePie channel to become the most subscribed channel on the website. This was due to auto-suggesting new users to subscribe to the channel upon registration.[155]

Users of the mobile app can reply to comments since April 2014.

In June 2014, YouTube replaced the classic Inbox feature with a new private messaging system, which – like comments – required users to have their YouTube accounts linked with a Google+ profile, which was subsequently moved over to Google Brand Accounts. Legacy Inbox messages could be viewed and downloaded up until December 1.[156] [157]

In October 2014, videos' frame rate limit was increased from 30 to 60, allowing for a smoother and more realistic appearance. It was initially only available with Google Chrome and later expanded to other browsers. 60fps are only available at 720p resolution and above.[158]

In November 2014, YouTube launched a paid subscription service initially named "Music Key", featuring background playback, the integrated ability to download music for offline use, and no advertisement breaks.[159] Almost a year later, in October 2015, it was rebranded to "YouTube Red" and its scope expanded beyond music.[160] It was rebranded again in May 2018 to "YouTube Premium", and its availability expanded across countries.[161] Google's other music streaming service Play Music was merged with YouTube Music in May 2020, as the latter is a more recognized brand.[162]

Support for the dedicated YouTube application on the Sony PlayStation Vita game console was deprecated in January 2015, for the Nintendo Wii and Wii Mini in June 2017, and for the Nintendo 3DS in August 2019.[163] [164] [165]

In March 2015, YouTube introduced the ability to automatically publish videos at a scheduled time,[166] as well as "info cards" and "end cards", which allow referring to videos and channels through a notification at the top right of the video at any playback time, and thumbnails shown in the last 20 seconds. In contrary to annotations, these work in the mobile app too, though are far less customizable.[167] [168]

360-degree video was launched in March 2015. A year later, in April 2016, the ability to live stream 360-degree video was launched. Additionally, live streaming resolution was elevated to 1440p and 60 frames per second, and support for the EIA-608 and CEA-708 formats were added for embedded captioning.[169]

In August 2015, "YouTube Gaming" was launched. It was a separate web and mobile front end showing only gaming-related content, featuring a similar layout but somewhat modified appearance compared to the main site, and a light-on-dark color scheme well before the feature was introduced to the main site.[170] It was discontinued in March 2019 and merged with the main site.[171]

At a similar time, the view count indicator was patched to become continuous instead of temporary halting at 301 views (indicated as "301+") for hours, reportedly to calculate and deduct "counterfeit views". This phenomenon was first documented in June 2012. As an easter egg, the view counter of the video by mathematics channel "Numberphile" discussing this phenomenon was set to remain at 301.[172] [173] [174]

In December 2015 and January 2016, direct uploading through email and webcam recording respectively were removed. The former existed to support cell phones with limited web browsing capabilities.[175] [176]

Around January 30, 2016, the dedicated "/all_comments" page which served videos' comments as static HTML was removed as well, and redirected to videos' main watch page, "/watch".[177] At some point, "/all_comments" displayed the absolute date (e. g. "Aug 26, 2014") rather than the relative (e. g. "1 week ago") on older comments,[178] as well as 500 comments per page like on legacy Reddit and three preview thumbnails from a video.[179]

It follows the "material design" language and is based on the "Polymer" web framework.[180] [181]

The earliest trials with a new channel sub page named "Community" as an impending replacement for "Discussion" were conducted on select channels in September 2016.[182]

In November 2016, the ability to "heart" and pin comments under own videos was added. "Hearting" visibly marks comments under own videos to signify appreciation; a select comment can be pinned so to remain on top of the section.[183]

Since December 2016, YouTube started rolling out a progress bar at thumbnails' bottom edge, indicating the watch progress of previously watched videos, starting with the iOS app.[184]

Live streaming from the mobile app was rolled out in early 2017, initially only available to channels with at least 10,000 subscribers.[185]

Since then, users were only able to remove all annotations from individual videos. Parts of the feature such as collaborative annotations and pause markings were already removed earlier.[186] [187]

The "Tube" part of the logo is no longer surrounded by the shape resembling a CRT television. The shape moved left besides the "YouTube" word mark and has a white triangle resembling a play button. Their new "Polymer" web front based on that first tested in mid-2016 was made default for visitors.[188]

As of 2017, notes could be added to videos within playlists by the creator of the playlist.[189]

In January 2018, a musical note badge replaced the check mark to denote account verification status for music artists. YouTube refers to such channels as "artist channels", a feature introduced months prior with a slightly different channel layout.[190]

that the fixes the video player to the lower right corner of the screen for browsing and searching without having to leave the video. A fixed "mini player" top bar appearing when scrolling down and containing the video and controls for watching while browsing comments was intermittently tested.[191] [192]

On April 3, 2018, a shooting took place at YouTube headquarters.[193]

, where a video can be broadcast like a live stream after uploaded, and users can discuss in a live chat like they can in live streams. Before the video starts, an animated two-minute preroll with the soundtrack "Space Walk" by "Silent Partner" is played. A premiere can be set to start immediately after upload or at a scheduled time, though scheduled publications existed since March 2015.[194] [195]

On July 9, 2018, the private messaging feature has been removed from "Creator Studio", purging existing messages.[196]

In July 2018, it was reported that the site's "Polymer" redesign slowed performance significantly on non-Chromium browsers compared to the legacy, HTML-based version of the front end.[197] [198] [199]

In August 2018, the search result counter resembling that of Google Search was removed.[200] The change occurred one month after the airing of a popular TED talk with a prominent mention of a result count of 10 million for a search for surprise eggs.[201] Whether it is related is unknown.

In October 2018, YouTube announced launching a fund program for educational creators, to which creators with a minimum of 25.000 subscribers and a demonstrated expertise in their field could apply through an agreement.[202]

, where videos are automatically deleted ("expire") after a day. The feature was tested as "YouTube reels" earlier that year, and is only accessible through the native mobile apps and not implemented on the websites.[203] This feature was disabled on June 26, 2023, citing access being limited, and poor promotion. Existing stories would remain for 7 days after uploading was disabled.[204] [205]

Modern era, continued feature trim down (2019–present)

[206] [207] [208]

The feature allowed users to opt to automatically broadcast actions such as liking videos, playlist additions, new uploads, and earlier added subscriptions to Google+ and Twitter, and the channel feed.[209] [210]

On the same day, the dedicated section for video credits like "Starring", "Written by", and "Edited by" was removed from videos' description box, citing low usage. Addition of such was already disabled since November 27, 2018, the same day on which the definite annotation removal was announced.[211] [212]

Dedicated "learning playlists" that do not include algorithmic recommendations, have a distinct page layout, and allow dividing videos into sub-sections of lessons, were introduced in July 2019.[213]

, including those served through the site API. This means, for example, that a subscriber count of 102, is indicated as "102K" or "102.000". This change disabled third-party real-time subscriber count indicators such as that of Social Blade, and diminished the accuracy of historical log data. Exact counts remained accessible to channel operators through the "YouTube Studio" web application.[214] [215]

Also in September 2019, the new "direct messaging" system was removed two years after introduction. This was a distinct system not to be confused with Creator Studio messages, which was removed in July 2018 after replacing the legacy Inbox feature – which existed since YouTube's early years – four years prior.[216] [217]

Another change reported in September 2019 was a strictening of the account verification procedure. Previously, the sole criterion for verification is said to have been a subscriber count of at least 100.000, whereas since, YouTube reports requiring what they describe as a "proof of authenticity", incorporating notability outside of YouTube. A change of the verification badge's appearance from a symbol into a highlighted channel name was also announced, but has not been implemented since.[218]

In late October 2019, a list layout with snippets of videos' descriptions, slightly in resemblance of YouTube in its early years, was tested for a short time, then the shelf (or "grid") layout was restored.[219] Soon after, in early November, the size of videos' thumbnails on the home page was increased and profile pictures added. A similar layout was first tested in August that year, though the test used even larger thumbnails, resulting in fewer videos per row.[220] [221] [222]

In November 2019, YouTube has announced that the service would phase out the classic version of YouTube Studio to all YouTube creators by the spring of 2020.[223] It was available and accessible to some YouTube creators by the end of March 2020.[224]

In that month, a watch queue feature was added, which resembles the intermittently removed "QuickList" feature that was originally introduced in 2006.[225] [226]

In late 2019, the mobile website got equipped with a standalone HTML5 video player interface rather than displaying browsers' built-in HTML5 player.[227]

Since December 2019, users are no longer able to share the automatically generated playlist of positively rated videos.[228]

Beginning January 2020, video creators have to mark whether a video is made for kids or not, YouTube citing compliance with the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act as the reason for the change.[229]

The ability to add polls with up to five options as video info cards was removed in May 2020.[230]

The ability to visibly divide the video player's seek bar into chapters using time stamp lists in the video description was introduced in May 2020.[231] Later that year, in November, the platform started experimenting with automatic estimation of videos' chapters in November 2020 using artificial intelligence that detects in-video chapter titles.[232]

Around May 2020, the "HD" badge disappeared from the 720p option in the resolution selector of the video player, raising the minimum resolution option with a badge to 1080p.[233]

In June 2020, YouTube phased out the ability to use categories.

In August 2020, automated Email notifications of newly published videos by user-opted channels have been shut down, citing low numbers of users who open them. Only push notifications (mobile) and internal web notifications (desktop) of new uploads remained.[234]

The "Community Captions" feature which allowed viewers to contribute captions for public display upon approval by the video uploader was removed in September 2020.[235] [236]

On September 14, 2020, YouTube added the YouTube Shorts section to the website.[237]

Since September 2020, YouTube blocks embedding of videos marked as "age-restricted", meaning deemed unsuitable for minors. Their preview thumbnails appear blurred in search results since October 2021.[238]

YouTube launched a feature in live chat for chat streams where the creator can enable subscriber only mode.[239]

In December 2020, comments on so-called "art tracks" which are automatically posted music tracks with album cover, frequently on "topic channels",[240] [241] have been permanently deactivated.[242]

In July 2021, all unlisted videos prior to 2017 were set to private, making them unplayable except on channels whose owners intervened by manually opting out.[243] [244]

Around that time, a study conducted by web archivists has concluded that over half of the videos which were on air on the platform around 2010 were no longer available by 2021. Such videos were either reversibly set to "private" or irreversibly erased, the latter of which occurred for the majority of those videos. Videos are taken down as a result of individual policy or copyright violation, channel terminations, retroactive policy changes, and voluntarily by uploaders.[245]

On August 24, 2021, YouTube sent a cease and desist to the developers of Groovy, a Discord bot which enabled audio from YouTube videos to be played in Discord voice chats, as the bot violated YouTube's Terms of Service.[246] [247] [248] A YouTube spokesperson stated, "We notified Groovy about violations of our Terms of Service, including modifying the service and using it for commercial purposes." In a message announcing the bot's closure, the owner of Groovy, Nik Ammerlaan, said, "Groovy has been a huge part of my life over the past five years. It started because my friend's bot sucked and I thought I could make a better one."

In September 2021, the dedicated "view attributions" page was discontinued citing low usage.[249]

In October 2021, YouTube experimented with indicating the most watched parts of a video through a solid line chart appearing on the seek bar in the mobile app to facilitate watchers finding relevant parts.[250] Additionally, an experiment with multilingual audio tracks was started, allowing creators to add audio tracks of multiple languages to one video. The watcher can switch the language during playback, similarly to a multilingual DVD-Video.[251]

All channels' "Discussion" sub page is to be ultimately discarded on October 12, 2021. The feature was known as "Channel comments" in the site's early age, and served as channels' general comment section. Previously, it was gradually replaced with the that first rolled out to select channels, and since approximately 2018 to channels surpassing a subscriber count threshold that decreased over time, discarding existing discussions. During the same day, YouTube lowered the threshold to the Community page from 1000 to channels with at least 500 subscribers.[252] [253] The "Discussion" page was closed down earlier on the mobile site.[254]

On November 10, 2021, YouTube announced the removal of videos' count for negative user ratings (also known as "dislikes" and "thumbs down"), reportedly to protect creators from online harassment. The dislike count remains solely visible to respective channel owners. This change was first tested with select users in March and again in July.[255] [256] [257]

In the second half of 2022, the option to sort the videos of a channel in reverse chronological order, by oldest first, has been phased out. It was reportedly first removed from the mobile application and later from the website. Only the options to sort by the newest videos first and the most viewed remain.[258] [259] However, later on May 4, 2023, YouTube announced that they will bring the said option back.[260]

On October 10, 2022, YouTube introduced "handles", whereby channels can be referred to by a more memorable web address (URL) starting with youtube.com/@. Channels' legacy custom URL formats, (/c/) and (/user/), were converted to handles. On the same day, YouTube announced that they will be rolling out handles for all users over the coming weeks, whereas previously, custom URLs required channels to pass a hundred subscribers first. Channels without a previously specified custom URL were provided with an automatically generated handle containing their displayed channel name followed by numbers, which is for use until the user specifies a custom handle. The legacy URL formats, however, still remain available to this day.[261]

In July 2023, YouTube began blocking videos for users of ad blockers.[262]

In April 2024, YouTube expanded its crackdown on ad blockers, targeting third-party apps that have the ability to turn off ads.[263] Attempting to watch a video using such apps could lead to buffering issues or the error message: "The following content is not available on this app", prompting the user to watch the video on the official app instead. The company says that its terms of service don’t allow “third-party apps to turn off ads because that prevents the creator from being rewarded for viewership.”[264]

Internationalization

On June 19, 2007, Google CEO Eric Schmidt was in Paris to launch the new localization system. The interface of the website is available with localized versions in 108 countries and regions, one territory (Hong Kong) and a worldwide version.[265]

If YouTube is unable to identify a specific country or region according to the IP address, the default location is the United States (Worldwide version). However, YouTube offers language and content preferences for all accessible countries, regions, and languages.[266]

As of 2024, YouTube continues to extend the availability of its localized version to additional countries and regions.[267]

Countries with YouTube localization
CountryLanguage(s)Launch dateNotes
(and worldwide launch)EnglishFirst location
PortugueseFirst international location, first location in South America, and the first Latin American Country.
French and Basque[268] First European Union location, and the first location in Europe.
English
Italian
JapaneseFirst Asian location
Dutch
PolishFirst location in a slavic country.
Spanish, Galician, Catalan, and Basque
English
Spanish[269]
Chinese and English[270] Blocked in Mainland China, Macau uses either US or HK version
Chinese[271]
English[272] First location in Oceania.
English
French and English[273]
German[274]
Russian[275] Advertising and paid services are currently suspended as of March 2022.
Korean[276]
Hindi, Bengali, English, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu[277] First South Asian location
HebrewFirst Middle East location
Czech[278]
Swedish[279] First Scandinavian Country.
Afrikaans, Zulu, and EnglishFirst African location. YouTube is now accessible in all continents except for Antarctica.
Spanish[280]
French and Arabic[281] One of the first Arab World locations
Arabic
Arabic
French and Arabic
Arabic
French and Arabic
Arabic
Swahili and English[282]
Filipino and English[283] First Southeast Asian location
English, Malay, Chinese, and Tamil[284]
French, Dutch, and German
Spanish[285]
English[286]
English[287]
Spanish[288]
Hungarian[289]
Malay and English[290]
Spanish[291]
Arabic and English[292]
GreekFirst location in the Balkans
Indonesian and English[293]
English[294]
French and English[295]
Turkish[296]
Ukrainian[297]
Danish[298]
Finnish and Swedish[299]
Norwegian[300]
German, French, and Italian[301]
German[302]
Romanian[303]
Portuguese[304]
Slovak[305]
Arabic[306] Multiple Middle East locations launched
Arabic
Arabic
Arabic
Bosnian, Croatian, and SerbianMultiple European locations launched
Bulgarian[307]
Croatian[308]
Estonian[309]
Latvian[310]
LithuanianBaltic area fully locally accessible
Macedonian, Serbian, and Turkish
Serbian and Croatian
Serbian
Slovenian[311]
Thai[312]
Arabic
Spanish and EnglishUsed Spain or US version before launch. First and only location in a U.S. territory.
Icelandic?, 2014
French and German?, 2014
VietnameseFirst contemporary communist location
ArabicBlocked in 2010; unblocked in 2011.
Swahili and English
English
Azerbaijani[313] First location in the Caucasus.
Russian and Belarusian
Georgian
Kazakh and RussianFirst and only location in Central Asia
ArabicNovember 9, 2015
Nepali[314]
Urdu and English[315] Blocked in 2012; unblocked in 2015.
Sinhala and Tamil
EnglishAugust 4, 2016
EnglishJune 24, 2018
SpanishJanuary 30, 2019Multiple Latin American locations launched.
SpanishJanuary 30, 2019
SpanishJanuary 30, 2019
SpanishJanuary 30, 2019
SpanishJanuary 30, 2019
SpanishJanuary 30, 2019
SpanishJanuary 30, 2019
SpanishJanuary 30, 2019
SpanishJanuary 30, 2019
SpanishFebruary 21, 2019
SpanishFebruary 21, 2019
Greek and TurkishMarch 13, 2019Last European Union location
GermanMarch 13, 2019
SpanishMarch 10, 2020Last Latin American location
English?, 2020Last Oceania location
Bengali and EnglishSeptember 2, 2020Last location in South Asia
KhmerAugust ?, 2022
LaoAugust ?, 2022Last location in both Asia and Southeast Asia
RomanianMarch 28, 2024Last global location and last European location

On October 17, 2007, it was announced that a Hong Kong version had been launched. At the time, YouTube's Steve Chen said that its next target would be Taiwan.[316] [317]

YouTube was blocked from Mainland China from October 18 due to the censorship of the Taiwanese flag.[318] URLs to YouTube were redirected to China's own search engine, Baidu. It was subsequently unblocked on October 31.[319]

The YouTube interface suggests which local version should be chosen on the basis of the IP address of the user. In some cases, the message "This video is not available in your country" may appear because of copyright restrictions or inappropriate content.[320] The interface of the YouTube website is available in 76 language versions, including Amharic, Albanian, Armenian, Burmese, Kyrgyz, Mongolian, Persian and Uzbek, whose countries do not have local channel versions.[321] Access to YouTube was blocked in Turkey between 2008 and 2010, following controversy over the posting of videos deemed insulting to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and some material offensive to Muslims.[322] [323] In October 2012, a local version of YouTube was launched in Turkey, with the domain youtube.com.tr. The local version is subject to the content regulations found in Turkish law.[324] In March 2009, a dispute between YouTube and the British royalty collection agency PRS for Music led to premium music videos being blocked for YouTube users in the United Kingdom. The removal of videos posted by the major record companies occurred after failure to reach agreement on a licensing deal. The dispute was resolved in September 2009.[325] In April 2009, a similar dispute led to the removal of premium music videos for users in Germany.[326]

Business model, advertising, and profits

Before being purchased by Google, YouTube declared that its business model was advertisement-based, making 15 million dollars per month.

Google did not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material" in a regulatory filing.[327] In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at $200 million, noting progress in advertising sales.[328]

Some industry commentators have speculated that YouTube's running costs (specifically the network bandwidth required) might be as high as 5 to 6 million dollars per month,[329] thereby fuelling criticisms that the company, like many Internet startups, did not have a viably implemented business model. Advertisements were launched on the site beginning in March 2006. In April, YouTube started using Google AdSense.[330] YouTube subsequently stopped using AdSense but has resumed in local regions.

Advertising is YouTube's central mechanism for gaining revenue. This issue has also been taken up in scientific analysis. Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams argue in their book Wikinomics that YouTube is an example for an economy that is based on mass collaboration and makes use of the Internet.

"Whether your business is closer to Boeing or P&G, or more like YouTube or flickr, there are vast pools of external talent that you can tap with the right approach. Companies that adopt these models can drive important changes in their industries and rewrite the rules of competition"[331] "new business models for open content will not come from traditional media establishments, but from companies such as Google, Yahoo, and YouTube. This new generation of companies is not burned by the legacies that inhibit the publishing incumbents, so they can be much more agile in responding to customer demands. More important, they understand that you don't need to control the quantity and destiny of bits if they can provide compelling venues in which people build communities around sharing and remixing content. Free content is just the lure on which they layer revenue from advertising and premium services".[331]

Tapscott and Williams argue that it is important for new media companies to find ways to make a profit with the help of peer-produced content. The new Internet economy, (that they term Wikinomics) would be based on the principles of "openness, peering, sharing, and acting globally". Companies could make use of these principles in order to gain profit with the help of Web 2.0 applications: "Companies can design and assemble products with their customers, and in some cases customers can do the majority of the value creation".[331] Tapscott and Williams argue that the outcome will be an economic democracy.

There are other views in the debate that agree with Tapscott and Williams that it is increasingly based on harnessing open source content, networking, sharing, and peering, but they argue that the result is not an economic democracy, but a subtle form and deepening of exploitation, in which labour costs are reduced by Internet-based global outsourcing.

The second view is e.g. taken by Christian Fuchs in his book "Internet and Society". He argues that YouTube is an example of a business model that is based on combining the gift with the commodity. The first is free, the second yields profit. The novel aspect of this business strategy is that it combines what seems at first to be different, the gift and the commodity. YouTube would give free access to its users, the more users, the more profit it can potentially make because it can in principle increase advertisement rates and will gain further interest of advertisers.[332] YouTube would sell its audience that it gains by free access to its advertising customers.[332]

"Commodified Internet spaces are always profit-oriented, but the goods they provide are not necessarily exchange-value and market-oriented; in some cases (such as Google, Yahoo, MySpace, YouTube, Netscape), free goods or platforms are provided as gifts in order to drive up the number of users so that high advertisement rates can be charged in order to achieve profit."[332]

In June 2009, BusinessWeek reported that, according to San Francisco-based IT consulting company RampRate, YouTube was far closer to profitability than previous reports, including the April 2009, projection by investment bank Credit Suisse estimating YouTube would lose as much as $470 million in 2009.[333] RampRate's report pegged that number at no more than $174 million.[334]

In May 2013, YouTube launched a pilot program to begin offering some content providers the ability to charge $0.99 per month or more for certain channels, but the vast majority of its videos would remain free to view.[335] [336]

See also

Notes and References

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  2. News: Loke Hale, James. May 7, 2019. More Than 500 Hours Of Content Are Now Being Uploaded To YouTube Every Minute. TubeFilter. Los Angeles, CA. June 10, 2019. January 5, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230105143621/https://www.tubefilter.com/2019/05/07/number-hours-video-uploaded-to-youtube-per-minute/. live.
  3. Web site: Alexander. Julia. 2018-05-10. The Yellow $: a comprehensive history of demonetization and YouTube's war with creators. 2019-11-03. Polygon. en. January 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210129073340/https://www.polygon.com/2018/5/10/17268102/youtube-demonetization-pewdiepie-logan-paul-casey-neistat-philip-defranco. live.
  4. News: Wong. Julia Carrie. Julia Carrie Wong. Levin. Sam. 2019-01-25. YouTube vows to recommend fewer conspiracy theory videos. en-GB. The Guardian. 2019-11-03. 0261-3077. December 21, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221221073838/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jan/25/youtube-conspiracy-theory-videos-recommendations. live.
  5. Orphanides. K. G.. 2018-03-23. Children's YouTube is still churning out blood, suicide and cannibalism. Wired UK. 2019-11-03. 1357-0978. January 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210125063902/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/youtube-for-kids-videos-problems-algorithm-recommend. live.
  6. Orphanides. K. G.. 2019-02-20. On YouTube, a network of paedophiles is hiding in plain sight. Wired UK. 2019-11-03. 1357-0978. January 16, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230116001642/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/youtube-pedophile-videos-advertising. live.
  7. News: Video websites pop up, invite postings. July 28, 2006. Graham. Jefferson. November 21, 2005. USA Today. July 6, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120706134045/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2005-11-21-video-websites_x.htm. live.
  8. Book: Wooster. Patricia. YouTube founders Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. 2014. Lerner Publishing . 978-1467724821. 21 November 2016.
  9. News: Ready for Its Close-Up. Sara Kehaulani Goo. Washington Post. November 29, 2008. October 7, 2006. April 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190402153534/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/06/AR2006100600660.html. live.
  10. News: Dredge. Stuart. YouTube was meant to be a video-dating website. 2016-03-16. The Guardian. 2020-04-18. en-GB. 0261-3077. January 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210128200940/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/16/youtube-past-video-dating-website. live.
  11. Web site: The history of YouTube. https://web.archive.org/web/20200925140821/https://phrasee.co/the-history-of-youtube/. 2020-09-25. 2016-05-09. Phrasee. en-GB. 2021-02-14.
  12. Book: Burgess . Jean . Green . Joshua . YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture . 2013 . John Wiley & Sons . 978-0-7456-5889-6 .
  13. News: YouTube: Overnight success has sparked a backlash. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2480280/YouTube-Overnight-success-has-sparked-a-backlash.html . January 12, 2022 . subscription . live. July 31, 2008. . London. Alleyne, Richard. January 17, 2009.
  14. Web site: Me at the Zoo. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/jNQXAC9IVRw. 2021-12-12 . live. Jawed Karim and Yakov Lapitsky . Video. YouTube . April 23, 2005. August 3, 2009.
  15. Owings, L. (2017). YouTube. Checkerboard Library.
  16. Web site: YouTube – Your Digital Video Repository . May 31, 2012 . June 14, 2005 . https://web.archive.org/web/20050614234128if_/http://www.youtube.com/.
  17. News: Scott. Woolley. Raw and Random. Forbes. March 3, 2006. July 28, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20181122133536/http://members.forbes.com/global/2006/0313/027.html. November 22, 2018. dead.
  18. News: Sequoia's Investment Memo on YouTube. June 11, 2016. Thornbury Bristol. en-GB. November 21, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161122005540/http://thornbury.biz/sequoias-investment-memo-youtube/. November 22, 2016. dead. mdy-all.
  19. Web site: YouTube – Baby Fart . . April 26, 2022 . December 18, 2005 . https://web.archive.org/web/20051218151541if_/http://www.youtube.com/watch.php?v=usRldgBlEBk&search=funny.
  20. Web site: YouTube – Nintendo Show . . June 17, 2005 . April 26, 2022 . February 8, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070208165919/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yD29fXQhSI&feature=PlayList&p=72677A5526D27B3C&index=52 . live.
  21. Web site: YouTube History, Founders, & Facts. Encyclopædia Britannica. en. 2020-04-18. April 19, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200419132946/https://www.britannica.com/topic/YouTube. live.
  22. http://adage.com/digital/article.php?article_id=110632 "YouTube is the Fastest Growing Website"
  23. News: YouTube serves up 100 million videos a day online. USA Today. Reuters. July 16, 2006. November 29, 2008. December 31, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181231004209/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-07-16-youtube-views_x.htm. live.
  24. Web site: Info for YouTube.com. July 26, 2006. July 26, 2006. Alexa.com. November 3, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071103011300/http://www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details?&range=max&size=large&compare_sites=myspace.com&y=r&url=youtube.com#top. dead.
  25. Web site: YouTube U.S. Web Traffic Grows 17 Percent Week Over Week, According to Nielsen//Netratings. September 12, 2006. July 21, 2006. Press Release. Netratings, Inc.. Nielsen Media Research. March 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025034/http://www.videodownloadx.com/pr_060721_2.pdf. dead.
  26. News: Google pays the price to capture online video zeitgeist. Eureka Street. 16. 15. James Massola. Jesuit Communications Australia. October 17, 2006. October 18, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20180825073808/http://www.eurekastreet.com.au/article.aspx?aeid=1837. August 25, 2018. dead.
  27. News: Online Video: The Market Is Hot, but Business Models Are Fuzzy. August 25, 2017. February 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200224150113/https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/online-video-the-market-is-hot-but-business-models-are-fuzzy/. live.
  28. Web site: August 22, 2006. YouTube expands types of advertising. February 28, 2021. NBC News. August 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210806171720/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna14464285. live.
  29. Web site: Morrissey. Brian. August 22, 2006. YouTube Shuns Pre-Roll Video Advertising. February 28, 2021. Adweek. January 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210117221906/https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/youtube-shuns-pre-roll-video-advertising-86148/. live.
  30. Web site: Jackson. Nicholas. August 3, 2011. Infographic: The History of Video Advertising on YouTube. February 28, 2021. The Atlantic. March 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210310113305/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/08/infographic-the-history-of-video-advertising-on-youtube/242836/. live.
  31. News: Google closes $A2b YouTube deal. The Age. Reuters. November 14, 2006. March 3, 2007. Melbourne. February 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180209013507/http://www.theage.com.au/news/Business/Google-closes-A2b-YouTube-deal/2006/11/14/1163266548827.html. live.
  32. Web site: Infographic: YouTube Beats Cable TV in Ad Revenue. 2021-03-02. Statista Infographics. February 4, 2020 . en. January 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210103062949/https://www.statista.com/chart/20714/youtube-ad-revenue/. live.
  33. News: Google to buy YouTube for $1.65 billion. October 9, 2006. October 9, 2006. CNN. CNNMoney. Paul R.. La Monica. November 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015618/https://money.cnn.com/2006/10/09/technology/googleyoutube_deal/index.htm?cnn=yes. live.
  34. Web site: The History of Viral Videos. Business 2 Community. August 7, 2014. 2020-04-18. March 22, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200322222815/https://www.business2community.com/social-media/history-viral-videos-0968594. live.
  35. Web site: Chad Hurley's Take From The Sale Of YouTube: $334 Million. Schonfeld. Erick. TechCrunch. March 18, 2010. August 25, 2017. November 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181126114519/https://techcrunch.com/2010/03/18/chad-hurleys-take-from-the-sale-of-youtube-334-million/. live.
  36. News: Alan. Stafford. The 100 Best Products of 2006. PC World. May 31, 2006. March 3, 2007. June 4, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080604161400/http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,125706-page,2-c,technology/article.html. dead.
  37. Web site: GooTube: Google buys YouTube. Boing Boing. October 9, 2006. March 4, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070319194404/http://boingboing.hexten.net/2006/10/09/google_buys_youtube_.html. March 19, 2007. dead. mdy-all.
  38. News: Web could collapse as video demand soars. The Daily Telegraph. London. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1584230/Web-could-collapse-as-video-demand-soars.html . January 12, 2022 . subscription . live. April 21, 2008. Lewis. Carter. April 7, 2008.
  39. Web site: YouTube in 2006 timeline Web Design Museum . Web Design Museum . February 16, 2018 . en . May 30, 2021 . April 22, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210422110256/https://www.webdesignmuseum.org/timeline/youtube-2006 . live .
  40. Web site: YouTube in 2007 timeline Web Design Museum . Web Design Museum . February 16, 2018 . en . May 30, 2021 . May 30, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210530001930/https://www.webdesignmuseum.org/timeline/youtube-2007 . live .
  41. https://web.archive.org/web/20070420121601/http://www.youtube.com/profile?user=YouthHealth Sample channel page archive from April 20th, 2007
  42. News: YouTube announces awards to recognize best user-created videos of the year. March 17, 2008. Coyle. Jake. Associated Press. March 20, 2007. USA Today. June 29, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110629050124/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/2007-03-18-youtube-awards_N.htm. live.
  43. Web site: YouTube – Broadcast Yourself. . 8 September 2021 . 13 January 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060113170224/http://www.youtube.com:80/ . January 13, 2006 . Holiday Video Contest.
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  45. https://web.archive.org/web/20070407223553/http://www.youtube.com/browse?s=mr&t=t&c=0&l= "Most recent" feed (twenty videos per page) in April 2007
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  132. Before change: Web site: Shepard Tone Illusion .... And more! . . October 23, 2011 . March 13, 2022 . September 11, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120911012824/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQlrSvnG3dg&list=PL57A31A57F0DBD2B2 . bot: unknown . ; after change: Web site: Shepard Tone Illusion .... And more! . . October 23, 2011 . March 13, 2022 . December 7, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121207220641/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQlrSvnG3dg&list=PL57A31A57F0DBD2B2 . bot: unknown .
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  220. Web site: Alexander . Julia . YouTube's homepage redesign means people will see bigger thumbnails and fewer videos . The Verge . en . 7 November 2019 . March 27, 2022 . March 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220327000753/https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/7/20952253/youtube-homepage-design-thumbnails-videos-titles-queue-recommendation-hide . live .
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  222. Web site: Alexander . Julia . YouTube tests bigger thumbnails, and people hate it . The Verge . 26 March 2022 . en . 13 August 2019 . March 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220327000524/https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/13/20803795/youtube-thumbnails-home-page-redesign . live .
  223. Web site: Transition to YouTube Studio – YouTube Help. 2020-06-15. support.google.com . As of November 2019, access to Creator Studio Classic is gradually going away . 2020-02-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200205083811/https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/9706811 .
  224. Web site: YouTube Studio – How To Permanently Switch To Classic. 2020-06-15. TehnoBlog.org. en. September 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200925185301/https://tehnoblog.org/youtube-studio-how-to-permanently-switch-to-classic/. live.
  225. Web site: Pathak . Khamosh . How to Use YouTube's Queue Feature . How-To Geek . 2019-11-13 . April 29, 2021 . April 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210428200252/https://www.howtogeek.com/447419/how-to-use-youtube%e2%80%99s-queue-feature/ . live .
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  227. Before change: Web site: Luis Fonsi - Despacito ft. Daddy Yankee . . January 12, 2017 . October 8, 2021 . November 16, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191116021637/https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=kJQP7kiw5Fk . bot: unknown . ; after change: Web site: Luis Fonsi - Despacito ft. Daddy Yankee . . January 12, 2017 . October 8, 2021 . January 7, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200107201617/https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=kJQP7kiw5Fk . bot: unknown .
  228. Web site: Monday . Last updated . YouTube – How to show liked videos on your public video channel . en-AU . 2020-02-24 . April 15, 2021 . April 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210415002323/https://www.itsupportguides.com/knowledge-base/tech-tips-tricks/how-to-hide-liked-videos-from-your-public-video-channel/ . live .
  229. Web site: Spangler. Todd. 2020-01-03. What You Need to Know About YouTube's New COPPA Child-Directed Content Rules. 2022-01-25. Variety. en-US. January 25, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220125032020/https://variety.com/2020/digital/news/ftc-rules-child-directed-content-youtube-1203454167/. live.
  230. Web site: Nixon . Joe . Why Did YouTube Remove Polls? . VideoCreator.chat . 16 September 2020 . August 7, 2021 . August 7, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210807170518/https://www.videocreator.chat/why-did-youtube-remove-polls/ . live .
  231. Web site: YouTube introduces Video Chapters to make it easier to navigate longer videos . TechCrunch . 23 October 2021 . 2020-05-28 . February 20, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230220193529/https://techcrunch.com/2020/05/28/youtube-introduces-video-chapters-to-make-it-easier-to-navigate-through-longer-videos/amp/ . live .
  232. Web site: Fingas . Jonathan . YouTube's AI-generated video chapters could help you skip lengthy intros . Engadget . 2020-11-24 . May 30, 2021 . June 2, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213036/https://www.engadget.com/youtube-ai-automatic-video-chapters-test-144057028.html . live .
  233. Web site: 720p is No Longer HD According to YouTube . Jenny Priestley . 2020-05-19 . 2023-01-28 . TV Technology . January 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230129004646/https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/720p-is-no-longer-hd-according-to-youtube . live .
  234. Web site: YouTube Will Stop Sending Out New Video Email Notifications Soon . Android Headlines . 11 August 2020 . April 14, 2021 . April 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210414230141/https://www.androidheadlines.com/2020/08/youtube-stop-email-new-video-notifications-soon.html . live .
  235. Web site: Khan . Haider Ali . YouTube is removing community captions . iLounge . 20 September 2021 . 7 September 2020 . September 20, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210920233314/https://www.ilounge.com/news/youtube-removing-community-captions . live .
  236. Web site: Camilla . Community Contributions deprecation & improving captions on YouTube – YouTube Community . support.google.com . 20 September 2021 . 2020-09-29 . the deprecation of the Community Contributions feature on September 28, 2020 . September 20, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210920233312/https://support.google.com/youtube/thread/73769191/community-contributions-deprecation-improving-captions-on-youtube?hl=en . live .
  237. Web site: Hayes. Dade. YouTube Debuts Shorts, A New Venue For Mobile Videos A Few Seconds Long. Deadline Hollywood. 20 April 2024. 14 September 2020. April 20, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240420070730/https://deadline.com/2020/09/youtube-debuts-shorts-a-new-venue-for-mobile-videos-a-few-seconds-long-1234576210/. live.
  238. Web site: Li . Abner . Age-restricted YouTube videos will no longer play when embedded on third-party sites . . 31 October 2021 . 22 September 2020 . October 31, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211031010514/https://9to5google.com/2020/09/22/youtube-age-restricted-videos/ . live .
  239. Web site: 2021-05-07. YouTube Is Beta Testing Subscriber-Only Chat Mode For Live Streams. 2022-01-25. Tubefilter. en-US. January 24, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220124232843/https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/05/07/youtube-beta-testing-subscriber-only-chat-mode/. live.
  240. Web site: What is an Art Track? – YouTube Help . support.google.com . August 8, 2021 . August 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210808210821/https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/6007071 . live .
  241. Web site: Find music from artists you like – YouTube Help . support.google.com . August 8, 2021 . August 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210808210820/https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/7636475 . live .
  242. Web site: TeamYouTube auf Twitter: "Thanks for sending this our way – Art Tracks are different from other videos on YouTube: 1) they're auto generated 2) they consist of still images 3) their comments can't be moderated. At this point of time, we have decided to discontinue comments on such Art Tracks." . 8 August 2021 . 17 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201217020931/https://twitter.com/TeamYouTube/status/1339391922633367552 . December 17, 2020.
  243. Web site: Li . Abner . YouTube will make Unlisted videos uploaded before 2017 private next month . . 5 August 2021 . 23 June 2021 . August 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210805183941/https://9to5google.com/2021/06/23/youtube-unlisted-videos/ . live .
  244. Web site: Older unlisted content – YouTube Help . support.google.com . 5 August 2021 . August 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210805183940/https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/9230970?hl=en . live .
  245. Web site: YouTube was made for Reuploads . Data Horde . 14 August 2022 . 28 July 2021 . August 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220817035916/https://datahorde.org/youtube-was-made-for-reuploads/ . live .
  246. Web site: Warren. Tom. 2021-08-24. YouTube is forcing the popular Groovy Discord music bot offline. 2021-08-27. The Verge. en. October 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211005035746/https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/24/22640024/youtube-discord-groovy-music-bot-closure. live.
  247. Web site: Discord music bot Groovy is going offline after YouTube crackdown. 2021-08-27. Engadget. August 25, 2021 . en-US. August 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210827222258/https://www.engadget.com/groovy-bot-discord-youtube-music-145236619.html. live.
  248. Clayton. Natalie. 2021-08-25. Google has killed Discord's best music bot. 2021-08-27. PC Gamer. en-US. August 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210827222304/https://www.pcgamer.com/google-has-killed-discords-best-music-bot/. live.
  249. Web site: Creative Commons – YouTube Help . support.google.com . 29 September 2021 . The view attributions page will be discontinued after September 2021 due to limited usage. . September 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210929013807/https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2797468 . live .
  250. Web site: Wilde . Damien . YouTube UI test highlights 'Most viewed' video portions in playback progress bar graph . . 1 January 2022 . 11 October 2021 . January 1, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220101001527/https://9to5google.com/2021/10/11/youtube-ui-test-highlights-most-viewed-video-portions-in-playback-progress-bar-graph/ . live .
  251. Web site: Hawkins . Joshua . YouTube's Multiple Audio Tracks Make Videos More Accessible . Lifewire . 9 September 2023 . en . 2021-10-11 . October 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014234525/https://www.lifewire.com/youtubes-multiple-audio-tracks-make-videos-more-accessible-5205249 . live .
  252. Web site: How to Use the YouTube Community Tab to Engage Subscribers : Social Media Examiner . Social Media Examiner Social Media Marketing . 27 September 2021 . 2018-02-07 . The Community tab is rolling out first to select YouTube channels (both verified and non-verified) with over 10,000 subscribers . September 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210927032019/https://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/how-to-use-youtube-community-tab-to-engage-subscribers/ . live .
  253. Web site: Expanding Community Posts to Channels with 500+ Subscribers and Removing the Discussion Tab – YouTube Community . support.google.com . Team YouTube . 2021-09-10 . September 27, 2021 . September 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210927032010/https://support.google.com/youtube/thread/125117248/expanding-community-posts-to-channels-with-500-subscribers-and-removing-the-discussion-tab?hl=en . live .
  254. Web site: . The Discussion tab is no longer supported on Mobile Web. You can still access the Discussion tab on a computer or by using Desktop mode on a phone . 2021-10-03 . https://archive.today/20211003012505/https://m.youtube.com/user/qwert/discussion?app=m . October 3, 2021 . October 31, 2021. (Note: Discussion tab closed on mobile site months earlier, but no according source is currently available.)
  255. Web site: YouTube tests hiding dislike counts on videos . https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210331010836/https://techcrunch.com/2021/03/30/youtube%2Dtests%2Dhiding%2Ddislike%2Dcounts%2Don%2Dvideos/ . live . March 31, 2021 . TechCrunch . 13 November 2021 . 2021-03-30 .
  256. Web site: An update to dislikes on YouTube . blog.youtube . 12 November 2021 . en-us . 10 November 2021 . This is just one of many steps we are taking to continue to protect creators from harassment. . January 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230115200508/https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/update-to-youtube/ . live .
  257. Web site: Bhattacharya . Ananya . YouTube is scrapping the dislike count for viewers—but the button is staying . Quartz . 12 November 2021 . en . 12 November 2021 . December 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221205152808/https://qz.com/2088620/why-is-youtube-scrapping-the-dislike-count-on-videos . live .
  258. Web site: 2022-12-15 . YouTube sorting option for viewing oldest video missing? Here's why (2023) . 2023-02-14 . Atlasvb . February 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230214162641/https://atlasvb.com/article/youtube-sorting-option-for-viewing-oldest-video-missing-here-s-why . dead .
  259. Web site: Leon . Jean . 2023-01-31 . YouTube sorting option for viewing oldest video missing? Here's why . 2023-02-14 . PiunikaWeb . en-US . October 30, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221030041730/https://piunikaweb.com/2022/06/06/youtube-sorting-option-for-viewing-oldest-video-missing-heres-why/ . live . (originally published on June 6th, 2022)
  260. Web site: 2023-05-04 . Bringing back Sort by Oldest, "For You" Recommendations, and more Channels Updates! . YouTube . en-US . May 26, 2023 . May 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230526234756/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gS1qfuKfVN8 . live .
  261. 2022-10-10 . Handles on YouTube . YouTube . en-US . May 26, 2023 . May 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230526234757/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUcxoScgWS4 . live .
  262. Web site: Welch . Chris . 2023-06-29 . YouTube tests disabling videos for people using ad blockers . 2023-07-24 . The Verge . en-US . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724002900/https://www.theverge.com/2023/6/29/23778879/youtube-videos-disabling-ad-blockers-detection . live .
  263. News: Roth . Emma . 15 April 2024 . YouTube's ad blocker crackdown now includes third-party apps . 28 April 2024 . The Verge.
  264. News: Isenberg . Meara . 16 April 2024 . YouTube Cracks Down on Ad-Blocking Apps . 28 April 2024 . CNET.
  265. See YouTube localization list on the bottom of YouTube website.
  266. Web site: Change language or location settings . live . 11 March 2024 . . March 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240311120528/https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/87604 .
  267. Web site: Watch videos offline on mobile in select countries & regions . live . 11 March 2024 . . March 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240311120528/https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/6141269 .
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  269. News: Presentan hoy YouTube México . . October 11, 2007 . September 9, 2010 . es . YouTube México launched today . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090516063924/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulos/43235.html . May 16, 2009 .
  270. News: 中文上線 – YouTube 香港中文版登場！. Stanley5. October 17, 2007. January 2, 2012. October 11, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181011221455/http://stanley5.blogspot.com/2007/10/youtube.html. dead.
  271. News: YouTube台灣網站上線 手機版再等等 . . October 18, 2007 . January 2, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100706154250/http://www.zdnet.com.tw/news/software/0%2C2000085678%2C20125299%2C00.htm . July 6, 2010 . mdy-all .
  272. News: Kristen. Nicole. YouTube Launches in Australia & New Zealand. Mashable. October 22, 2007. August 3, 2009. June 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200611020324/https://mashable.com/2007/10/22/youtube-australia-new-zealand/. live.
  273. News: Kristen. Nicole. YouTube Canada Now Live. November 6, 2007. Mashable. August 3, 2009. June 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200611020329/https://mashable.com/2007/11/06/youtube-canada/. live.
  274. News: Adam. Ostrow. YouTube Germany Launches. Mashable. November 8, 2007. August 3, 2009. June 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200611020334/https://mashable.com/2007/11/08/youtube-germany/. live.
  275. News: YouTube перевелся на русский. ru. Kommersant Moscow. November 14, 2007. March 22, 2012. October 9, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110948/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/824940. live.
  276. Martyn. Williams. YouTube Launches Korean Site. PC World. January 23, 2008. March 22, 2012. July 9, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120709055629/http://www.pcworld.com/article/141684/youtube_launches_korean_site.html. live.
  277. News: Sandeep. Joshi. YouTube now has an Indian incarnation. https://web.archive.org/web/20080510222042/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/08/stories/2008050857242200.htm. dead. May 10, 2008. May 8, 2008. August 3, 2009. The Hindu. Chennai, India.
  278. News: Petr. Bokuvka. Czech version of YouTube launched. And it's crap. It sucks. The Czech Daily Word. Wordpress.com. October 12, 2008. August 3, 2009. July 18, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110718092747/http://czechdaily.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/czech-version-of-youtube-launched-and-its-crap-it-sucks/. live.
  279. http://www.kullin.net/2008/10/launch-video-unavailable-when-youtube-opens-up-in-sweden/ Launch video unavailable when YouTube opens up in Sweden
  280. Web site: YouTube launches in Argentina . September 9, 2010 . September 9, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100912172902/http://www.typeboard.com/2010/09/youtube-launches-in-argentina/ . September 12, 2010 . mdy .
  281. Web site: YouTube Launches Local Version For Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Yemen . ArabCrunch . March 13, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110314234447/http://arabcrunch.com/2011/03/youtube-launches-local-version-for-algeria-egypt-jordan-morocco-saudi-arabia-tunisia-and-yemen.html . March 14, 2011 .
  282. News: Nmachi. Jidenma. Google launches YouTube in Kenya. The Next Web. September 1, 2011. March 22, 2012. March 31, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190331150238/https://thenextweb.com/africa/2011/10/05/google-launches-youtube-in-kenya/. live.
  283. News: Tam . Nod . YouTube launches 'The Philippines' . The Philippine Star . October 13, 2011 . October 13, 2011 .
  284. News: YouTube Launches Singapore Site. September 23, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20111021221603/http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC111020-0000359/YouTube-launches-Singapore-site. October 21, 2011 .
  285. https://thenextweb.com/la/2011/12/01/youtube-launches-localized-website-for-columbia/ YouTube launches localized website for Colombia
  286. http://pctechmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1069:google-launches-youtube-uganda&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=162 Google Launches YouTube Uganda
  287. http://www.techmtaa.com/2011/12/07/google-to-launch-youtube-nigeria-today/ Google to Launch YouTube Nigeria Today
  288. http://nextvlatam.com/index.php/5-otts/google-launches-youtube-chile/ Google launches YouTube Chile
  289. http://kultura.hu/main.php?folderID=1094&articleID=323455&ctag=&iid=11 Google Launches Hungarian YouTube
  290. http://www.webpronews.com/youtube-launches-local-domain-for-malaysia-2012-03 YouTube Launches Local Domain For Malaysia
  291. http://www.webpronews.com/youtube-peru-launched-expansion-continues-2012-03 YouTube Peru Launched, Expansion continues
  292. Web site: UAE version of YouTube launched. Emirates 247. April 2, 2012. February 14, 2014. Bindu Suresh Rai. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140225032636/http://www.emirates247.com/business/technology/uae-version-of-youtube-launched-2012-04-02-1.451741. February 25, 2014. mdy-all.
  293. http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/youtube-launches-indonesian-version/524443 "YouTube Launches Indonesian Version"
  294. https://web.archive.org/web/20120624232254/http://www.humanipo.com/blog/713/Google-launches-YouTube-in-Ghana "Google launches YouTube in Ghana"
  295. http://www.telecompaper.com/news/youtube-launches-local-portal-in-senegal "YouTube launches local portal in Senegal"
  296. http://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/86446--g "YouTube's Turkish version goes into service"
  297. News: Maryna. Tarasova. YouTube приходить в Україну! (YouTube comes in Ukraine!). Google Ukraine Blog. December 13, 2012. Ukraine. uk. December 2, 2016. August 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160804014222/http://google-ukraine-blog.blogspot.com/2012/12/youtube.html. live.
  298. News: YouTube lanceres i Danmark . iProspect . April 17, 2013 . Denmark . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130507094859/http://www.iprospect.dk/youtube-lanceres-i-danmark . May 7, 2013 .
  299. News: Vilja. Sormunen. YouTube Launches in the Nordics. KLOK. February 6, 2013. February 11, 2013. Nordic. https://web.archive.org/web/20130728163345/http://www.klok.fi/blog/youtube-launches-in-the-nordics/. July 28, 2013. dead.
  300. News: YOUTUBE LAUNCHED IN NORWAY . https://web.archive.org/web/20130420134320/http://www.tono.no/YouTube%2Blansert%2Bi%2BNorge.12888.cms . dead . April 20, 2013 . . April 17, 2013 . Norway . mdy-all .
  301. News: YouTube goes Swiss. swissinfo. April 17, 2013. Swiss. December 3, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131203070051/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/YouTube_goes_Swiss.html?cid=35450210. live.
  302. News: YouTube.at since Thursday online. Wiener Zeitung. April 17, 2013. Austria. September 10, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180910234302/https://www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/wz_digital/digital_news/538498_YouTube.at-seit-Donnerstag-online.html. live.
  303. News: Youtube România se lansează într-o săptămână. ZF.ro. May 14, 2013. Romania. July 2, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140702030834/http://www.zf.ro/zf-24/youtube-romania-se-lanseaza-intr-o-saptamana-10764820. live.
  304. News: Google lança versão lusa do YouTube. Luso Noticias. May 14, 2013. Portugal. https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003223/http://www.lusonoticias.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27764:google-lanca-versao-lusa-do-youtube&catid=343&Itemid=159. December 3, 2013. dead. mdy-all.
  305. Web site: Slováci už môžu oficiálne zarábať na tvorbe videí pre YouTube. Vat Pravda. May 21, 2013. February 14, 2014. tš. sk. June 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200611020455/http://vat.pravda.sk/obraz-a-zvuk/clanok/281254-slovaci-uz-mozu-oficialne-zarabat-na-tvorbe-videi-pre-youtube/. live.
  306. Web site: YouTube expands monetization and partnership in GCC . tbreak Media . September 16, 2013 . February 14, 2014 . Nick Rego. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140206060828/http://www.tbreak.ae/news/youtube-expands-monetization-partnership-gcc . February 6, 2014 . mdy .
  307. Web site: YouTube рекламата става достъпна и за България. New Trend. March 18, 2014. April 5, 2014. Ивелина Атанасова. bg. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407082809/https://newtrend.bg/digital-company/youtube/youtube-reklama-bulgaria. April 7, 2014. dead. mdy-all.
  308. Web site: Oglašavanje na video platformi YouTube od sad dostupno i u Hrvatskoj. Lider. March 19, 2014. April 5, 2014. hr. https://web.archive.org/web/20150111014509/http://liderpress.hr/poslovna-znanja/oglasavanje-na-video-platformi-youtube-od-sad-dostupno-i-u-hrvatskoj/. January 11, 2015. dead.
  309. Web site: Youtube reklaamid – uued võimalused nüüd ka Eestis! . Meedium . March 19, 2014 . April 5, 2014 . Siiri Oden . et . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140407094928/http://www.meedium.ee/blog/youtube-reklaamid-eestis . April 7, 2014 . mdy .
  310. Web site: Tagad reklāmas iespējas Youtube kanālā iespējams izmantot arī Latvijā . Marketing . March 18, 2014 . April 5, 2014 . Marta. lv . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140321170116/http://marketing.lv/tagad-reklamas-iespejas-youtube-kanala-iespejams-izmantot-ari-latvija/ . March 21, 2014 . mdy .
  311. Web site: Na Youtube prihajajo tudi slovenski video oglasi. Dnevnik. March 18, 2014. April 5, 2014. STA. sl.
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  313. Web site: YouTube continues global expansion w/ versions of its site in 7 new locales. Stephen Hall. 9to5 Google. October 12, 2015. March 18, 2016.
  314. News: YouTube launches Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka-specific homepages. The Himalayan Times. January 13, 2016. January 31, 2016.
  315. News: YouTube launches country-specific homepage for Pakistan. The Express Tribune. January 12, 2016. January 31, 2016.
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  318. News: Tatlow. Didi Kirsten. Sorry for Having Insulted China? Here's Your Chance to Apologize. The New York Times. 19 July 2016.
  319. News: YouTube unblocked in China, but could Google have cooperated?. CNET.
  320. Web site: Learn More: Video not available in my country. google.com. August 4, 2009.
  321. Web site: YouTube language versions. June 2, 2015.
  322. News: Turkey lifts two-year ban on YouTube. BBC News. October 30, 2010. October 3, 2012.
  323. News: Turks censor YouTube censorship. Danforth, Nick. San Francisco Chronicle. July 31, 2009. August 4, 2009.
  324. Web site: YouTube cedes to Turkey and uses local Web domain. CNET. October 2, 2012 . October 3, 2012.
  325. News: Music videos back on YouTube in multi-million pound PRS deal. Barnett, Emma . The Daily Telegraph . London . September 3, 2009 . September 3, 2009.
  326. News: Now YouTube stops the music in Germany . The Guardian . London . April 1, 2009 . April 2, 2009.
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  335. News: YouTube launches pay-to-watch subscription channels. BBC News. May 9, 2013. May 11, 2013.
  336. News: YouTube providers could begin charging fees this week. Nakaso. Dan. Mercury News. May 7, 2013. May 10, 2013.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "History of YouTube".

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