Historical Armenian population explained

Accurate or reliable data for historical populations of Armenians is scarce, but scholars and institutions have proposed estimates for different periods.

For most recent data on Armenian populations, see Armenian population by country.

Ancient

Tadevos Hakobyan estimated, based on the available information such as army size and tax records, that ancient Armenia's population did not exceed 5–6 million. Elizabeth Redgate also suggested that Armenia's historical population may have never exceeded 5 or 6 million as most of its extent was not fit for settlement.[1]

Based on historical records, Igor M. Diakonoff estimated the population of Urartu as having "certainly exceeded one million and may have reached two or three million".[2] He also found 6 to 7 million a "plausible figure."[3] For around 585 BC, John M. Douglas proposed an approximate population of 3 million for Urartu and 2 million for Proto-Armenians.[4]

Ruben L. Manaseryan estimated the population of the short-lived empire of Tigranes the Great at 10 million.[5] Sedrak Krkyasharyan estimated over 10.5 million people in his empire, including around 4 million Armenians.[6] Hakob Manandian posited that the population of Armenia during the reigns of Artaxias I and Tigranes II was "much larger than that of later centuries."[7]

Agathangelos wrote that during the Christianization of Armenia in the early fourth century more than 4,000,000 men, women and children and more than 150,000 soldiers (a total of 4,150,000) were baptized by Gregory the Illuminator.[8] [9] Malachia Ormanian accepted the figure,[10] while Edmond Schütz found the figure for the population of Greater Armenia “obviously exaggerated.”[11] Suren Yeremian proposed 4 million as the population of both Arsacid Armenia and of Armenians.[12] [13]

Medieval

Based on tax records, Arsen Shahinyan estimated the population of Arminiya, an administrative unit of the Abbasid Caliphate, in the 8th and 9th centuries at 1.5 million, including 750,000 in Arminiya I (Greater Armenia), around 650,000 in Arminiya II (Arran, i.e. Caucasian Albania), and around 100,000 in Arminiya III (Jurzan, i.e. Eastern Georgia).[14]

Serob Poghosyan estimated Armenia's population in the 9th–11th centuries, when much of it was ruled by the Bagratids, at 5 to 6 million.[15] Mikayel Malkhasyan estimated Vaspurakan's population in the same period at no less than a million people.[16]

Hakobyan suggested that Armenia's population reached 5 to 6 million only in the 13th century, prior to the Mongol invasion, when he estimated 4.5 million people in rural areas and around 500,000 in cities.[17] Others have estimated Armenia's population in the mid-13th century at 4 million.[18] [19] Based on tax records, Manandian estimated the combined population of eastern Armenia, Kars and eastern Georgia (Kartli and Kakheti) in the mid-13th century at 4 to 5 million.[20]

Modern Armenian scholars believe that the medieval Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia had a population of around one million, most of whom were Armenians.[21] [22]

19th and early 20th century

August von Haxthausen quoted Catholicos Nerses V (then archbishop) as having told him in 1843 that he can assert with confidence the existence of more than eight million Armenians worldwide, including 30,000 Catholic Armenians in the Russian Caucasus.[23]

In 1847 John Wilson estimated the total Armenian population at 2.5 million, with 1 million in the Russian Empire, 1 million in the Ottoman Empire and 0.5 million in Persia and "other distant lands." He quoted the figures provided by Lucas Balthazar, the "intelligent editor" of the Smyrna-based Armenian newspaper The Dawn of Ararat, who estimated 5 million Armenians overall, with 2 million in Russia, 2 million in Turkey and 1 million in Persia, India and elsewhere.[24]

The 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1875) cited Édouard Dulaurier's estimates : approximately four millions Armenians in the world, including 2,500,000 in the Ottoman Empire, 1,200,000 in the Russian Empire, 25,000 in the Austrian Empire, 150,000 in Persia and Azerbaijan, 25,000 in continental India and the Archipelago of Asia, and the remainder of 100,000 scattered in various countries.[25]

Richard Robert Madden wrote in 1862 that the Armenian population worldwide is estimated at 4 million, of whom an estimated 2,400,000 in the Ottoman Empire ("an approximate computation, and probably below the truth"), 900,000 in the Russian Empire, 600,000 in Persia, 40,000 in India and "other realms of Asia", and 60,000 in "various European countries."[26]

In 1876 John Buchan Telfer, quoted the figures provided by Garabed Ghazarosian in his 1873 The Universal Year Book, which estimated a total of 4.2 million Armenians worldwide, including 2.5 million in Turkish dominions, 1.5 million in Russia, 34,000 in Persia, 14,600 in Austria, 15,000 in England, India and other British possessions, 8,400 in Romania, 8,000 in Egypt, and 120,000 in other countries.[27] [28] In 1891, Telfer reported to the Royal Society of Arts that "most authorities" appear to agree that the total Armenian population worldwide amounts to around 5 million, with most "scattered in their own land and in adjoining territories" and nearly half a million "settled in distant parts."[29]

In 1891 Élisée Reclus wrote that while "usually estimated at three and even four millions," the total number of Armenians "would seem scarcely to exceed two millions." He estimated the "probable" number of Armenians as follows: 840,000 in Caucasia and European Russia, 760,000 in Asiatic Turkey, and 250,000 in European Turkey, 150,000 in Persia, and 60,000 elsewhere, with the total at 2,060,000. He estimated no less than 200,000 Armenians in Constantinople and noted that Tiflis held the second largest Armenian population of any city.[30]

At the 1893 Parliament of the World's Religions, Armenian activist claimed that there were 5.1 million Armenians in total, including 80,000 Catholics and 20,000 Protestants.[31]

In his 1896 book Story of Turkey and Armenia Reverend James Wilson Pierce estimated 2.4 million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1.25 million in the Russian Empire, 150,000 in Persia, 100,000 in Europe and 5,000 in the United States.[32]

Adrian Fortescue wrote in 1916: "There are said to be about three and a half or four million Armenians in the world—1,300,000 in Turkey, 1,200,000 in Russia, 50,000 in Persia, and the rest dispersed throughout the world. Of these about three quarters belong to the Monophysite ("Gregorian") Church."[33]

Ottoman Empire

See also: Ottoman Armenian population.

Russian Empire

According to the Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, what is now Armenia (historically known as Eastern Armenia) that came under Russian rule in 1828, had a population of 161,700 in 1831, which rose to reach 1.01 million by 1913.[34]

According to the Russian Empire Census of 1897, there were 1,173,096 native speakers of Armenian in the empire.[35] The religious statistics indicated there to be 1,179,241 Armenian Apostolics and 38,840 Catholic Armenians, amounting to a total of 1,218,081.[36]

Estimates by John Foster Fraser (1907)[37] and Richard G. Hovannisian (2005)[38] put the number of Armenians within the Russian Empire in the early 20th century at around 2 million. According to official estimates for 1916, published in the Kavkazskiy kalendar, 1,859,663 Armenians lived in Russia's Caucasus Viceroyalty alone.[39]

20th century

1911

Malachia Ormanian, a scholar and former Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, estimated the population of Christian Armenians by the dioceses of the Armenian Apostolic Church in his 1911 book The Church of Armenia.[40] It is the most detailed population distribution estimates available prior to the Armenian genocide. Robert Hewsen wrote that "Ormanian's figures appear moderate and reasonable, although this does not necessarily make them precise."[41] Levon Marashlian notes that "the purpose of Ormanian's book was not to provide comprehensive population statistics" and that "his numbers for [Armenian] Protestants and Catholics may be even more incomplete" than for Armenian Apostolics.[42]

Country/territoryArmenians
1,709,550
1,579,500
Persia83,400
United States50,000
Western Europe
(Great Britain, France, Belgium, Switzerland)		21,000
Bulgaria20,000
Egypt15,500
Romania10,000
Austria-Hungary9,000
India & Indochina6,000
Dutch East Indies4,000
Greece1,000
Total3,508,950

1922

The United States Department of State summarized the populations of Armenians in a November 1922 document entitled "Approximate number of Armenians in the world" (NARA 867.4016/816). Of the total 3,004,000 Armenians, 817,873 were refugees from Turkey "based upon information furnished by the British Embassy, Constantinople, and by the agents of the Near East Relief Society, in 1921. The total given does not include the able-bodied Armenians, who are retained by the Kemalists, nor the women and children,—approximately 95,000,—according to the League of Nations-who have been forced to embrace Islam."

CountryArmenians
2,195,000
1,200,000
400,000
340,000
30,000
— rest of Soviet Russia 225,000
281,000
125,000
104,000
79,000
50,000
46,000
43,000
Central and Western Europe 38,000
28,000
12,000
3,000
Total3,004,000

1923

source[43]

Country / ContinentRegionArmenians
USSR743,571
111,694
Other parts 712,303
British Empire28,000
India 1,500
EuropeGreece 150,000
Bulgaria 52,000
France 45,000
Romania 45,000
Cyprus 5,700
AmericasUSA, Canada 125,000
Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina 15,000
AsiaTurkey 281,000
Syria, Lebanon 150,000
Persia 100,000
Iraq 15,000
China 1,000
TOTAL 2,581,768

1966

The following estimates were originally published on 4 December 1966 in the Yerevan-based weekly Hayreniki dzayn («Հայրենիքի ձայն») of Soviet Armenia's Committee for Cultural Relations with Armenians Abroad.[44] They were cited by Richard Hrair Dekmejian in Soviet Studies in 1968,[45] and by David Marshall Lang and Christopher J. Walker in 1976 in Minority Rights Group's entry on Armenians.[46]

CountryArmenians
3,500,000
2,000,000
560,000
550,000
330,000
— rest of USSR 60,000
450,000
250,000
200,000
200,000
180,000
150,000
rest of the world 570,000
Total5,500,000

1986

Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, Volume XIII ("Soviet Armenia"), 1987[47]

CountryArmenians
4,500,000
2,755,000
475,000
448,000
365,000
Outside the USSR 2,300,000
800,000
350,000
200,000
200,000
180,000
120,000
75,000
55,000
25,000
25,000
25,000
22,000
CountryArmenians
14,000
12,000
11,000
10,000
10,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,500
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
800
500
Total7,000,000

21st century

2012

Armenia Encyclopedia, 2012[48]

CountryArmenians
2,250,000–2,500,000
1,000,000–1,500,000
500,000–600,000
250,000–400,000
130,000
92,000
80,000
70,000–80,000
70,000–80,000
70,000–80,000
65,000–70,000
70,000
60,000–65,000
50,000–60,000
50,000
50,000
45,000–80,000
35,000–40,000
30,000
30,000
25,000
21,000
20,000
20,000
18,000
CountryArmenians
15,000
12,000
10,000
10,000
8,500
5,000
5,000–6,000
5,000
4,000
3,500
2,000–4,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000–3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,600
1,500
1,000
1,000
CountryArmenians
500–700
560
400
300
300
200
200
200
200
200
150
100
80
60
50–60
50–60
50
40
40
30
25
20
20
10

Previous censuses

By country

Soviet statistics from 1926 to 1989 for the former Soviet republics are given below and not repeated in this table.

Country/territoryEthnic ArmeniansPeople born in Armenia
(of any ethnicity)
Armenia3,145,354 (2001 census)[49]
2,961,801 (2011 census)[50] 		2,927,306 (2001 census)[51]
2,821,026 (2011 census)[52]
1,130,491 (2002 census)[53] [54]
1,182,388 (2010 census)[55] 		481,328 (2002 census)[56]
511,150 (2010 census)[57]
United States212,621 (1980 census)[58]
308,096 (1990 census)[59]
385,488 (2000 census)[60]
474,559 (2010 ACS)[61] 		36,628 (1920 census)[62] [63]
32,166 (1930 census)[64]
65,280 (2000 census)[65]
89,261 (2010 ACS)[66]
Georgia248,929 (2002 census)[67]
168,102 (2014 census)[68] 		9,158 (2014 census)[69]
137,380 (2005 census)[70]
144,683 (2015 census)[71] 		14,676 (2005 census)[72]
16,335 (2015 census)[73]
Canada37,500 (1996 census)[74]
40,505 (2001 census)[75]
50,500 (2006 census)[76]
55,740 (2011 census)[77]
63,810 (2016 census)[78] 		2,195 (2006 census)[79]
4,165 (2016 census)[80]
Turkey77,000 (1927 census)
61,000 (1935 census)
60,000 (1945 census)
60,000 (1955 census)[81]
44,869 (2003 census)[82] [83]
41,906 (2011 census)[84]
Australia14,667 (2001 census)[85]
15,761 (2006 census)[86]
16,698 (2011 census)[87]
19,247 (2016 census)[88] 		1,159 (2016 census)
Kazakhstan14,758 (1999 census)[89]
13,776 (2009 census)[90]
Bulgaria13,677 (1992 census)[91]
10,832 (2001 census)[92]
6,552 (2011 census)[93]
Romania12,175 (1930 census)[94]
6,441 (1956 census)[95]
3,436 (1966 census)[96]
2,342 (1977 census)[97]
1,957 (1992 census)[98]
1,780 (2002 census)[99]
1,361 (2011 census)[100]
Belarus10,191 (1999 census)[101]
8,512 (2009 census)[102]
9,392 (2019 census)[103]
Cyprus1,197 (1921 census)[104]
3,377 (1931 census)
3,962 (1946 census)[105]
3,378 (1960 census)[106]
1,831 (2011 census)[107]
Poland1,082 (2002 census)[108]
3,000 (2011 census)[109]
Latvia83 (1935 census)
2,644 (2000 census)[110]
2,632 (2011 census)[111]
Lithuania1,477 (2001 census)
1,233 (2011 census)[112]
Hungary1,165 (2001 census)
3,571 (2011 census)[113]
Tajikistan995 (2000 census)
434 (2010 census)[114]
New Zealand228 (2013 census)[115]
276 (2018 census)[116]

Former countries and territories

Country/territoryEthnic ArmeniansPeople born in Armenia
Lebanese Republic31,992 (1932 census)[117]
24,911 (1936 census)[118] [119]
17,188 (1927 census)[120]
Mandatory Palestine3,210 (1922 census)
3,524 (1931 census)[121]
1,705 (1911 census)[122] 40 (1911 census)[123]
British Singapore16 (1824 census)[124]
19 (1826 census)[125]
34 (1836 census)[126]
81 (1931 census)[127] [128]

Soviet republics (1926–1989)

Precise figures are available for the number of Armenians in the Soviet Union and its constituent republics because all censuses in the USSR enumerated people by ethnicity.

Republic1926[129] [130] 1939[131] [132] 1959[133] [134] 1970[135] [136] 1979[137] [138] 1989[139] [140] Born in ArmSSR (1989)[141]
Soviet Union1,567,5682,152,8602,786,9123,559,1514,151,2414,623,232class=unsortable 2,971,930
Armenian SSR743,5711,061,9971,551,6102,208,3272,724,9753,083,6162,570,422
Azerbaijan SSR282,004388,025442,089483,520475,486390,505137,027
↳ NKAO111,694132,800110,053121,068123,076145,4502,834
Georgian SSR313,741415,013442,916452,309448,000437,21137,742
↳ Abkhazia13,47749,70564,42574,85073,35076,5413,078
Russian SFSR195,410218,156255,978298,718364,570532,390151,484
Uzbek SSR14,97620,39427,37034,47042,37450,53712,280
Ukrainian SSR10,63121,68828,02433,43938,64654,20036,498
Turkmen SSR13,85915,99619,69623,05426,60531,8294,436
Kazakh SSR7,7779,28412,51814,02219,11910,756
Tajik SSR1,2722,8783,7874,8615,6512,302
Kirghiz SSR7281,9192,6883,2853,9751,701
Byelorussian SSR991,8141,7512,3622,7514,9332,912
Moldavian SSR1,2181,3361,9532,8731,318
Latvian SSR1,0601,5111,9133,0691,399
Lithuanian SSR4715089551,655895
Estonian SSR6486048451,669758

See also

References

Notes
Citations

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Book: Redgate, A. E.. Elizabeth Redgate

    . The Armenians. 2000. Blackwell Publishing. Oxford. 9780631220374. Elizabeth Redgate. 7 .

  2. Book: Diakonoff . I. M. . Igor M. Diakonoff . Lori Jennings . The Pre-History of the Armenian People [Предыстория армянского народа] . 1984 . 1968 . Caravan Books . Delmar, N.Y. . 124 . According to the data of Sarduri II's annals, within the Urartian Empire he abolished the duty of military service for 350,000 men.105 This means that the population of Urartu certainly exceeded one million and may have reached two or three million..
  3. Book: Diakonoff . Igor M. . Igor M. Diakonoff . Arbeitman . Yoël L. . The Asia Minor Connexion: Studies on the Pre-Greek Languages in Memory of Charles Carter . 2000 . Peeters Publishers . 9789042907980 . 57 . Lights on the Social History of Urartu . The total population of Urartu would be ca. six-seven million, which is a plausible figure. Cf. also the computations in I. M. Diakonoff, The Pre-history of the Armenian People, 1984, Delmar, N.Y., pp. 123ss..
  4. Book: Douglas . John M. . The Armenians . 1992 . J.J. Winthrop Corporation . 9780963138101 . 30 . The population of Urartu around 585 B.C. was approximately three million and that of Arme was two million..
  5. Manaseryan . Ruben L. .

    hy:Ռուբեն Մանասերյան

    . Տիգրան Մեծի անձի և գործունեության գնահատականի շուրջ . Vem . 2022 . 39 . 10.57192/18291864-2022.3-33 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240210085442/https://vemjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/03-%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%E2%80%932022-3.pdf . 2024-02-10 . Հայոց արքայի իշխելը 10 միլիոն բնակչություն ունեցող 900.000 կմ² տարածքի վրա.
  6. "Демография государства Великая Армения во времена Тиграна II Великого [Demographics of the state of Greater Armenia during the time of Tigran II the Great]", published in Russian on March 25, 2020 by times.am (archived) and voskanapat.info (archived). "численность армянского населения в I в. до н. э. составляла около 4 млн. человек. [...] Таким же образом можно вычислить численность населения державы Тиграна Великого. Оно составляло более 10,5 млн. человек."
  7. Book: Manandyan . Hakob . . Hakob Manandian . Tigranes II and Rome . 2007 . Mazda Publishers . Costa Mesa, California . 978-1-56859-166-7 . 44.
  8. Book: Agathangelos . History of the Armenians . State University of New York Press . . 1976 . 0-87395-323-1 . First . Albany . lxvii-lxviii, 369371 . Gregory now prepared to baptise the people of Armenia. [...] That day over 150,000 soldiers were baptised, and during the following week over 4,000,000 people. .
  9. Web site: Ayvazyan . Armen . Armen Ayvazyan . Armenia's Conversion to Christianity . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240210085216/https://www.academia.edu/12548151/_Armenia_s_Conversion_to_Christianity_Ancient_History_Encyclopedia_April_15_2015_http_www_ancient_eu_article_801_ . 10 February 2024 . April 15, 2015.
  10. Book: Ormanian . Malachia . Malachia Ormanian . Ազգապատում : Հայ ուղղափառ եկեղեցւոյ անցքերը սկիզբէն մինչեւ մեր օրերը յարակից ազգային պարագաներով պատմուած : Մասն Ա . 1912 . Constantinople . 96 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240216073225/https://haygirk.nla.am/upload/1512-1940/1901-1940/azgapatum_1912.pdf . 2024-02-16 . Մկրտուածներու թիւը 400 բիւր ըսուած է. որ է 4 միլիոն, այլ պէտք է այս թիւը բոլոր այդ միջոցին զանազան կողմեր մկրտուածներուն վրայ տարածել, եւ ոչ թէ նոյն օր մկրտուածներուն վրայ, վասնզի այդ թիւը դրուած է յայնմ աւուրս մկրտուած այր ու կին ու մանուկ ի միասին հաշուելով (ԱԳԹ. 435):.
  11. Schütz . Edmond . Review of Agathangelos: History of the Armenians . . 1978 . 12 . 2 . 172–173 . 41930298 . The population figure of four millions given for the ancient Great Armenia, although obviously exaggerated, suggests Armenian preponderance in this region..
  12. Book: Suren Yeremian

    . Yeremian . S. . Suren Yeremian . Հայ Ժողովրդի Պատմություն, Հ. 2. [History of the Armenian People. Vol. 2] ]. 1984 . Armenian Academy of Sciences . Yerevan . 144 . hy . Այս ժամանակաշրջանում ամբողջ հայկական պետությունը, որի տարածքը 311 հազար քառ. կմ էր՝ մոտ չորս միլիոն ազգաբնակչությամբ....

  13. Book: Yeremian . S. . Suren Yeremian . Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Vol. 13: Soviet Armenia . 1987 . 28 . Հայեր [Armenians] . Yeremian: 301-ին հայերը քրիստոնեությունն ընդունեցին որպես պետ․ կրոն։ Այդ ժամանակաշրջանում հայերի թիվը հասնում էր շուրջ 4 մլն մարդու, իսկ Մեծ Հայքի պետության տարածքը՝ 312 հզ․ կմ2։.
  14. Shahinyan . Arsen K. . Արմինիյա Արաբական Նահանգի Ու Նրա Վարչական Միաւորների Բնակչութեան Մօտաւոր Թուաքանակը [An Estimation of the Population Figures of the Wilayat of Arminiya and its Administrative Units] ]. . 2014 . 34 . 195–203 . Beirut . https://web.archive.org/web/20160310041920/http://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20AMSAGIR/Haigazean/LD.pdf . 2016-03-10 . hy.
  15. Book: Poghosyan . Serob .

    hy:Սերոբ Պողոսյան

    . Melik‑Bakhshyan . Stepan .

    hy:Ստեփան Մելիք-Բախշյան

    . Հայ ժողովրդի պատմություն․ Սկզբից մինչև XVIII դարի վերջը [History of the Armenian People: From the Beginning to the late 18th century] ]. 1975 . . Yerevan . 427–428 . hy . Սոցիալ-տնտեսական հարաբերությունները և քաղաքական կարգերը IX—XI դարերում [Socio-economic relations and political order in the 9th-11th centuries] . Հայաստանում IX—XI դարերում [...] Կարելի է ենթադրել, որ Հայաստանը այդ ժամանակ ուներ 5—6 միլիոն բնակչություն։ . https://web.archive.org/web/20230217131811/http://publishing.ysu.am/files/31.pdf . 17 February 2023 . dead.
  16. Book: Malkhasyan . Mikayel . History of Medieval Armenia. Course companion . 2016 . Quantum College . Yerevan . 978-9939-846-12-5 . 54 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240216073532/http://www.old.ysu.am/files/Medieval_history_of_Armenia.pdf . 2024-02-16 .
  17. Book: Hakobyan . Tadevos . Tadevos Hakobyan . Հայաստանի պատմական աշխարհագրություն [Historical Geography of Armenia] ]. 1984 . Yerevan University Press . 4th . hy . 64, 349 .
  18. Book: Bedrosian . Robert Gregory . The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13th–14th centuries . 1979 . Columbia University . New York . 123 . modern scholars estimate the Armenian population of Greater Armenia (excluding Cilicia) to have been about 4 million in the mid-13th century..
  19. Book: Pubblici . Lorenzo . Mongol Caucasia: Invasions, Conquest, and Government of a Frontier Region in Thirteenth-Century Eurasia (1204-1295) . 2022 . Brill . 978-90-04-50355-7 . 218 . Some estimates indicate the Armenian population of Caucasia (excluding Cilicia) of around 4 million in those years.12 = 12 Bedrosian, The Turco-mongol, 120–21; Dedeyan, Storia degli Ameni, [Dédéyan, Gerard, Boghos Levon Zekiyan, and Antonia Arslan, eds. Storia degli armeni. Guerini e Associati, 2002.] 242, whose calculations coincide with those provided by Bedrosian..
  20. [Hakob Manandian|Manandian, Hakob]
  21. Book: Bornozyan . S. V. . Zulalyan . Manvel .

    hy:Մանվել Զուլալյան

    . Հայ Ժողովրդի Պատմություն, Հ. 3. [History of the Armenian People. Vol. 3] ]. 1976 . Armenian Academy of Sciences . Yerevan . 672, 724 . hy . Կիլիկյան հայկական պետության ծաղկան ժամանակաշրջանում՝ XIII դարում, նրա տարածությունը կազմում էր 40.000 քառ. կմ, իսկ բնակչության թիվը անցնում էր մեկ միլիոնից։ [...] Կիլիկիայի քաղաքներում ու նավահանգիստներում էր կենտրոնացված Կիլիկիայի մեկ միլիոն բնակչության համարյա կեսը։ (Տե՛ս "Histoire de Chypre de Mas-Latrie", t. II, p. 682-690).
  22. Vagharshyan . Artur .

    hy:Արթուր Վաղարշյան

    . Հայաստանի և Կիլիկյան Հայկական Թագավորության իրավական համակարգերը և իրավունքի աղբյուրները . Banber Yerevani Hamalsarani. Jurisprudence . 2016 . 19 . 1 . 8 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240208081326/http://publishing.ysu.am/files/banber148_3.pdf . 2024-02-08 . hy . Կիլիկիայի հայկական թագավորության բնակչությունը կազմում էր մոտավորապես 1 մլն, որի գերակշռող մասը հայերն էին։ Սակայն Կիլիկիայում ապրում էին նաև հույներ, ասորիներ, հրեաներ և իտալացիներ (տե՛ս «Հայ ժողովրդի պատմություն», հ. III, Եր., 1976, էջ 724, 751-752)։.
  23. Book: von Haxthausen . August . August von Haxthausen . Transcaucasia: Sketches of the Nations and Races Between the Black Sea and the Caspian . 1854 . . London . 298.
  24. Book: Wilson . John . John Wilson (Scottish missionary) . The Lands of the Bible: Visited and Described in an Extensive Journey Undertaken with Special Reference to the Promotion of Biblical Research and the Advancement of the Cause of Philanthropy, Vol. II . 1847 . William Whyte & Co. . London . 479-480.
  25. Book: Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, Volume II . 1875 . Adam and Charles Black . Edinburgh . 548.
  26. Book: Madden . Richard Robert . Richard Robert Madden . The Turkish Empire: In Its Relations with Christianity and Civilization, Volume 2 . 1862 . . London . 121.
  27. Book: John Buchan Telfer

    . Telfer . J. Buchan . John Buchan Telfer . The Crimea and Transcaucasia, being the narrative of a journey in the Kouban, in Gouria, Georgia, Armenia, Ossety, Imeritia, Swannety, and Mingrelia, and in the Tauric Range. Volume I . 1876 . Henry S. King & Co. . London. 256.

  28. Book: Ghazarosian . Garabed . Տիեզերական տարեցոյց վասն 1873 թուականին Քրիստոսի եւ Հայոց ՌՅԻԳ : Ա տարի . 1873 . Aramean Press . Constantinople . 264 . hy. archived PDF
  29. Telfer. John Buchan. John Buchan Telfer. Armenia and Its People. Journal of the Society of Arts. Royal Society of Arts. 29 May 1891. XXXIX. 2,010. 581. London. 41328205 .
  30. Book: Reclus . Élisée . Élisée Reclus . Keane . A. H. . Augustus Henry Keane . The Earth and Its Inhabitants: The Universal Geography. Vol. VI: Asiatic Russia . 1891 . . London . 141.
  31. Book: Tcheraz . Minas . Barrows . John Henry . John Henry Barrows . The World's Parliament of Religions Volume II . 1893 . The Parliament Publishing Company . Chicago . 928 . The Armenian Church . ...the Armenian Church, which numbers even now 5,000,000 faithful souls, scattered over all parts of the globe. Etchmiadzin is revered not only by the sons of this church, but also by the 80,000 Armenians who have entered within the pale of the Church of Rome, the 20,000 who have become Protestants, and a small number which has adhered to the Greek orthodox..
  32. Book: Pierce . James Wilson . Story of Turkey and Armenia . 1896 . R. H. Woodward Company . Baltimore . 14.
  33. Fortescue . Adrian . Adrian Fortescue . The Armenians . . 1916 . 5 . 19 . 369 . 25701026 .
  34. Book: Khojabekyan . V. . Avagyan . G. .

    hy:Վլադիմիր Խոջաբեկյան

    .

    hy:Գրիգոր Ավագյան (ակադեմիկոս)

    . Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Vol. 13: Soviet Armenia . 1987 . 23 . hy . Բնակչություն [Population].
  35. Web site: Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку, губерниям и областям [The first general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897 Population distribution by native language, provinces and regions] ]. demoscope.ru . https://archive.today/20201023215450/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php . 23 October 2020 . ru . 18 January 2021 . live .
  36. Web site: Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по вероисповеданиям и регионам [The first general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897 Distribution of the population by faith and region] ]. demoscope.ru . https://web.archive.org/web/20101105015116/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_rel_97.php?reg=0 . 5 November 2010 . ru.
  37. Book: Fraser . John Foster . John Foster Fraser . Red Russia . 1907 . The John Lane Company . New York . 212 . ...the Armenians, intellectual superiors of the peoples south of the Caucasus range, number about two millions....
  38. Book: Hovannisian . R. G. . Richard G. Hovannisian . Herzig . Edmund . Kurkchiyan . Marina . The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity . 2005 . . London . 9781135798376 . 90 . Genocide and independence, 1914-21.
  39. Book: Кавказский календарь на 1917 год . Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom . 1917 . 72nd . Tiflis . 178–237 . Russian . Caucasian calendar for 1917 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211104233151/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322 . 4 November 2021.
  40. Book: Ormanian. Malachia. Malachia Ormanian. Հայոց եկեղեցին և իր պատմութիւնը, վարդապետութիւնը, վարչութիւնը, բարեկարգութիւնը, արաողութիւնը, գրականութիւն, ու ներկայ կացութիւնը [The Church of Armenia: her history, doctrine, rule, discipline, liturgy, literature, and existing condition]]. 1911. Constantinople. 259–267. hy . https://web.archive.org/web/20220807093825/http://haygirk.nla.am/upload/1512-1940/1901-1940/hayoc_ekexecin_1911.pdf . 2022-08-07 .
  41. Book: Hewsen . Robert . Robert Hewsen . Hovannisian . Richard G. . Richard G. Hovannisian . Armenian Karin/Erzerum . 2003 . Mazda Publishers . 1-56859-151-9 . 49 . Summit of The Earth: The Historical Geography of Bardzr Hayk.
  42. Book: Marashlian . Levon . Levon Marashlian . Politics and Demography: Armenians, Turks, and Kurds in the Ottoman Empire . 1991 . . 9780916431303 . 59.
  43. Book: Harutyunyan, Babken. Atlas of the Armenian Genocide. 2019. Vardan Mkhitaryan. Yerevan State University Press. 978-9939-0-2999-3. Erevan. 56–57. 1256558984.
  44. Հայկական դպրոցների թիվն աշխարհում . Hayreniky Dzayn . 4 December 1966 . 49 . 71 . 6 . Yerevan . https://web.archive.org/web/20240207175212/https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20TERT/Hayreniqi-dzayn/1966/49.pdf . 2024-02-07 . hy.
  45. Dekmejian . R. H. . Richard Dekmejian . Soviet-Turkish relations and politics in the Armenian SSR . . 1968 . 19 . 4 . 520–521 . 10.1080/09668136808410616 .
  46. "The world upward trend is further confirmed by the break-down given in 1966 by the Erevan periodical Hayreniki Dzayn (summarized by Dekmejian in Soviet Studies of Glasgow University, 1968). Here we find a world-wide total of five and a half million Armenians, sub-divided as follows..."; quoted in Book: Lang . David Marshall . Walker . Christopher J. . David Marshall Lang . Christopher J. Walker . The Armenians . 1987. 1976 . . 0-946690-43-X . 12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190918180650/https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-871-Download-full-report.pdf . 18 September 2019.
  47. Book: Eremian, Suren . Suren Yeremian . Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia Volume XIII . 1987 . Yerevan . 27 . hy . Հայերը [Armenians].
  48. Book: Ayvazyan . Hovhannes . Հայաստան Հանրտագիտական [Armenia Encyclopedia] . 2012 . . Yerevan . 978-5-89700-040-1 . 914 . hy . Հայերի թիվն աշխարհում՝ ըստ երկրների [Armenians in the world, by country].
  49. Web site: De Jure Population (Urban, Rural) by Age and Ethnicity . armstat.am/census2001 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20201126203747/https://armstat.am/census2001/pdfs/51.pdf . 26 November 2020.
  50. Web site: Population (urban, rural) by Ethnicity, Sex and Age . Population Census 2011 . Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia . https://web.archive.org/web/20190817061741/https://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99486253.pdf . 17 August 2019.
  51. Web site: De Jure Population by the Place of Birth (marzes of RA and foreign countries), Sex and Age . armstat.am/census2001 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225211256/https://www.armstat.am/census2001/pdfs/63.pdf . 25 February 2021.
  52. Web site: Population by Place of Birth, Sex and Age . Population Census 2011 . Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia . https://web.archive.org/web/20190817065619/https://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99486313.pdf . 17 August 2019.
  53. Web site: National composition of population for regions of the Russian Federation . perepis2002.ru . . https://web.archive.org/web/20070217070612/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-2.xls . 17 February 2007 . ru.
  54. Web site: Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам России . demoscope.ru . https://web.archive.org/web/20210118072945/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php . 18 January 2021 . ru.
  55. Web site: Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации [National makeup of the population of the Russian Federation]]. Russian Federal State Statistics Service. ru. 19 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190815092824/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol4/pub-04-01.pdf. 15 August 2019. bot: unknown.
  56. Web site: Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года. Население по месту рождения и месту проживания на территории Российской Федерации . demoscope.ru . Demoscope Weekly . https://web.archive.org/web/20200224154236/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_pob_02.php . 24 February 2020 . ru.
  57. Web site: Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 г. Население Российской Федерации и ее субъектов по месту рождения. . demoscope.ru . Demoscope Weekly . https://web.archive.org/web/20201017222345/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_bir_10.php . 17 October 2020 . ru.
  58. Web site: Rank of States for Selected Ancestry Groups with 100,00 or more persons: 1980. United States Census Bureau . https://web.archive.org/web/20190116175346/https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab04.pdf . 16 January 2019.
  59. Web site: 1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States. United States Census Bureau. 18 September 1992 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170214105701/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cp-s/cp-s-1-2.pdf . 14 February 2017.
  60. Web site: Ancestry: 2000. United States Census Bureau. 17 December 2012.
  61. Web site: PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY: 2010: ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables . data.census.gov . . https://web.archive.org/web/20210409103154/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT1Y2010.B04006&hidePreview=false . 9 April 2021.
  62. Web site: U.S. Census Bureau History: World War I Armistice . census.gov . . https://web.archive.org/web/20210321185251/https://www.census.gov/history/www/homepage_archive/2018/november_2018.html . 21 March 2021 . November 2018 . The 1920 Census was the first to collect nativity and ancestry information from people tracing their roots to these new nations. For example, in 1920, the census found that ... 36,628 people were born in Armenia..
  63. Web site: Chapter VI: Country of Birth of the Foreign-born Population . census.gov . . 693.
  64. Web site: Table 4. World Region and Country or Area of Birth of the Foreign-Born Population, With Geographic Detail Shown in Decennial Census Publications of 1930 or Earlier: 1850 to 1930 and 1960 to 2000 . census.gov . . https://web.archive.org/web/20210518050957/https://www2.census.gov/library/working-papers/2006/demo/pop-twps0081/tab04.xls . 18 May 2021.
  65. Web site: Table FBP-1. Profile of Selected Demographic and Social Characteristics: 2000 Population Universe: People Born in Armenia . census.gov . . https://archive.today/20210410111254/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/foreign-born/2000/stp-159/stp-159-armenia.pdf . 10 April 2021.
  66. Web site: 2010: ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables: PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES . data.census.gov . United States Census Bureau.
  67. Web site: ETHNIC GROUPS BY MAJOR ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL UNITS . statistics.ge . . https://web.archive.org/web/20091114005707/http://www.statistics.ge//_files/english/census/2002/Ethnic%20groups.pdf . 14 November 2009.
  68. Web site: 2014 General Population Census Results: Demographic And Social Characteristics: Total population by regions and ethnicity . census.ge . . https://web.archive.org/web/20190815124706/http://census.ge/files/results/english/17_Total%20population%20by%20regions%20and%20ethnicity.xls . 15 August 2019.
  69. Web site: 2014 census: International migration . census.ge . https://web.archive.org/web/20190917170044/http://census.ge/en/results/census1/migrationout . 17 September 2019.
  70. Web site: De Jure Population (Urban, Rural) by Age and Ethnicity . census.stat-nkr.am . https://web.archive.org/web/20200820212548/http://census.stat-nkr.am/nkr/5-1.pdf . 20 August 2020.
  71. Web site: Աղյուսակ 5.4 Բնակչությունը (քաղաքային, գյուղական) ըստ ազգության, սեռի և կրոնական դավանանքի [Table 5.4: Population (urban, rural) by ethnicity, gender and religious affiliation] ]. https://web.archive.org/web/20190403053639/http://stat-nkr.am/files/publications/2016/Mardahamar_2015/MAS_2/5_4%20LXH.pdf . dead . 3 April 2019 . stat-nkr.am . Artsakh Republic National Statistical Service.
  72. Web site: Table 6.3 De Jure Population by the Place of Birth (region of NKR and foreign countries), Sex and . census.stat-nkr.am . 2005 Census of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic . https://web.archive.org/web/20190819083835/http://census.stat-nkr.am/nkr/6-3.pdf . 19 August 2019.
  73. Web site: Մարդահամար 2015. Բնակչությունն ըստ ծննդավայրի, սեռի և տարիքի [Census 2015: Population by place of birth, sex, and age] ]. stat-nkr.am . https://web.archive.org/web/20190917134624/http://stat-nkr.am/files/publications/2016/Mardahamar_2015/MAS_2/6_3.pdf . 17 September 2019 . hy.
  74. Web site: Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census . 17 February 1998 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20190812184631/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=5216&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=9&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= . 12 August 2019.
  75. Web site: 2001 Census: Selected Ethnic Origins1, for Canada, Provinces and Territories . . https://web.archive.org/web/20190812184730/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?T=501&Lang=E&GV=1&GID=0 . 12 August 2019.
  76. Web site: Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories . 2 April 2008 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20190812184828/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 . 12 August 2019.
  77. Web site: Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey . 8 May 2013 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20190812184959/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 . 12 August 2019.
  78. Web site: Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (total), Canada, 2016 Census . 25 October 2017 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20190812164500/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SP=1&age=1&sex=1 . 12 August 2019.
  79. Web site: Place of birth for the immigrant population by period of immigration, 2006 counts and percentage distribution, for Canada, provinces and territories . . https://web.archive.org/web/20190813090211/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-557/T404-eng.cfm?Lang=E&T=404&GH=4&GF=1&SC=1&S=1&O=D . 13 August 2019.
  80. Web site: Immigrant population by place of birth, period of immigration, 2016 counts, both sexes, age (total), Canada, 2016 Census . 25 October 2017 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20190813084640/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=21&Geo=01 . 13 August 2019.
  81. Içduygu . Ahmet . Toktas . Şule . Soner . B. Ali . The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey . . 2008 . 31 . 2 . 358–389 . 10.1080/01419870701491937. 143541451 .
  82. Web site: Bespyatov . Tim . Abkhazia - Ethnic composition: 2003 census . pop-stat.mashke.org . https://web.archive.org/web/20210118165301/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/abkhazia-ethnic2003.htm . 18 January 2021.
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