List of tsunamis explained

This article lists notable tsunamis, which are sorted by the date and location that they occurred.

Because of seismic and volcanic activity associated with tectonic plate boundaries along the Pacific Ring of Fire, tsunamis occur most frequently in the Pacific Ocean,[1] but are a worldwide natural phenomenon. They are possible wherever large bodies of water are found, including inland lakes, where they can be caused by landslides and glacier calving. Very small tsunamis, non-destructive and undetectable without specialized equipment, occur frequently as a result of minor earthquakes and other events.

Around 1600 BC, the eruption of Thira devastated Aegean sites including Akrotiri (prehistoric city). Some Minoan sites in eastern Crete may have been damaged by ensuing tsunamis.

The oldest recorded tsunami occurred in 479 BC. It destroyed a Persian army that was attacking the town of Potidaea in Greece.[2]

As early as 426 BC, the Greek historian Thucydides inquired in his book History of the Peloponnesian War (3.89.1–6) about the causes of tsunamis. He argued that such events could only be explained as a consequence of ocean earthquakes, and could see no other possible causes.[3]

Prehistoric

Year Location Main Article Primary Cause Description
data-sort-value="-3260000000" ≈3,260 Ma An astronomical object between 37and wide traveling at 20km (10miles) per second struck the Earth east of what is now Johannesburg, South Africa, near South Africa's border with Eswatini, in what was then an Archean ocean that covered most of the planet, creating a crater about 500km (300miles) wide. The impact generated a megatsunami that probably extended to a depth of thousands of meters beneath the surface of the ocean and rose to the height of a skyscraper when it reached shorelines.[4] [5] [6]
data-sort-value="-66000000" ≈66 Ma Impact event An asteroid 10km (10miles) in diameter struck the Earth, generating a megatsunami with an initial wave height of 1500m (4,900feet) which struck coastlines in the Gulf of Mexico with waves 100m (300feet) tall and reached heights of up to 14m (46feet) in the North Atlantic and South Pacific.[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] The impact also triggered giant landslides and slumps which produced additional megatsunamis of various sizes in the region,[14] and seismic waves from it caused seiches of 10m (30feet) to 100m (300feet) in height in an inland sea at Tanis, 3000km (2,000miles) away.[15]
data-sort-value="-1400000" ≈1.4 Ma Landslide One-third of the East Molokai volcano collapsed into the Pacific Ocean, generating a tsunami with an estimated local height of 2000feet. The wave traveled as far as California and Mexico.[16] [17] [18]
data-sort-value="-105000" ≈103,000 BCE Submarine landslide A tsunami at least 400m (1,300feet) in height deposited marine sediments at a modern-day elevation of 326m (1,070feet) — 375mto425mm (1,230feetto1,394feetm) above sea level at the time the wave struck — on Lanai. The tsunami also deposited such sediments at an elevation of 60mto80mm (200feetto260feetm) on Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii.[19]
data-sort-value="-73000" ≈71,000 BCE Landslide The eastern flank of the island of Fogo collapsed into the sea, generating a megatsunami. The wave struck Santiago, 55km (34miles) away, where it was at least 170m (560feet) tall and a had a run-up height of 270m (890feet). The wave deposited giant boulders on Santiago at elevations of up to 220m (720feet) and as far as 650m (2,130feet) inland.[20]
data-sort-value="-10000" ≈7,910–7,290 BCE Dor, Israel Unknown A megatsunami had a run-up of at least and traveled between 1.5and inland from the ancient Eastern Mediterranean coast.[21]
data-sort-value="-7000" ≈7000–6000 BCE Lisbon, Portugal Unknown A series of giant rocks and cobblestones have been found above mean sea level near Guincho Beach.[22]
data-sort-value="-6370" ≈6370 BCE Unknown A 25km3 landslide on the eastern slope of Mount Etna in Sicily reached the Mediterranean Sea and triggered a megatsunami in the Eastern Mediterranean with an initial wave height of 40m (130feet) along the eastern coast of Sicily, where it felled millions of trees. Models indicate it had heights of 30m (100feet) near Syracuse, Sicily; 15mto34mm (49feetto112feetm) along the southern coast of Italy; 20m (70feet) along the southeastern coast of Sicily; 15m (49feet) at the northeastern tip of Sicily; 18m (59feet) at Malta; 12m (39feet) on the western coast of Greece; 6m (20feet) in southern Greece; 5to along the coast of Libya; 1m (03feet) on the south coast of Crete; 0.5m (01.6feet) at Cyprus; and at the Neolithic village of Atlit Yam off the coast of Israel, prompting the village's permanent abandonment.[23] [24] [25] [26] [27]
data-sort-value="-6225" ≈6225–6170 BCE Norwegian Sea Landslide The Storegga Slides, 100km (100miles) northwest of the coast of Møre in the Norwegian Sea, triggered a large tsunami in the North Atlantic Ocean. The collapse involved around of coastal shelf, and a total volume of 3500km3 of debris.[28] Based on carbon dating of plant material in the sediment deposited by the tsunami, the latest incident occurred around 6225–6170 BC.[29] [30] In Scotland, traces of the tsunami have been found in sediments from Montrose Basin, the Firth of Forth, up to inland and above current normal tide levels.
data-sort-value="-7650" ≈5650 BCE Landslide A large landslide into Sullorsuaq Strait (known in Danish as Vaigat Strait) generated a megatsunami which had a run-up height of 41mto66mm (135feetto217feetm).[31]
data-sort-value="-7350" ≈5350 BCE Landslide A large landslide into Sullorsuaq Strait (known in Danish as Vaigat Strait) generated a megatsunami which had a run-up height of 45mto70mm (148feetto230feetm).
data-sort-value="-3500" Northern Isles, Scotland Unknown The tsunami may have been responsible for contemporary mass burials.[32]
data-sort-value="-3800" ≈1800 BCE Earthquake A magnitude 9.5 earthquake generated tsunamis 15mto20mm (49feetto70feetm) in height that struck 1000km (1,000miles) of the coastline of the Atacama Desert. People fled the area and did not begin to return until ca. 800 BCE; some pre-tsunami settlements were not reoccupied until between ca. 1000 and 1500 CE.[33] [34]
data-sort-value="-1700≈1600 BCE Santorini, Greece Volcanic eruption The volcanic eruption in Santorini, Greece triggered tsunamis which caused damage to some Minoan sites in eastern Crete.
data-sort-value="-31711171 BCE Unknown A tsunami with wave heights of at least 10m (30feet) had run-up heights in Sweden of up to 14.5to.[35]

Before 1000 CE

Year Location Main Article Primary Cause Description
data-sort-value="-479" 479 BCE Potidaea, Greece The oldest recorded tsunami in history. During the Persian siege of the maritime city of Potidaea, Greece, Herodotus reports how Persian attackers attempting to take advantage of an unusual retreat of the water were suddenly surprised by "a great tide, higher, as the locals say, than any one of many that had been before". Herodotus attributes the cause of the flash flood to Poseidon's wrath.[36]
data-sort-value="-426" 426 BCE Malian Gulf, Greece In the summer of 426 BC, a tsunami struck the gulf between the northwestern tip of Euboea and Lamia.[37] The Greek historian Thucydides (3.89.1–6) described how the tsunami and a series of earthquakes affected the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) and, for the first time, associated earthquakes with waves in terms of cause and effect.[38]
data-sort-value="-373" 373 BCE Helike, Greece Earthquake An earthquake and a tsunami destroyed the prosperous Greek city of Helike, from the sea. The fate of the city, which remained permanently submerged, was often commented on by ancient writers[39] and may have inspired contemporary Plato to create the myth of Atlantis.
data-sort-value="-60" 60 BCE Portugal and Galicia Earthquake An earthquake of intensity IX and an estimated magnitude of 6.7 caused a tsunami on the coasts of Portugal and Galicia. Little else is known due to the paucity of records of Roman possession of the Iberian Peninsula.
79 CE Gulf of Naples, Italy Volcanic eruption Pliny the Younger witnessed a smaller tsunami in the Bay of Naples during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius between the summer and fall of 79 AD.[40]
115 CE Caesarea, Israel Earthquake Underwater geoarchaeological excavations on the shallow shelf (around 10 m depth) at Caesarea, Israel, documented a tsunami hitting the ancient port. Talmudic sources record a tsunami on 13 December 115 AD that affected Caesarea and Yavneh. The tsunami was likely triggered by an earthquake that destroyed Antioch, and was generated somewhere along the Cyprian Arch fault system.[41]
262 CE Southwest Anatolia (Turkey) Earthquake Many cities were inundated by the sea, with cities in Roman Asia reporting the worst tsunami damage. In many places fissures appeared in the earth and filled with water; in others, towns were inundated by the sea.[42]
365 CE Alexandria, Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Earthquake On the morning of 21 July 365 AD, an earthquake triggered a tsunami more than 100feet high, devastating Alexandria and the eastern and southern shores of the Mediterranean, killing thousands, and throwing ships nearly two miles inland.[43] [44] This tsunami also devastated many large cities in what is now Libya and Tunisia. The anniversary of the disaster was still commemorated annually in the late sixth century in Alexandria as a "day of horror."[45]

Researchers at the University of Cambridge recently carbon dated corals off the coast of Crete that were raised 10 metres and out of the water during the earthquake, indicating that the tsunami was generated by an earthquake on a pronounced fault in the Hellenic Trench. Scientists estimate that such an uplift is likely to only occur once every 5,000 years; however, the other segments of the fault could slip on a similar scale every 800 years or so.[46]

551 CE Lebanese coast Earthquake The earthquake of 9 July 551 AD was one of the largest seismic events in and around Lebanon during the Byzantine period. The earthquake was associated with a tsunami along the Lebanese coast and a local landslide near Al-Batron. A large fire in Beirut also continued for almost two months.[47]
563 CE Lake Geneva, Switzerland and France Underwater mudslide Probably generated by a landslide that triggered a collapse of sediments at the mouth of the River Rhône, the tsunami traveled the length of Lake Geneva, reaching a height of 16m (52feet) in some places. The wave probably killed hundreds, or even thousands, of people.[48] [49] [50] [51] [52]
684 CE Nankai, Japan Earthquake The first recorded tsunami in Japan struck on 29 November 684 AD off the coast of the Kii, Shikoku, and Awaji region. The earthquake, estimated at a magnitude of 8.4,[53] was followed by a large tsunami, but there are no estimates of the number of deaths.[54] From then on, the Japanese would keep meticulous records of tsunamis.[55]
869 CE Sanriku, Japan Earthquake The Sanriku region was hit by a large tsunami on 13 July 869 AD, causing floods to spread inland from the coast. Tagajō was destroyed, with an estimated 1,000 casualties.
887 CE Nankai, Japan Earthquake On 26 August 887 AD, there was a strong commotion in the Kyoto region, causing great destruction. A tsunami inundated the coastal region and some people died. The coast of Settsu Province (Osaka Prefecture) suffered especially, and the tsunami was also observed on the coast of the Sea of Hyūga (Miyazaki Prefecture).

1000–1700 CE

Year Location Main Article Primary Cause Description
1033Jordan Valley, Levant1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquakeEarthquakeOn 5 December 1033, a large earthquake struck along the Dead Sea Transform, causing extreme devastation. At least 70,000 killed. Several killed by a moderate tsunami.[56] [57]
1169Sicily, Italy1169 Sicily earthquakeEarthquakeOn 4 February 1169, a tsunami affected most of the Ionian coast of Sicily.[58]
1202Eastern Mediterranean1202 Syria earthquakeEarthquakeOn 20 May 1202, a tsunami probably associated with this event was observed in eastern Cyprus and along the Syrian and Lebanese coasts.[59] [60]
1293 Kamakura, Japan Earthquake On 27 May 1293, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake and tsunami hit Kamakura, then the de facto capital of Japan, killing 23,000 in the resulting fires.
1303 Eastern Mediterranean Earthquake A team from Southern Cross University in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, has found evidence of five tsunamis hitting Greece in the last 2000 years. "Most were small and local, but on August 8, 1303 a larger one hit Crete, Rhodes, Alexandria and Acre in Israel."[61]
1343Gulf of Naples, Italy1343 Naples tsunamiLandslide (possibly volcanic)A 2019 study attributes the event to a massive submarine landslide caused by the collapse of the flank of the Stromboli volcano on 25 November 1343.[62]
1361 Nankai, Japan Earthquake On 3 August 1361, during the Shōhei era, an 8.4 earthquake struck Nankaidō, followed by a tsunami. A total of 660 deaths were reported. The earthquake struck Awa, Settsu, Kii, Yamato and Awaji Provinces provinces (Tokushima, Osaka, Wakayama and Nara Prefectures and Awaji Island). A tsunami hit Awa and Tosa Provinces (Tokushima and Kōchi Prefectures), in Kii Strait and in Osaka Bay. The hot spring of Yunomine, Kii (Tanabe, Wakayama) stopped. The port of Yuki, Awa (Minami, Tokushima) was destroyed and more than 1,700 houses were razed.
1420 Caldera, Chile Earthquake On 31 August 1420, a huge earthquake shook what is now the Atacama Region of Chile. Landslides occurred along the coast and tsunamis affected not only Chile but also Hawaii and Japan.[63] [64]
1454Mutsu Province, Japan1454 Kyōtoku earthquake and tsunamiEarthquakeOn 23 November 1454, during the Kyōtoku era, an earthquake, possibly 8.4 or higher, shook the Kantō and Tōhoku regions at midnight, generating a tsunami that inundated 1.0-2.5 km of land, sweeping people away in Mutsu Province.[65] [66]
1498 Nankai, Japan Earthquake On 20 September 1498, during the Meiō era, a 7.5 earthquake occurred. The ports of Kii Province (Wakayama Prefecture) were damaged by a tsunami of several meters in height. Between 30 and 40 thousand deaths were estimated.[67] The building around the great Buddha of Kamakura (altitude 7m (23feet)) was swept away by the tsunami.[68]
1531 Lisbon, Portugal Earthquake The earthquake of 26 January 1531 was accompanied by a tsunami in the Tagus River that destroyed ships in the port of Lisbon.
1541 Nueva Cadiz, Venezuela Earthquake In 1528, Cristóbal Guerra founded Nueva Cádiz on the island of Cubagua, the first Spanish settlement in Venezuela. Nueva Cádiz, with a population of 1,000 to 1,500, may have been destroyed by an earthquake followed by tsunami on 25 December 1541; it could also have been a major hurricane.[69] The ruins were declared a National Monument of Venezuela in 1979.
1585 Aleutian Islands, Alaska Earthquake On 11 June 1585, a moderate tsunami struck the Japanese coast of Sanriku. At the same time, several native Hawaiians died after their settlements were hit by a tsunami-like event described in oral traditions. Evidence of a paleotsunami was also found in the Hawaiian Islands corresponding to a large tsunami in the 16th century. Modelling of a magnitude 9.25 earthquake in the Aleutian Islands matched descriptions and geological evidence in Japan and Hawaii.[70]
1586 Honshu, Japan Earthquake A magnitude 7.9 earthquake struck central Honshu on 18 January 1586. The earthquake triggered tsunami waves in Lake Biwa, Wakasa Bay and Ise Bay, destroying villages and drowning residents. Waves of up to were estimated.[71] The events killed 8,000 people.
1605 Nankai, Japan Earthquake On 3 February 1605, in the Keichō era, an 8.1 magnitude earthquake and tsunami struck Japan. A tsunami with a known maximum height of 30m (100feet) was observed from the Bōsō Peninsula to the eastern part of Kyushu Island. The eastern part of the Bōsō Peninsula, Edo Bay (Tokyo Bay), Sagami and Tōtōmi Provinces (Kanagawa and Shizuoka Prefectures), and the southeastern coast of Tosa Province (Kōchi Prefecture) suffered particularly severely. 700 houses (41%) in Hiro, Kii (Hirogawa, Wakayama) were razed and 3,600 people drowned in Shishikui, Awa (Kaiyō, Tokushima) area. Wave heights reached 5to in Kannoura, Tosa (Tōyō, Kōchi) and 8to in Sakihama, Tosa (Muroto, Kōchi). 350 drowned in Kannoura and 60 at Sakihama. In total more than 5,000 drowned.
1608Sendai Plains, JapanOn 23 November 1608, A major earthquake hit Sendai beach, sweeping away and killing over 50 people.
1611Sanriku, Japan1611 Sanriku earthquakeEarthquake
1674 Banda Sea, Indonesia Earthquake On 17 February 1674, an earthquake triggered a landslide that generated waves of up to 100m (300feet) along the coast of Ambon Island, killing more than 2,000.
1677 Bōsō Peninsula, Japan Earthquake On 4 November 1677, a low-intensity earthquake was felt in the area around the Bōsō Peninsula, but was followed by a large tsunami, which killed an estimated 569 people.[72]
1693 Sicily Earthquake A major earthquake on 9 January 1693 was followed on 11 January 1693 by the most powerful earthquake in Italian history. The ensuing tsunami devastated the Ionian Sea coast and the Strait of Messina. It is unclear whether the tsunami was caused directly by the earthquake or by a large underwater landslide triggered by the event.

1700s

Year Location Main Article Primary Cause Description
1700 Pacific Northwest, U.S. and CanadaEarthquake On 26 January 1700, the Cascadia earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 9.0, ruptured the Cascadia subduction zone (C SZ) from Vancouver Island to California, and triggered a massive tsunami recorded in Japan and by the oral traditions of indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest. The wave caught the Japanese off guard, not knowing its origin, and was explained in the book, The Orphan Tsunami.[73]
1707 Nankai, Japan Earthquake On 28 October 1707, during the Hōei era, an 8.4 magnitude earthquake and tsunami up to high[74] hit Tosa Province (Kōchi Prefecture). More than 29,000 houses were destroyed, causing around 30,000 deaths. In Tosa, 11,170 houses were razed to the ground, and 18,441 people drowned. Some 700 drowned and 603 houses were razed to the ground in Osaka. The hot springs of Yunomine, Kii (Tanabe, Wakayama), Sanji, Ryujin, Kii (Tanabe, Wakayama) Kanayana (Shirahama, Wakayama) and Dōgo, Iyo (Matsuyama, Ehime) stopped flowing.
1731 Storfjorden, Norway Landslide On 8 January 1731, a landslide in the Storfjorden off Stranda caused a tsunami up to high, killing 17 people.[75]
1737 Kamchatka, Russia Earthquake On 16 or 17 October 1737, a 9.0-9.3 MW earthquake on the southeastern side of Kamchatka caused a tsunami up to high.
1741 Western Oshima, Japan VolcanoOn 29 August 1741, the western side of the Oshima Peninsula, Ezo (Hokkaido) was hit by a tsunami caused by an eruption of the volcano on the island of Ōshima. The tsunami itself is believed to have been the result from a landslide of a partly underwater landslide triggered by the eruption.[76] 1,467 people died in Ezo.
1743 Apulia, Italy Earthquake On 20 February 1743, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake in the Strait of Otranto triggered a tsunami up to high.[77] Between 180 and 300 people died.[78]
1755 Lisbon, Portugal Earthquake Tens of thousands of Portuguese people who survived the Great Lisbon earthquake on 1 November 1755 were killed by a tsunami 40 minutes later. Many fled to the coast, an area safe from fires and debris during aftershocks. These people watched the sea recede, revealing a seabed littered with lost cargo and shipwrecks. The tsunami then struck with a maximum height of 15m (49feet), traveling inland.

The earthquake, tsunami, and fires killed 40,000 to 50,000 people.[79] Historical records of early navigators such as Vasco da Gama were lost, and among the destroyed buildings were most of Portugal's examples of Manueline architecture. Eighteenth-century Europeans struggled to understand the disaster within religious and rational belief systems, and Enlightenment philosophers, notably Voltaire, wrote about the event. The philosophical concept of the sublime, as described by Immanuel Kant was inspired by attempts to understand the enormity of the Lisbon earthquake and tsunami.

The tsunami took just over 4 hours to travel over 1000miles to Cornwall in the United Kingdom. An account by Arnold Boscowitz claimed "great loss of life." It also struck Galway, Ireland, and caused heavy damage to the Spanish Arch section of the city wall.

1756 Langfjorden, Norway Landslide On 22 February 1756, a landslide in Langfjorden generated three megatsunamis in Langfjorden and Eresfjorden with heights of 40to. The waves killed 32 people and destroyed 168 buildings, 196 boats, large amounts of forest, roads and boat landings.[80]
1761Lisbon, Portugal1761 Lisbon earthquakeEarthquakeMore than five years after the 1755 earthquake, on 31 March 1761, another event with an estimated magnitude of 8.5 shook the Iberian Peninsula. It generated a tsunami up to at Lisbon. In Cornwall, the tsunami reached more than in height. The details of this earthquake are largely unknown, censored by the Portuguese government to prevent panic.
1762Rahkine, Burma1762 Arakan earthquakeEarthquakeOn 2 April 1762, the west coast of Myanmar (Burma) and Chittagong was hit by an earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8.8, trigerring a tsunami in the Bay of Bengal and killing more than 200 people.[81]
1771 Yaeyama Islands, Ryūkyū Earthquake An underwater earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 7.4 occurred near the Yaeyama Islands in the former Ryūkyū Kingdom (present day Okinawa, Japan) on 24 April 1771 at about 08:00. The earthquake is not believed to have directly caused any deaths, but the resulting tsunami killed an estimated 12,000 people.[82] Advance estimates at Ishigaki Island range from . The tsunami was followed by malaria epidemics and crop failures. It took 148 years for the population to return to pre-tsunami levels.
1781 Pingtung, Taiwan In April or May 1781, according to Taiwan County records, in Jiadong, Pingtung, a 3m (10feet) wave hit the city. Fish and shrimp rampaged wildly on the shore and nearby fishing villages were wiped out. However, no earthquake was reported.[83] A different source claims that a 30m (100feet) wave also hit Tainan.[84] One possibility is a misrecording of the date, corresponding to the Great Yaeyama event mentioned above.
1783 Calabria, Italy Earthquake The earthquake was the second of a sequence of five shocks that shook Calabria between 5 February and 28 March 1783. The citizens of Scilla spent the night after the first earthquake on the beach, where they were washed away by the tsunami, causing 1,500 deaths. The tsunami was caused by the collapse of Monte Paci into the sea, near the city. Estimated deaths from earthquake and tsunami are 32,000 to 50,000.
1792 Kyūshū, Japan Volcanic processes Tsunamis were the main cause of death in the worst volcanic disaster in Japanese history, an eruption of Mount Unzen, Hizen Province (Nagasaki Prefecture), Kyushu, Japan. Towards the end of 1791, a series of earthquakes on the western flank of Mount Unzen moved towards Fugen-dake, one of the peaks of Mount Unzen. In February 1792, Fugen-dake erupted, starting two months of lava flows. The earthquakes continued, approaching the city of Shimabara. On the night of 21 May 1792, two major earthquakes preceded the collapse of the eastern flank of Mount Unzen's Mayuyama dome. An avalanche swept across Shimabara and Ariake Bay, causing a tsunami. The tsunami hit Higo Province (Kumamoto Prefecture) along Ariake Bay before recovering. Of the estimated 15,000 deaths, around 5,000 are believed to have died from the landslide, around 5,000 from the tsunami in Higo Province, and around 5,000 from the tsunami that returned to Shimabara. The waves reached a height of 330feet, making it a small megatsunami.
1793Sanriku, JapanEarthquakeOn 7 January 1793, a major earthquake struck around 12:00 at the southern coast of Sanriku. It swept away 72 houses and killed 11 people in Otsuchi.
1797 Sumatra, Indonesia Earthquake On 10 February 1797, a massive earthquake estimated to be approximately 8.4 on the moment magnitude scale struck Sumatra in Indonesia. Many deaths occurred, although it is not known how many.

1800s

Year Location Main Article Primary Cause Description
1806 Goldau, Switzerland Landslide On 2 September 1806, a landslide of 120,000,000 tons of rock, much of which displaced water from Lake Lauerz and caused a tsunami that inundated lakeside villages, killing 457 people.
1812Santa Barbara channel, Alta California1812 Ventura earthquakeEarthquake or landslideOn 21 December 1812, a magnitude 7.1 to 7.5 earthquake triggered a 3.4m (11.2feet) tsunami (eyewitness reported more than 15m (49feet)) in the Lompoc area, leveling homes and missions in the area. It left a ship inland before taking it back out to sea. Its origin may be due to faults or landslides.
1815 Tambora, Indonesia Volcanic eruption On 10 April 1815, an eruption of VEI 7 caused a localized tsunami. Tsunami of in Sanggar, in Besuki, Java Island and in the Molucca Islands.
1819 Gujarat, India Earthquake On 16 June 1819, a local tsunami inundated the Great Rann of Kutch
1833 Sumatra, Dutch East-Indies Earthquake On 25 November 1833, an earthquake with an estimated moment magnitude between 8.8 and 9.2 struck Sumatra in the Dutch East-Indies. The coast of Sumatra, near the epicenter of the earthquake, was the most affected by the resulting tsunami.
1837Valdivia, Chile1837 Valdivia EarthquakeEarthquakeOn 7 November 1833, an earthquake hit south-central Chile, also striking Hawaii, French Polynesia, and Japan. In Japan, it was considered strange as they had felt no earthquake prior to the tsunami.
1843Sumatra, Dutch East-Indies1843 Nias earthquakeEarthquakeOn 5 January 1843, a 7.8 earthquake collapsed many homes in Sumatra and Nias, also generating a tsunami.
1843Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles1843 Guadeloupe earthquakeEarthquakeOn 8 February 1843, an 8.5 earthquake generated a 1.2m (03.9feet) high tsunami which hit Antigua.
1843Honshu, JapanEarthquakeOn 26 March 1843, an 8.0 earthquake hit around 6:00, causing waves 4-7m high.[85] It damaged houses in Akamae, Miyako, as well as damaging 14-15 huts in Shirogane, Hachinohe.
1853–1854 Landslide Sometime between August 1853 and May 1854, a large tsunami traveled through the bay. The wave had a maximum height of 120m (390feet) and inundated the bay shoreline up to 750feet inland.
1854 Nankai, Tōkai, and Kyushu, Japan Earthquake The Ansei earthquakes which hit the south coast of Japan, were actually a series of three earthquakes over the course of several days.

The total result was 80,000 to 100,000 deaths.[88]

1855 Edo, Japan Earthquake The following year, on 11 November 1855, the Great Ansei Edo earthquake of 1855 struck the Edo (Tokyo) region of Japan, killing between 4,500 and 10,000 people. Popular stories of the time blamed the earthquakes and tsunamis on a wallowing giant catfish named Namazu thrashing about. The name of the Japanese era was changed to bring good luck after four disastrous earthquakes and tsunamis in two years.
1856Sanriku, JapanEarthquakeOn 23 July 1856, at around 12:00, an earthquake generated a tsunami affecting communities similar to the 1896 Sanriku Earthquake.[89] 108 houses were damaged in the vicinity of what is now Miyako City.
1856Jijel, Algeria1856 Djijelli earthquakesEarthquakeOn August 22, 1856, an earthquake generated a tsunami that affected the Mediterranean Sea.
1867 Virgin Islands 1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunamiEarthquake On 18 November 1867, a large doublet earthquake occurred in the Virgin Islands archipelago. The crash likely occurred between the islands of Saint Thomas and Saint Croix. The highest run of was observed at Frederiksted on Saint Croix, and occurred within minutes of the tremors.[90]
1867 Keelung, Taiwan Earthquake On 18 December 1867, a major earthquake struck Keelung, Taiwan, causing the crust of the mountains to deform and fissures to open. The water drained out of Keelung Harbor to reveal the sea floor, then returned in a large wave. The boats were dragged to the center of the city. In many places, the ground and the mountains split open and water gushed out of fissures. Hundreds of deaths resulted.
1868 Hawaiian Islands Earthquake On 2 April 1868, a local earthquake estimated to be between 7.5 and 8.0 magnitude struck off the southeastern coast of the Big Island of Hawaii. It triggered a landslide on the slopes of the Mauna Loa volcano, 5mile north of Pahala, killing 31 people. Then a tsunami claimed an additional 46 lives. The villages of Punaluu, Ninole, Kawaa, Honuapo, and Keauhou Landing were heavily damaged, and the village of Apua was destroyed. According to one account, the tsunami "passed over the tops of coconut palms, probably high .... inland for a distance of a quarter of a mile in places, carrying into the sea as it returned, houses, men, women, and almost all furniture." This was reported in the 1988 edition of the book "Tsunami!" by Walter C. Dudley.
1868 Arica, Peru (now part of Chile) Earthquake On 13 August 1868, an earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8.5 struck the Peru–Chile Trench. A resulting tsunami hit the port of Arica, then part of Peru, killing an estimated 25,000 in Arica and 70,000 in total. Three military ships anchored in Arica, the American warship and the freighter Fredonia, and the Peruvian warship America, were swept away by the tsunami.[91]
1871 Volcanic eruption In March 1871, an explosive eruption from the Ruang volcano triggered a locally devastating tsunami measuring 25m (82feet). It flooded many villages on nearby islands, killing about 400 people.
1874 Landslide Sometime around 1874, perhaps in May 1874, a megatsunami occurred in Lituya Bay. It had a maximum rise height of 80feet, flooding the bay shoreline as far as 2100feet inland.
1877 Iquique, Chile Earthquake On 9 May 1877, an earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8.5 occurred off the coast of what is now Chile, causing a tsunami that killed an estimated 2,541 people. This event followed the destructive earthquake and tsunami at Arica by only nine years.[92]
1881 Earthquake On 31 December 1881 a tsunami caused by an earthquake was recorded on all the coasts of the Bay of Bengal by tide gauges. This information has been used to estimate the rupture area and magnitude of the earthquake.
1883 Krakatoa, Sunda Strait, Netherlands East Indies Volcanic eruption The volcano on the island of Krakatoa in the Dutch East-Indies (present-day Indonesia) exploded on 27 August 1883, partially emptying its subterranean magma chamber, causing much of the land and seabed to collapse onto it. The collapse generated a series of large tsunami waves, some more than above sea level. Tsunami waves were observed throughout the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and as far away as the west coast of the United States and South America. On the opposing coasts of Java and Sumatra flooding from the sea reached many miles inland and caused such loss of life[93] that one area was never resettled, reverting to jungle and is now the Ujung Kulon Nature Reserve.
1888 Ritter Island, Netherlands East Indies Volcanic eruption On 13 March 1888, a significant portion of Ritter Island collapsed into the sea, generating tsunamis up to 12to high that struck nearby islands and traveled as far south as New Guinea, where they were 8m (26feet) high. The waves killed about 3,000 people.[94] [95]
[96] [97] [98]
1896 Sanriku, Japan Earthquake On 15 June 1896, at around 19:32 local time, a large undersea earthquake off the coast of Sanriku, northeastern Honshu, Japan, triggered tsunami waves that hit the shore approximately half an hour later. Although the earthquake itself is not believed to have caused any deaths, the waves, which reached a height of 100feet, killed an estimated 27,000 people. In 2005, the same general area was hit by the 2005 Sanriku Japan earthquake, but without a major tsunami.

1900–1950

Year Location Main Article Primary Cause Description
1905 Loenvatnet, Norway On 15 January 1905, a rockslide hit lake Loenvatnet in Sogn og Fjordane, creating a 40m (130feet) flood wave that destroyed the villages of Ytre Nesdal and Bødal, killing 61 people.[99] The slide, which started 500m (1,600feet) up the side of Mount Ramnefjell, had a mass of about 870000MT when it entered the lake.[100]
1905 Disenchantment Bay, Alaska Glacier collapse On 4 July 1905, a tsunami at Disenchantment Bay in Alaska snapped tree branches 110feet above ground level 0.5miles away from its source, killed vegetation to a height of 65feet as far as 3miles away, and reached heights of 50to at various locations on the Haenke Island shoreline. At a distance of 15miles, observers at Russell Fjord reported a series of large waves that caused the water level to rise and fall 15to for a half an hour.
1906 Tumaco-Esmeraldas, Colombia-Ecuador Earthquake On 31 January 1906 an earthquake caused a tsunami that killed 500 people in Tumaco and Esmeraldas and hit Colombia, Ecuador, California, Hawaii, and Japan. The waves were high.
1907 Earthquake On 4 January 1907, an earthquake triggered a transoceanic tsunami, causing 2,188 deaths in Simeulue and Nias.[101]
1908 Messina, Italy Earthquake-triggered underwater landslide On 28 December 1908 an earthquake combined with a tsunami claimed an estimated 123,000 lives.[102]
1918 Puerto Rico Earthquake-triggered underwater landslide On 11 October 1918 a large tsunami (which may have been associated with an underwater landslide) affected northwestern Puerto Rico.[103]
1923Nha Trang, VietnamVolcanoOn the year 1923, Tsunami occurred in Nha Trang, Its waves reached 5 to 6 meters far away from the seaside. It is believed it was caused by 6.1 magnitude earthquake in Hon Tro Islands or a volcano eruption leads to Tsunami.[104]
1923 Kantō, Japan Earthquake The Great Kantō earthquake, which occurred in eastern Japan on 1 September 1923, and devastated Tokyo, Yokohama, and surrounding areas, triggered tsunamis that struck the Shōnan coast, the Bōsō Peninsula, the Izu Islands and the east coast of the Izu Peninsula, in a matter of minutes in some cases. In Atami, waves that reached were recorded. Examples of tsunami damage include about 100 people killed along Kamakura's Yuigahama beach and about 50 people on the Enoshima causeway. However, tsunamis only accounted for a small proportion of the final death toll of more than 100,000, most of whom died in fires.
1927Southern California, United States1927 Lompoc earthquakeEarthquakeOn 4 November 1927 a 7.3 earthquake struck Southern California causing a 2m (07feet) tsunami that caused some damage.
1929Venezuela1929 Cumaná earthquakeEarthquakeOn 17 January 1929 a 6.9 earthquake hit the city of Cumaná in Venezuela causing major damage and a 3m (10feet) tsunami that swept away homes and killed 40 people.
1929 Newfoundland Earthquake On 18 November 1929, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake occurred below the Laurentian Slope on the Grand Banks. The earthquake was felt throughout Canada's Atlantic provinces and as far away as Ottawa and Claymont, Delaware. The resulting tsunami measured more than high and took about hours to reach the Burin Peninsula on the south coast of Newfoundland, where 28 people in various communities were killed. It also broke telegraph cables laid under the Atlantic Ocean.[105]
1930Gulf of Martaban, Burma (Myanmar)1930 Bago earthquakeEarthquakeOn 5 May 1930, a 7.5 magnitude earthquake along the Sagaing Fault triggered a high tsunami that inundated the southern coast of Myanmar.[106] It traveled up rivers, destroying harbors and anchored ships. The earthquake killed more than 500 people in Bago, Rangoon, and many other cities.
1932 Mexico Earthquake Three very large to large earthquakes off the coast of Jalisco in June 1932 each generated tsunamis. The last and smallest event in the series occurred upslope relative to the mainshock and generated the largest tsunami.[107]
1933 Sanriku, Japan Earthquake On 3 March 1933, the coast of Sanriku in northeastern Honshu, Japan, which suffered a devastating tsunami in 1896 (see above), was struck again by tsunami waves resulting from a magnitude 8.1 offshore earthquake. The earthquake destroyed around 5,000 homes and killed 3,068 people, the vast majority as a result of the tsunami waves. The coastal town of Tarō (now part of Miyako city) in Iwate Prefecture was particularly hard hit, losing 42% of its total population and 98% of its buildings. Tarō is now protected by a tsunami wall, currently 10m (30feet) high and over 2 kilometres (1.25 miles) long.[108]
1934 Tafjorden, Norway Rockslide On 7 April 1934, a rockslide of about 2000000m2 of rock fell from Langhamaren Mountain from a height of about . The rock landed in Tafjorden creating a local tsunami that killed 40 people[109] living on the fjord's shore. Waves reached a height of near the landslide, about at Sylte, and about at Tafjord. It was one of the worst natural disasters in Norway in the 20th century.[110]
1936 Loenvatnet, Norway On 13 September 1936, approximately of mountain broke off the Mount Ramnefjell at a height of 800m (2,600feet) and fell into lake Loenvatnet in Sogn og Fjordane, creating a 70m (230feet) flood wave that destroyed several farms, killing 74 people. The second such incident in 31 years, the disaster caused the permanent depopulation of the area.[111]
1936 Lituya Bay, Alaska Unknown On 27 October 1936, a megatsunami occurred in Alaska's Lituya Bay with a maximum breakthrough height of 490feet in Crillon Inlet at the head of the bay. All four eyewitnesses to the wave in Lituya Bay survived and described it as being between 100feetand250feetft (andft) high as it traveled across the bay. The maximum flood distance was 2000feet inland along the north shore of the bay. The cause of the megatsunami remains unclear, but it may have been an underwater landslide.
1944 Tōnankai, Japan Earthquake An 8.0 magnitude earthquake on 7 December 1944, about 20km (10miles) off Japan's Shima Peninsula, striking the Pacific coast of central Japan, primarily Mie, Aichi, and Shizuoka Prefectures. Authorities downplayed news of the event to protect wartime morale during World War II, and as a result the full extent of the damage is unknown, but the earthquake is estimated to have killed 1,223 people, with the tsunami being the main cause of deaths.
1945 Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean Earthquake The earthquake with a moment magnitude of 8.1 and a maximum perceived intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, occurred in British India at 01:26 on 28 November 1945. It was the result of a fault near the Makran Trench. The resulting tsunami caused damage along the Makran coastal region affecting Pakistan, Iran, Oman and India.[112] [113]
1946 Aleutian Islands Earthquake

On 1 April 1946, the Aleutian Islands tsunami killed 159 people in Hawaii and five in Alaska (the lighthouse keepers of the Scotch Cap Light in the Aleutian Islands). The wave reached Kauai, Hawaii, hours after the quake, and Hilo, Hawaii, almost 5 hours later. Residents of these islands were completely caught off guard by the onset of the tsunami due to the inability to broadcast any warnings from the destroyed poles at the Scotch Cap Light on Unimak Island in Alaska. The tsunami is known as the Hawaii April Fools' Day Tsunami because it happened on 1 April and many people thought it was an April Fool's Day prank. The result was the creation of a tsunami warning system known as the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC), established in 1949 for the countries of Oceania.

1946 Nankai, Japan Earthquake The Nankai earthquake of 21 December 1946 had a magnitude of 8.4 and occurred at 04:19 (local time) to the southwestern Japan in the Nankai Trough. This event was one of the Nankai megathrust earthquakes, periodic earthquakes observed off the southern coast of the Kii Peninsula and Shikoku, Japan, every 100 to 150 years. The subsequent tsunami leveled 1451 houses and caused 1500 deaths in Japan, and was observed on tide gauges in California, Hawaii, and Peru. The coastal cities of Kushimoto and Kainan on the Kii Peninsula were particularly hard hit. The earthquake caused more than 1400 deaths, with the tsunami being the main cause.

1950–2000

Year Location Main Article Primary Cause Description
1952 Severo-Kurilsk, Kuril Islands, USSR Earthquake On 5 November 1952 a magnitude 9.0 earthquake off the coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula triggered a tsunami. Three waves with heights of 15mto18mm (49feetto59feetm) killed 2,336 people at Severo-Kurilsk on the Kuril Islands in the Soviet Union. The tsunami also caused property damage in Hawaii.
1952 Sullorsuaq Strait, Greenland Landslide On 15 December 1952, a landslide that began at an elevation of 500mto700mm (1,600feetto2,300feetm) on a slope of the mountain Niiortuut on the southern coast of western Greenland′s Nuussuaq Peninsula deposited between 1800000m24500000m2 of material in Sullorsuaq Strait (known in Danish as Vaigat Strait), generating a tsunami. With a run-up height of 4.5to, it struck a group of four fishermen away on the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula, killing one. Then it struck the town of Qullissat away across the strait on Disko Island, where it had a run-up height of 2.2to.[114]
1956 Amorgos, Greece 1956 Amorgos earthquakeEarthquake On 9 July 1956, 53 deaths occurred during the largest earthquake of the 20th century in Greece. Santorini was damaged, and a localized tsunami affected the Cyclades and Dodecanese island groups. A maximum run-up of 30m (100feet) was observed off the south coast of Amorgos.[115]
1957Andreanof Islands, United States1957 Andreanof Islands earthquakeEarthquakeOn 9 March 1957 an 8.6 earthquake struck the Andreanof Islands, triggering a tsunami.
1958 Lituya Bay, Alaska, U.S. Earthquake-triggered landslide On the night of 9 July 1958, an earthquake on the Fairweather Fault in Alaska loosened about 40 million cubic yards (30 million cubic meters) of rock above the northeast shore of Lituya Bay. The impact in the waters of Gilbert Inlet generated a local tsunami that crashed against the southwest coast and swept the spur separating Gilbert Inlet from the main Lituya Bay. The wave continued through Lituya Bay, over La Chaussee Spit and into the Gulf of Alaska. The force of the wave removed all trees and vegetation from a height of above sea level. This is the highest wave ever recorded. The scale of this wave was much larger than ordinary tsunamis, eventually leading to the new category of megatsunamis.
1960 Valdivia, Chile, and Pacific Ocean 1960 Valdivia earthquake or Great Chilean earthquake Earthquake The magnitude 9.5 earthquake of 22 May 1960, the largest earthquake ever recorded, generated one of the most destructive tsunamis of the 20th century. The tsunami spread across the Pacific Ocean, with waves measuring up to high in places. The first tsunami wave hit Hilo, Hawaii, approximately 15 hours after its origin. The highest wave at Hilo Bay was measured at around . 61 people died, allegedly due to people not heeding the warning sirens. Nearly 22 hours after the earthquake, waves up to 3 m above high tide hit the coast of Sanriku in Japan, killing 142 people. Up to 6,000 people died in total worldwide from the earthquake and tsunami.[116]
1963 Vajont Dam, Monte Toc, Italy Landslide

The Vajont Dam was completed in 1961 under Monte Toc, north of Venice, Italy. At, it was one of the tallest dams in the world. On 9 October 1963 a landslide of some 260 million cubic meters of forest, dirt, and rock fell into the reservoir at speeds of up to . The resulting water displacement caused 50 million cubic metres of water to overflow the dam in a megatsunami wave of high. The floods destroyed the villages of Longarone, Pirago, Rivalta, Villanova and Faè, killing 1,450 people. Almost 2,000 people perished in total.

1964 Alaska, U.S. and Pacific Ocean Earthquake After the magnitude 9.2 Good Friday earthquake of 27 March 1964, tsunamis hit Alaska, British Columbia, California, and coastal cities in the Pacific Northwest, killing 121 people. Waves reached 100feet high and killed 11 people as far away as Crescent City, California.
1964 Niigata, Japan Earthquake On 16 June 1964, 28 people died, and entire apartment buildings were destroyed by soil liquefaction. The subsequent tsunami destroyed the port of Niigata.
1965 Shemya Island, Alaska Earthquake The Rat Islands earthquake of 3 February 1965, generated a 10.7m (35.1feet) tsunami on Shemya Island.[117]
1968Aomori and Hokkaido, Japan1968 Tokachi EarthquakeEarthquakeOn 16 May 1968, an 8.3 earthquake occurred off Aomori and Hokkaido Prefecture. A tsunami as high as 6 m (20 ft) hit the shores.
1969 Portugal, Morocco Earthquake On 28 February 1969, a large underwater earthquake off the coast of Portugal generated a tsunami that affected both Portugal and Morocco.[118]
1975Hawaii, United States1975 Hawaii earthquakeEarthquakeOn 29 November 1975 a 7.4 earthquake affected Hawaii, triggering a 14m (46feet) tsunami and a small brief eruption of the Kilauea volcano.
1976 Moro Gulf, Mindanao, Philippines Earthquake On 17 August 1976 at 00:11, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake struck the island of Mindanao, Philippines. The resulting tsunami devastated more than of coastline bordering the Gulf of Moro in the North Celebes Sea. Estimated casualties included 5,000 dead, 2,200 missing, 9,500 wounded, and 93,500 homeless. Affected cities include Cotabato, Pagadian, and Zamboanga, and the provinces of Basilan, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, and Zamboanga del Sur.
1979 Tumaco, Colombia Earthquake An 8.1 magnitude earthquake occurred on 12 December 1979 at 02:59 along the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador. The earthquake and resulting tsunami destroyed at least six fishing villages and killed hundreds of people in the Colombian Department of Nariño. The earthquake was felt in Bogotá, Cali, Popayán, Buenaventura, Guayaquil, Esmeraldas, and Quito. The tsunami caused great destruction in the city of Tumaco, as well as in the towns of El Charco, San Juan, Mosquera, and Salahonda on the Pacific coast of Colombia. Casualties included 259 dead, 798 wounded and 95 missing or presumed dead.
1980 Spirit Lake, Washington, U.S. Volcanic eruption On 18 May 1980, in the course of a major eruption of Mount St. Helens, the upper of the mountain failed, causing a major landslide. One lobe of the landslide rose into nearby Spirit Lake, creating a megatsunami high.[119]
1983 Sea of Japan Earthquake On 26 May 1983 at 11:59 local time, a magnitude 7.7 earthquake occurred in the Sea of Japan, about west of the Noshiro coast in Akita Prefecture. Of the 107 fatalities, all but four were killed by the resulting tsunami, which hit communities along the coast, especially Aomori and Akita Prefectures and the Noto Peninsula. Footage of the tsunami hitting the fishing port of Wajima on Noto Peninsula was broadcast on TV. The waves exceeded in some areas. Three of the deaths occurred along the east coast of South Korea (whether North Korea was affected is not known). The tsunami also hit Okushiri Island.
1992 Nicaragua Earthquake On 1 September 1992 a 7.2 earthquake struck off the coast of Nicaragua and sent a devastating tsunami to the coast of the department of Rivas, killing an estimated 116 people. The magnitude of the wave, high, was unusually large given the magnitude of the earthquake.
1992 Indonesia Earthquake A magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck Flores, Indonesia, on 12 December 1992. The earthquake produced a devastating 25m (82feet) high tsunami that hit the island and ran inland up to shortly after the earthquake. About 2,500 people were killed or missing, including 1,490 at Maumere and 700 in Babi. More than 500 people were injured and 90,000 left homeless. Damage was assessed at more than 100 million US dollars.
1993 Okushiri, Hokkaido, Japan Earthquake A devastating tsunami wave hit Hokkaido in Japan as a result of a magnitude 7.8 offshore 80miles on 12 July 1993. Within minutes, the Japan Meteorological Agency issued a tsunami warning that was broadcast on NHK in English and Japanese (archived at NHK library). However, on Okushiri, a small island near the epicenter, some waves reaching hit two to five minutes after the earthquake. Despite being surrounded by tsunami barriers, Aonae, a town on a low-lying peninsula, was hit over the next hour by 13 waves over 2m (07feet) high that came from multiple directions, including waves that bounced off Hokkaido. Of the 250 people killed as a result of the earthquake, 197 were victims of the tsunami that hit Okushiri; the waves also caused deaths in Hokkaido. While many residents, recalling the May 1983 tsunami (see above), survived by evacuating on foot, many others underestimated how soon the waves would arrive (the 1983 tsunami took 17 minutes to hit Okushiri) and died trying to evacuate by car. The highest tsunami wave was high.
1994 Java earthquake Earthquake 250 dead as a magnitude 7.8 earthquake and tsunami hit east Java and Bali on 3 June 1994.
1998 Papua New Guinea Earthquake On 17 July 1998, a tsunami in Papua New Guinea killed an estimated 2,200 people.[120] An earthquake of magnitude 7.1, from the coast was followed in 11 minutes by a tsunami about high. The tsunami was generated by an underwater landslide, which was triggered by the earthquake. The towns of Arop and Warapu were destroyed.
1999 Sea of Marmara Earthquake On 17 August 1999 an earthquake caused a tsunami in the Sea of Marmara, with a maximum water height of 2.52 m. 150 people died when the city of Degirmendere was flooded and another five were washed into the sea in Ulaşlı.

2000–2010

Year Location Main Article Primary Cause Description
2000Paatuut, GreenlandLandslideOn 21 November 2000, a 90000000m2 landslide with a mass of 260,000,000 tons fell from an elevation of 1000mto1400mm (3,000feetto4,600feetm) at Paatuut on the Nuussuaq Peninsula on the west coast of Greenland, reaching a speed of 140kph. About 30000000m2 of material with a mass of 87,000,000 tons entered Sullorsuaq Strait (known in Danish as Vaigat Strait), generating a megatsunami. The wave had a run-up height of 50m (160feet) near the landslide and 28m (92feet) at Qullissat, the site of an abandoned settlement across the strait on Disko Island, 20km (10miles) away, where it inundated the coast as far as 100m (300feet) inland. Refracted energy from the tsunami created a wave with a run-up height of that destroyed boats at the closest populated village, Saqqaq, on the southwestern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula from the landslide.[121]
2002 Landslide In May 2002, the volcanic island of Stromboli entered a new phase of explosive activity that was initially characterized by gas and ash emission from the summit craters. On 30 December 2002, a seismic network recorded two large collapses of a huge portion of the Sciara del Fuoco, which resulted in tsunamis.
2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake (moment magnitude 9.1–9.3) triggered a series of tsunamis on 26 December 2004 that devastated coastlines surrounding the Indian Ocean, killing an estimated 227,898 people (167,540 in Indonesia alone), making it the deadliest tsunami and one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. The earthquake was the second largest earthquake in recorded history. The initial surge was measured at a height of approximately 33m (108feet), making it one of the largest earthquake-generated tsunamis in recorded history. The tsunami killed people from the immediate vicinity of the earthquake in Indonesia, Thailand, and the northwest coast of Malaysia, to thousands of miles away in Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and as far afield as Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania. This tsunami that crossed the Indian Ocean is an example of a teletsunami, which travels great distances across the open ocean, and an ocean-wide tsunami. It became known as the "Boxing Day Tsunami" because it hit on Boxing Day (26 December).

Unlike the Pacific Ocean, there was no organized warning service covering the Indian Ocean. This was due in part to the absence of major tsunamis since August 1883 (the Krakatoa eruption, see above). In light of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, UNESCO and other world bodies called for an international tsunami monitoring system.

2006 South of Java Island Earthquake A magnitude 7.7 earthquake shook the seabed of the Indian Ocean on 17 July 2006, south of Pangandaran, a beach famous among surfers for its perfect waves. This earthquake triggered tsunamis with heights ranging from at Cilacap to at Cimerak beach, where it flattened and leveled buildings up to 400 metres from the coastline. More than 800 people were reported missing or dead.
2006 Kuril Islands Earthquake On 15 November 2006, a magnitude 8.3 earthquake occurred off the coast near the Kuril Islands. A relatively large tsunami was generated, with waves reaching .[122] This tsunami was also observed in Japan and at distant locations throughout the Pacific. In Crescent City, California, a high tsunami caused an estimated $10 million USD in damages.[123]
2007 Solomon Islands Earthquake On 2 April 2007, a magnitude 8.1 earthquake struck about 40km (30miles) south of Ghizo Island in the western Solomon Islands at 07:39, triggering a tsunami of up to tall. The wave, which hit the coast of the Solomon Islands (mainly Choiseul, Ghizo Island, Ranongga, and Simbo), triggered tsunami watches and warnings that spread from Japan to New Zealand, Hawaii and eastern Australia. The tsunami killed 52 people and dozens were injured as the waves inundated cities. A state of national emergency was declared for the Solomon Islands. On Choiseul Island, a 9.1m (29.9feet) high wall of water was reported to have swept nearly inland. The largest waves hit the northern tip of Simbo Island, where two villages, Tapurai and Riquru, were completely destroyed by a 12 m wave, killing 10 people. Authorities estimated that the tsunami displaced more than 5,000 residents throughout the archipelago.
2007 Chile Earthquake and landslide On 21 April 2007, an earthquake of magnitude 6.2 occurred in the Aysén Fjord. In the mountains around the fjord, the earthquake triggered landslides that in turn created waves up to high, severely damaging some salmon aquaculture facilities. The drinking water systems of the cities of Puerto Chacabuco and Puerto Aisén were broken, forcing firefighters and the army to supply water. The electricity network of Puerto Chacabuco was also cut. Ten people were reported dead or missing.
2007 British Columbia Landslide On 4 December 2007, a landslide entered Chehalis Lake in British Columbia, generating a large tsunami in the lake that destroyed camps and vegetation many meters above the shoreline.[124]
2009 Samoa Earthquake An undersea earthquake occurred in the Samoa Islands region at 06:48 local time on 29 September 2009. This magnitude 8.1 earthquake in the outer elevation of the Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone was the largest earthquake of 2009.The subsequent tsunami caused substantial damage and loss of life in Samoa, American Samoa, and Tonga. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center recorded a 76NaN rise in sea level near the epicenter, and New Zealand scientists noted waves up to 14NaN off the coast of Samoa. More than 189 people, especially children, were killed, most of them in Samoa. Large waves without major damage were reported in Fiji, the north coast of New Zealand and Rarotonga in the Cook Islands. People from the low-lying atolls of Tokelau moved to higher ground as a precautionary measure.
2010 Chile Earthquake On 27 February 2010, an 8.8 earthquake off the coast of Chile triggered a tsunami that caused severe damage and loss of life, also causing minor effects in other Pacific nations.
2010 Sumatra Earthquake On 25 October 2010, a 7.7 earthquake struck near the island of South Pagai in Indonesia, triggering a localized tsunami that killed at least 408 people.

2011–2020

Year Location Main Article Primary Cause Description
2011 New Zealand Earthquake-triggered ice fall On 22 February 2011, a magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand. About 200km (100miles) from the epicenter of the earthquake, around 30 million tons of ice fell from the Tasman Glacier into Tasman Lake, producing a series of 3.5m (11.5feet) high tsunami waves, which hit tourist boats on the lake.[125] [126]
2011 Pacific coast of Japan Earthquake

On 11 March 2011, off the Pacific coast of Japan, a magnitude 9.1 earthquake produced a 33feet high tsunami along the northeast coast of Japan. The wave caused widespread devastation, with an official count of 18,550 people confirmed dead or missing.[127] The highest recorded tsunami in Miyako, Iwate reached a total height of 40.5m (132.9feet).[128] Additionally, the tsunami precipitated multiple hydrogen and hydrogen/oxygen explosions at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant. Tsunami warnings were issued for the entire Pacific Rim.[129] [130]

2012Philippines2012 Negros earthquakeEarthquakeThe 6.7 earthquake on February 6, 2012 earthquake in the Tañon Strait generated a tsunami up to 5m (16feet) on the coast of Negros which swept away houses and cars in several small villages.[131]
2012El Salvador and Nicaragua2012 El Salvador earthquakeEarthquakeOn 26 August 2012, a magnitude 7.3 earthquake triggered local tsunami waves of up to 6m (20feet) along a small stretch of the coast of El Salvador, injuring at least 40 people. Smaller waves were recorded in Nicaragua and the Galápagos Islands.
2013 Solomon Islands Earthquake On 6 February 2013, an earthquake measuring 8.0 on the Moment Magnitude scale struck the island nation of the Solomon Islands. This earthquake created tsunami waves up to around 1m (03feet) high. The tsunami also affected other islands such as New Caledonia and Vanuatu.
2014 Landslide At 23:24 on 21 July 2014, in a period experiencing an earthquake swarm related to the upcoming eruption of Bárðarbunga, an 800 m wide section gave way on the slopes of the Icelandic volcano Askja. Starting at 350 m above water height, it caused a tsunami high through the caldera and potentially larger at localized impact points. Thanks to the late hour, there were no tourists present; however, search and rescue noted a cloud of steam rising from the volcano, apparently geothermal steam released by the landslide. It is not known if geothermal activity played a role in the landslide. The landslide involved a total of 30 to 50 million cubic meters, which raised the water level in the caldera by .[132]
2015 Chile Earthquake On Wednesday 16 September 2015, a large earthquake measuring 8.3 on the Moment Magnitude scale struck the west coast of Chile, causing a tsunami up to high along the Chilean coast.[133]
2015 Taan Fiord, Alaska, U.S. Landslide On Saturday 17 October 2015, a large landslide occurred at the head of Taan Fiord, a finger of Icy Bay. It triggered a mega-tsunami with an initial height of 100m (300feet) and a breakthrough on the opposite shore of the fjord of 193m (633feet). As the wave traveled up Taan Fiord towards Icy Bay, surges along the fjord's shoreline ranged from 20m (70feet) to more than 100m (300feet).
2016 New Zealand Earthquake On 14 November 2016, a major earthquake struck the South Island of New Zealand with a magnitude of 7.5 to 7.8. A tsunami hit Kaikōura and other small waves of less than a meters hit several New Zealand coasts.
2017 Greenland Landslide On 17 June 2017, a 300x landslide fell approximately 1000abbr=onNaNabbr=on into Karrat Fjord in the Uummannaq area of western Greenland. The resulting tsunami hit the Nuugaatsiaq settlement, killing four people, injuring nine, and dragging eleven buildings into the water.[134] [135] The tsunami was initially 300abbr=onNaNabbr=on high, but was significantly lower once it hit the settlement. It was initially unclear if the landslide was caused by a small earthquake (magnitude 4), but it was later confirmed that the landslide had caused the tremors.
2018 Sulawesi Earthquake-triggered underwater landslide On 28 September 2018, a localized tsunami struck Palu, sweeping away homes and buildings on the coast in its way; the earthquake, tsunami and soil liquefaction killed at least 4,340 and injured more than 10,670.[136] Waves up to hit the cities of Palu, Donggala and Mamuju.[137] [138]
2018 Java and Sumatra Volcanic-eruption-triggered landslide At 21:03 local time (14:03 UTC) on 22 December 2018, Anak Krakatoa erupted, damaging local seismographic equipment, although a nearby seismographic station detected continuing tremors. BMKG detected a tsunami event around 21:27 local time (14:27 UTC) off the western coast of Banten, but the agency had not detected any previous tectonic event.[139] On 23 December it was confirmed via satellite data and helicopter footage that the southwestern sector of the Anak Krakatoa had collapsed, triggering the tsunami and the main conduit is now erupting underwater producing Surtseyan-style activity.[140] The Indonesian National Disaster Management Board initially reported 20 deaths and 165 injuries.[141] [142] [143] By 29 December, the number of dead had risen to 426, while the wounded numbered 7,202 and the missing 24.[144]
2020Aegean Sea2020 Aegean Sea earthquakeEarthquakeOn 30 October 2020, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake triggered a tsunami that inundated the Greek islands of Ikaria, Kos, Chios, and Samos[145] as well as several other islands and coastal areas in Greece and Turkey, where it mainly affected Sığacık in Seferihisar. An 87-year-old woman drowned in Sığacık, Turkey. Tsunami heights were as high as 6m (20feet).[146]
2020Elliot Creek, British Columbia, CanadaLandslideOn 28 November 2020, unseasonably heavy rainfall triggered an landslide into a glacial lake at the head of Elliot Creek, generating a magnitude 5.0 earthquake and a high megatsunami that rushed down Elliot Creek and the Southgate River to the head of Bute Inlet, covering a total distance of over and destroying over of salmon habitat along Elliot Creek.[147]

2021–present

Year Location Main Article Primary Cause Description
2021South Pacific2021 Kermadec Islands earthquakeEarthquakeOn 5 March 2021, a magnitude 8.1 earthquake occurred in the Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone, generating a minor tsunami that primarily affected Norfolk Island and New Zealand. Major evacuations were carried out along the New Zealand coast in Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, and Gisborne following tsunami warnings.[148] A tsunami surge of 64cm (25inches) hit Norfolk Island and tsunami waves of 30to hit New Zealand,[149] while a much larger tsunami of in height hit Raoul Island, closest to the epicentre of the earthquake.[150]
2021AmbonEarthquake-triggered underwater landslideOn 17 June 2021, a magnitude 5.9 (USGS) or 6.1 (BMKG) undersea earthquake near Ambon Island in Indonesia, triggered an underwater landslide. The landslide then triggered a small tsunami up to high that hit the shoreline four minutes later.[151] Both the earthquake and tsunami caused some damage to homes, but there were no casualties.[152]
2021Alaska2021 Chignik earthquakeEarthquakeA magnitude 8.2 earthquake struck the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. The earthquake was the seventh largest to strike the United States and was preceded by a magnitude 7.8 foreshock in 2020.[153] The mainshock triggered a tsunami that reached 2.63m (08.63feet).[154]
2021South Atlantic2021 South Sandwich Islands earthquakesEarthquakeOn 12 August 2021, a magnitude 7.5 earthquake, followed several minutes later by a magnitude 8.1 mainshock struck the South Atlantic,[155] in the South Sandwich Islands archipelago, a British Overseas Territory. They were some of the most complex earthquakes ever recorded, and generated a tsunami that was quite small for the quakes' size, reaching a maximum height of . However the tsunami reached detectable wave heights as far as Portugal and Madagascar,[156] becoming the first tsunami to be detected in four or more oceans since the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.[157]
2022Tonga2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunamiVolcanic-eruptionA major eruption of Hunga Tonga, a volcanic island in Tonga in the Pacific Ocean, occurred on 15 January 2022. The eruption caused tsunamis in Tonga and Fiji. Tsunami warnings were issued for Fiji, Samoa, New Zealand, Australia, the United States, Japan and Canada. The tsunami reached in Tonga.[158] [159]
2022PhilippinesTropical Storm MegiLandslideOn 12 April 2022, a landslide caused by heavy rain due to Tropical Storm Megi created tsunami waves in Abuyog that killed two people and injured dozens more.[160]
2022Mexico2022 Michoacán earthquakeEarthquakeA magnitude 7.6-7.7 earthquake struck near the coast of western Mexico on 19 September 2022. A tsunami about high was reported near the epicentre.[161] The tsunami was detected as far away as Ecuador, where tsunami waves as high as were observed.[162]
2023GreenlandUndeterminedOn 16 September 2023 an unwitnessed tsunami struck the northern part of Ella Island, penetrating 50m (160feet) inland and devastating the Sirius Dog Sled Patrol station, washing much of it into the sea. The station was closed for the winter, and no one was present when the wave hit.[163] [164]
2024Japan2024 Noto earthquakeEarthquakeOn 1 January 2024, a magnitude 7.6 earthquake struck the western coast of Japan, triggering the first major tsunami warning since the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake,[165] being issued for Ishikawa Prefecture at an estimated height of 5 meters. Joetsu city in Niigata Prefecture observed a tsunami at a height of more than 6.6 meters (21.6 feet). Kanazawa City in Ishikawa Prefecture observed a tsunami at a height of 90 centimeters (3 feet).[166] Toyama City in Toyama Prefecture and Sakata City in Yamagata Prefecture both observed a tsunami at a height of 80 centimeters (2.6 feet). In Suzu City of Ishikawa Prefecture, some homes were left with only their foundations, being washed off by the tsunami and driven further inland.[167] Small towns such as Shiromaru and Ukai reported severe damage with houses swept off their foundations several blocks inland. Research found that 26 of the 245 deaths from the earthquake were likely caused by the tsunami.[168]

Highest or tallest

See main article: Megatsunami.

Deadliest

The deadliest tsunami in recorded history was the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which killed almost 230,000 people in fourteen countries including (listed in order of confirmed fatalities) Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Somalia, Myanmar, Maldives, Malaysia, Tanzania, Seychelles, Bangladesh, South Africa, Yemen and Kenya.[170] There were also many injuries and a lot of property damage.

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

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  2. Smid, T. C.: "'Tsunamis' in Greek Literature", Greece & Rome, 2nd Ser., Vol. 17, No. 1 (April 1970), pp. 100–04 (102f.)
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  5. Web site: 9 April 2014 . Scientists Reconstruct Ancient Impact That Dwarfs Dinosaur-Extinction Blast . 19 December 2023 . AGU Advancing Earth and Space Sciences .
  6. Web site: 19 December 2023 . Joel . Achenbach. Scientists Reconstruct Ancient Impact That Dwarfs Dinosaur-Extinction Blast . 19 December 2023 . washingtonpost.com.
  7. Book: Bryant, Edward . Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard . June 2014 . Springer . 978-3-319-06133-7. 178.
  8. Goto. Kazuhisa. Tada. Ryuji. Tajika. Eiichi. Bralower. Timothy J.. Hasegawa. Takashi. Matsui. Takafumi. 2004. Evidence for ocean water invasion into the Chicxulub crater at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. en. 39. 8. 1233–1247. 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2004.tb00943.x. 2004M&PS...39.1233G. 55674339 . free.
  9. Book: 10.1130/0-8137-2356-6.69 . Generation and propagation of a tsunami from the Cretaceous-Tertiary impact event . Catastrophic events and mass extinctions: Impacts and beyond . 2002 . Matsui . Takafumi . Imamura . F. . Tajika . Eiichi . Nakano . Y. . Fujisawa . Y. . 978-0-8137-2356-3 .
  10. Gulick. Sean P. S.. Bralower. Timothy J.. Ormö. Jens. Hall. Brendon. Grice. Kliti. Schaefer. Bettina. Lyons. Shelby. Freeman. Katherine H.. Morgan. Joanna V.. Joanna Morgan . Artemieva. Natalia. Natalia Artemieva. Kaskes. Pim. 2019-09-24. The first day of the Cenozoic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. en. 116. 39. 19342–19351. 10.1073/pnas.1909479116 . 31501350. 6765282. 2019PNAS..11619342G. free.
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