Histatin 3 Explained

Histatin 3, also known as HTN3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HTN3 gene.^{[1] [2]} __TOC__

Function

The primary protein encoded by HTN3 is histatin 3. Histatins are a family of small, histidine-rich, salivary proteins, encoded by at least two loci (HTN3 and HTN1). Post-translational proteolytic processing results in many histatins: e.g., histatins 4-6 are derived from histatin 3 by proteolysis. Histatins 1 and 3 are primary products of HIS1(1) and HIS2(1) alleles, respectively. Histatins are believed to have important non-immunological, anti-microbial function in the oral cavity.^[1] Histatin 1 and histatin 2 are major wound-closing factors in human saliva.^[3]

allele	gene	protein
HIS1	HTN1	histatin 1
HIS2	HTN3	histatin 3 → histatins 4-6

Further reading

• Troxler RF, Offner GD, Xu T, etal . Structural relationship between human salivary histatins. . J. Dent. Res. . 69 . 1 . 2–6 . 1990 . 2303595 . 10.1177/00220345900690010101. 10.1.1.503.4988 . 21092156 .
• vanderSpek JC, Offner GD, Troxler RF, Oppenheim FG . Molecular cloning of human submandibular histatins. . Arch. Oral Biol. . 35 . 2 . 137–43 . 1990 . 2344289 . 10.1016/0003-9969(90)90175-A .
• Sugiyama K, Ogino T, Ogata K . Rapid purification and characterization of histatins (histidine-rich polypeptides) from human whole saliva. . Arch. Oral Biol. . 35 . 6 . 415–9 . 1990 . 2372245 . 10.1016/0003-9969(90)90202-L .
• Sabatini LM, Azen EA . Histatins, a family of salivary histidine-rich proteins, are encoded by at least two loci (HIS1 and HIS2). . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. . 160 . 2 . 495–502 . 1989 . 2719677 . 10.1016/0006-291X(89)92460-1 .
• vanderSpek JC, Wyandt HE, Skare JC, etal . Localization of the genes for histatins to human chromosome 4q13 and tissue distribution of the mRNAs. . Am. J. Hum. Genet. . 45 . 3 . 381–7 . 1989 . 2773933 . 1683406 .
• Oppenheim FG, Xu T, McMillian FM, etal . Histatins, a novel family of histidine-rich proteins in human parotid secretion. Isolation, characterization, primary structure, and fungistatic effects on Candida albicans. . J. Biol. Chem. . 263 . 16 . 7472–7 . 1988 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)68522-9 . 3286634 . free .
• Dickinson DP, Ridall AL, Levine MJ . Human submandibular gland statherin and basic histidine-rich peptide are encoded by highly abundant mRNA's derived from a common ancestral sequence. . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. . 149 . 2 . 784–90 . 1988 . 3426601 . 10.1016/0006-291X(87)90436-0 .
• Sabatini LM, Azen EA . Two coding change mutations in the HIS2(2) allele characterize the salivary histatin 3-2 protein variant. . Hum. Mutat. . 4 . 1 . 12–9 . 1994 . 7951254 . 10.1002/humu.1380040103 . 25236047 . free .
• Sabatini LM, Ota T, Azen EA . Nucleotide sequence analysis of the human salivary protein genes HIS1 and HIS2, and evolution of the STATH/HIS gene family. . Mol. Biol. Evol. . 10 . 3 . 497–511 . 1993 . 8336540 . 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040022. free .
• Tsai H, Raj PA, Bobek LA . Candidacidal activity of recombinant human salivary histatin-5 and variants. . Infect. Immun. . 64 . 12 . 5000–7 . 1997 . 8945538 . 10.1128/IAI.64.12.5000-5007.1996. 174480 .
• Iontcheva I, Oppenheim FG, Offner GD, Troxler RF . Molecular mapping of statherin- and histatin-binding domains in human salivary mucin MG1 (MUC5B) by the yeast two-hybrid system. . J. Dent. Res. . 79 . 2 . 732–9 . 2000 . 10728974 . 10.1177/00220345000790020601 . 27558675 .
• Naurato N, Wong P, Lu Y, etal . Interaction of tannin with human salivary histatins. . J. Agric. Food Chem. . 47 . 6 . 2229–34 . 2000 . 10794615 . 10.1021/jf981044i .
• Gusman H, Travis J, Helmerhorst EJ, etal . Salivary histatin 5 is an inhibitor of both host and bacterial enzymes implicated in periodontal disease. . Infect. Immun. . 69 . 3 . 1402–8 . 2001 . 11179305 . 10.1128/IAI.69.3.1402-1408.2001 . 98034 .
• Grogan J, McKnight CJ, Troxler RF, Oppenheim FG . Zinc and copper bind to unique sites of histatin 5. . FEBS Lett. . 491 . 1–2 . 76–80 . 2001 . 11226423 . 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02157-3 . 29850611 . free .
• Gyurko C, Lendenmann U, Helmerhorst EJ, etal . Killing of Candida albicans by histatin 5: cellular uptake and energy requirement . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . 79 . 3–4 . 297–309 . 2002 . 11816973 . 10.1023/A:1012070600340 . 32933751 .
• Baev D, Li XS, Dong J, etal . Human salivary histatin 5 causes disordered volume regulation and cell cycle arrest in Candida albicans . Infect. Immun. . 70 . 9 . 4777–84 . 2002 . 12183519 . 10.1128/IAI.70.9.4777-4784.2002 . 128240 .
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, etal . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . 2002PNAS...9916899M . free .
• Li XS, Reddy MS, Baev D, Edgerton M . Candida albicans Ssa1/2p is the cell envelope binding protein for human salivary histatin 5 . J. Biol. Chem. . 278 . 31 . 28553–61 . 2003 . 12761219 . 10.1074/jbc.M300680200 . free .
• Ahmad M, Piludu M, Oppenheim FG, etal . Immunocytochemical localization of histatins in human salivary glands . J. Histochem. Cytochem. . 52 . 3 . 361–70 . 2004 . 14966203 . 10.1177/002215540405200307. free .
• Castagnola M, Inzitari R, Rossetti DV, etal . A cascade of 24 histatins (histatin 3 fragments) in human saliva. Suggestions for a pre-secretory sequential cleavage pathway . J. Biol. Chem. . 279 . 40 . 41436–43 . 2004 . 15272024 . 10.1074/jbc.M404322200 . free .

Notes and References

1. Web site: Entrez Gene: HTN3 histatin 3.
2. Sabatini LM, Azen EA . Histatins, a family of salivary histidine-rich proteins, are encoded by at least two loci (HIS1 and HIS2) . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. . 160 . 2 . 495–502 . April 1989 . 2719677 . 10.1016/0006-291X(89)92460-1.
3. Oudhoff MJ, Bolscher JG, Nazmi K, Kalay H, van 't Hof W, Amerongen AV, Veerman EC . Histatins are the major wound-closure stimulating factors in human saliva as identified in a cell culture assay . FASEB J. . 22 . 11 . 3805–12 . November 2008 . 18650243 . 10.1096/fj.08-112003 . free . 19797007 .