Migration from Latin America to Europe explained

Latin American migration to Europe is the diaspora of Latin Americans to the continent of Europe, dating back to the first decades of the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Americas.[1] Latin Americans in Europe are now a rapidly growing group consisting of immigrants from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay and Venezuela. It may also include individuals from certain French-speaking territories depending on the definition of Latin America used.

A large majority of Latin Americans in Europe reside in Spain or have been naturalized as Spanish citizens. The main reasons of their migration to Spain are the common language, family ties and cultural proximity to Spain. Portugal, Italy and France also have a sizable Latin American community; in the case of Italy, many of the immigrants are descendants of the Italian diaspora in Latin America.

Spain

Spain is the second destination of choice after the United States for Latin American migrants and the vast majority of Latin Americans in Europe are residents or nationals of this country.[2] [3]

After several years of decline since a peak in 2010, the population of Spain born in Latin America has grown again since 2016. In 2019, 3,114,076 Spanish people born in South, Central America or the Caribbean (excluding Puerto Rico) had been legally residing in Spain for the last 12 months, compared to 2,340,247 in 2016 and 2,459,098 in 2010. A majority hold Spanish citizenship.[4] [5]

Following the "Law of historic memory" Latin Americans with a Spanish parent (and their descendants) have automatic right to Spanish citizenship, even without residing in the country. This potentially applies to millions of Latin Americans. In addition, all Latin Americans from Spanish speaking countries (and Brazil) qualify for Spanish citizens after two years' residence, regardless of recent ancestry. This compares very favorably to the requirement of ten years' residence for immigrants from other countries.

As a result, a significant and ever growing portion of Latin American immigrants have acquired Spanish citizenship due to naturalization laws and the falling number of Latin Americans residing in Spain is primarily due to them acquiring Spanish nationality and no longer being classed as immigrants. In the period between 2011 and 2013, over one million immigrants acquired Spanish citizenship and over 75% of these were Latin American.[6] As an example, by 2014 the majority of Spain's 408,944 Ecuadorian-born residents had already acquired Spanish citizenship and were no longer included national statistics tracking immigration.[7] As a result, Latin Americans with Spanish citizenship living in other European countries such as the UK, France or Germany benefiting from European freedom of movement and establishment for all EU citizens will be categorized as Spaniards when using nationality as a criterion to determine the country of origin (rather than country of birth) of a particular EU country's immigrant population.[8] [9] Despite Spain's prolonged 2008-2015 economic crisis during which the country suffered years of massive unemployment and went from having the second highest immigration rate in the world to becoming a net-emigrant country, less than 30% of Spain's Latin American immigrants have left the country during this period.[10] As a result of the combined effect of nationalization and net emigration during the economic crisis, the Latin American resident population yet to acquire Spanish nationality fell steadily to around 900,000 in 2015.[11]

Country of birth Population (2020)[12] Corresponding article
Ecuador416,347Ecuadorians in Spain
Colombia513,583Colombians in Spain
Argentina292,775Argentines in Spain
395,747Venezuelans in Spain
Peru244,681Peruvians in Spain
Dominican Republic186,286Dominicans in Spain
178,680
Cuba151,327
Brazil156,302
Paraguay107,200Paraguayans in Spain
Honduras133,044

Germany

See main article: article and Immigration to Germany. Latin American citizens registered in the German central register of foreigners. (only Western Germany until 1989)[13]

Country of birth Population (1970)Population (1980)Population (1990)Population (2000)Population (2010)Population (2020)Population (2022)Surplus of women in % (2022)Corresponding article
Brazil3,4875,48510,48624,14232,53749,50055,71072.2Brazilians in Germany
Colombia9421,8783,7898,88010,29420,70526,71047.3
Mexico9482,0253,2236,0699,58317,75521,59022.5Mexicans in Germany
Peru1,0562,0074,0098,2318,64410,96012,43578.2
9341,2071,4853,0523,5018,02511,09515.2
Chile1,8245,4586,4406,4956,0799,33510,505-0.2
Cuba1311584937,5018,5128,3509,18520.4
Argentina2,4663,7644,1524,8954,5746,7609,0306.6
Dominican Republic511978624,8036,0606,4606,58076.5
Ecuador4407881,1463,6634,5895,6406,54027.1
7741,2631,5221,7291,7202,0602,41037.4
El Salvador1593194925005241,4652,04514.1
Honduras1012654095765971,4751,99522.9
Costa Rica1512864977888191,6101,9505.3
Paraguay2634006038541,1221,5701,780115.0
Nicaragua1091913586365411,1401,4900.7
Guatemala2473695506756281,0351,19012.5
Uruguay40565780075855880090016.9
Haiti25124228042254863570523.8
Panama11313418227634056570022.2
Total14,85227,09341,77884,945101,770155,845184,54541.6

Naturalizations from Latin American Countries to Germany

France

According to UN data, in 2019, the largest groups of Latin American migrants in France were from Brazil (181,500),[15] Colombia (40,000),[16] [17] Mexico (40,000),[18] Chile (30,325),[19] Argentina (17,999),[20] Peru (30,000),[21] Venezuela (30,000),[22] and Uruguay (10,859) [23] [24]

!Rank!Country of origin!Population (2021)
1. Brazil181,500
2. Mexico40,000
3. Colombia40,000
4. Chile30,325
5. Peru30,000
6.30,000
7. Argentina17,999
8. Uruguay10,859
9.Other10,599
Total380,824 (1.1%)[25]

United Kingdom

See main article: article and Latin American migration to the United Kingdom. According to the 2001 UK Census, 62,735 Latin Americans in the United Kingdom were born in their respective nations of origin.[26] There were also a further 1,338 people who stated their birthplace as 'South or Central America' (note this would also include Guyana, French Guiana, and Suriname, which are not part of Latin America.). In 2009, the Office for National Statistics estimated that the number of Brazilian-born people in the UK alone had risen to around 60,000 and the number of Colombian-born to around 22,000. Estimates for other Latin American countries were not made because the sample size did not allow for estimation of the size of smaller groups with sufficient degree of accuracy.[27]

Country of birthPopulation (2011 census)[28] [29] [30] Corresponding article
Brazil52,148Brazilians in the United Kingdom
Colombia[31] 25,761Colombians in the United Kingdom
Argentina10,550
Mexico9,771Mexicans in the United Kingdom
9,150
Ecuador8,767Ecuadorians in the United Kingdom
Peru7,246Peruvians in the United Kingdom
Chile7,130Chileans in the United Kingdom
3,765Bolivians in the United Kingdom
Cuba2,481
Dominican Republic1,377
Uruguay1,364

Norway

From 1977 to 2012, the number of non-Norwegian citizens living in Norway of European descent has increased from around 46,000 to around 280,000. In the same period the number of citizens of nations on other continents increased from about 25,000 to about 127,000, of which 112,230 belong to Asia, Africa and South America.[32] Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by country of origin

RankCountry of origin[33] Population (2001)[34] Population (2014)[35]
1. Chile6,4917,904
2. Brazil8244,017
3. Colombia6043,841
4. Peru4921,295
5. Cuba286959
6. Argentina378890
7. Dominican Republic276844
8. Ecuador174492
9.134308
11. El Salvador134235
12. Uruguay167234
13. Guatemala81191
15. Nicaragua78159
16. Costa Rica52133
17. Honduras64117

The Netherlands

Immigrants and Dutch-born to immigrant parentsIberian America

Country of origin[36] Population (1996)[37] Population (2000)Population (2005)Population (2010)Population (2015)Population (2019)
Argentina2,952 3,239 4,167 4,522 4,245 6,508
408 547 744 954 1,170 1,415
Brazil6,589 8,913 12,289 17,022 22,041 30,104
Chile3,566 3,937 4,564 4,936 5,488 6,207
Colombia4,937 7,025 9,885 12,292 15,346 18,351
Costa Rica274 444 623 741 970 1,242
Cuba361 781 1,361 1,748 2,052 2,333
Dominican Republic5,321 7,341 9,843 11,600 13,651 15,206
Ecuador559 1,121 1,883 2,466 3,200 3,943
El Salvador304 350 453 544 626 752
Guatemala229 339 471 604 815 1,034
Honduras203 269 387 505 670 816
Mexico1,251 1,802 2,894 4,054 5,548 7,618
Nicaragua273 314 403 535 693 843
Panama244 278 353 393 470 561
Paraguay215 238 270 281 328 371
Peru1,849 2,418 3,662 4,925 6,100 7,324
Puerto Rico91 101 132 153 199 241
Uruguay805 886 997 1,069 1,135 1,234
2,257 2,948 4,090 4,936 6,002 7,420

Other / Dutch Americas

Country of originPopulation (1996)[38] Population (2000)Population (2005)Population (2010)Population (2015)Population (2019)
Aruba274 592 1,204 2,250 4,130 5,610
[39] 203 982
15 64
86,550 106,605 129,334 136,170 144,565[41] 154,510[42]

French Latin America

Country of originPopulation (1996)[43] Population (2000)Population (2005)Population (2010)Population (2015)Population (2019)
French Guiana401 477 707 716 767 836
Guadeloupe194 219 306 301 327 397
Haiti223 331 540 619 703 865
Martinique85 94 105 106 121 123

Portugal

See main article: article and Demographics of Portugal. In 2008, Portugal's foreign population grew 1% from 435,736 in 2007 to 440,277. One in four immigrants is Brazilian,[44] and Portugal was a country for an increasing amount of Venezuelans. There are also other communities from Argentina, the latter can have Portuguese ancestry due to the historical ties between both nations.[45]

Country of birth Population (2011)[46] Population (2019)[47] [48] Corresponding article
Brazil139,703158,799Brazilians in Portugal
25,15724,603Portuguese Venezuelans

Switzerland

In 2013, there were a total of 1,937,447 permanent foreign residents (23.8% of the total population of 8.14 million) in Switzerland. Of these, 51,761 were from Latin America and the Caribbean.[49]

Italy

The list is not complete, as it does not include some Latin Americans that have gotten citizenship via jus sanguinis.

!Rank !Country of citizenship!Population (2020)[50] !Country of birth (2019)
1. Peru91,662117,189
2. Ecuador72,64485,272
3. Brazil51,790115,970
4. Dominican Republic29,11146,127
5. Cuba22,31137,307
6. Colombia18,05340,769
7. El Salvador16,27014,682
8.13,14115,794
9.10,31653,007
10. Argentina9,11771,880
11. Mexico4,5679,441
12. Chile3,01712,775
13. Honduras2,4612,880
14. Paraguay1,7502,862
15. Uruguay1,2517,446
16. Guatemala8372,299
17. Nicaragua7001,311
18. Costa Rica4761,619
19. Panama3481,094
20. Haiti306792

Sweden

As of 2021, there were 114,480 people in Sweden that were either born in Latin America or were born in Sweden and had two parents that were born in Latin America. 34% of these were from Chile and 13% from Colombia. Meanwhile 171,845 had some Latin American origin, meaning they were either born in Latin America or were born in Sweden and had at least one Latin American-born parent.[51]

!Rank!Country of origin!Population (2021)
1. Chile39,404
2. Colombia15,065
3. Brazil12,456
4. Peru10,250
5.6,158
6. Argentina4,922
7. El Salvador4,503
8. Mexico3,975
9. Cuba3,824
10. Ecuador3,324
Other10,599
Total114,480 (1.1%)[52]

Finland

As of 2021, 8,763 people in Finland had a Latin American background, up from 4,284 in 2011 and 614 in 1990. In 1990 the most common country of origin was Chile, accounting for 30% of Latin Americans. 2,814 of them live in Helsinki, where they make up 0.43% of the population. Brazil is the common country of origin, accounting for 26% of Latin Americans, followed by Mexicans (14%) and Colombians (9%). 594 children were adopted from Colombia between 1987 and 2021, making it the fourth most common country of origin for international adoptees in Finland, and accounted for 10.4% of all international adoptions. These are not counted as having Colombian background, however, and are instead counted with the background country of the adoptive parents, which is usually Finland.[53] [54]

!Rank!Country of origin!Population (2021)
1. Brazil2,315
2. Mexico1,184
3. Colombia826
4. Peru678
5. Chile668
Other3,092
Total8,763 (0.2%)[55]

Ireland


!Rank!Country of origin!Population (2016)[56]
1. Brazil13,640

European Union (in general)

HORIZONTALLY: Country of Residence VERTICALLY: Country of Origin[57] Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Croatia Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands (2019) Austria Poland [58] Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland United Kingdom
Argentina 2036 118 367 1081 14400 13 756 663 281115 12519 202 65136 140 18 - 213 222 11 6508 1360 303 1375 94 425 73 290 2919 30 - 928 7755 10550
Bolivia 1031 22 92 429 3820 1 108 24 187885 3058 33 12891 10 0 - 24 34 2 1415 438 54 195 12 12 12 128 4050 13 - 487 2784 3765
Brazil 10441 91 509 3012 47590 56 9298 2293 101640 56712 195 83615 110 25 - 1795 426 94 30104 4550 358 139703 129 81 46 980 6381 113 - 4099 28779 52150
Chile 4085 21 127 1455 11380 7 311 380 68075 13730 127 11129 31 4 - 165 118 8 6207 1105 94 276 42 28 16 367 28712 70 - 6449 5966 7140
Colombia 5270 23 236 2947 17630 12 330 413 379400 26679 46 32256 69 7 - 247 158 11 18351 1413 137 767 42 30 31 854 10929 159 - 5138 9340 25760
Costa Rica 256 5 64 146 1.400 2 24 39 3390 693 6 1267 5 0 - 10 22 7 1242 152 40 42 12 2 5 52 354 4 - 247 778 725
Cuba 1496 258 687 437 11110 17 196 365 110120 4637 13 26346 42 51 - 98 406 4 2.333 786 261 978 55 53 96 343 2416 38 - 818 2748 2480
Dominican Republic 2125 21 41 134 9.240 1 37 585 119490 3334 0 33163 25 1 0 328 17 10 15206 2809 38 142 17 166 11 121 566 27 - 667 7288 1385
Ecuador 5180 13 109 550 7480 6 103 87 412380 4178 12 75288 16 3 - 109 98 7 3943 592 70 440 28 7 22 153 2.101 27 - 611 4099 8765
El Salvador 417 7 19 77 960 2 54 52 8650 1093 0 9689 13 0 - 20 7 3 752 74 5 37 4 0 0 48 2725 12 - 167 568 885
Guatemala 775 6 36 224 1760 6 272 31 6595 2956 0 1856 11 1 0 85 11 7 1034 333 8 60 10 1 3 63 735 28 - 413 554 975
Honduras 195 0 21 115 1010 1 29 52 30675 575 0 1672 8 0 0 6 11 3 816 86 8 43 8 2 2 38 318 28 - 85 348 640
Mexico 1994 25 442 968 13020 25 889 410 44000 12609 40 6927 54 18 - 200 342 9 7618 1452 302 371 65 43 62 518 2107 74 - 960 4858 9770
Nicaragua 268 29 19 178 920 1 34 166 12645 639 0 971 8 0 0 10 10 1 843 198 10 26 2 9 86 672 6 - 151 383 380
Panama 158 6 40 70 730 0 33 162 3765 470 13 920 9 0 0 15 28 4 561 62 38 118 4 3 12 21 234 4 - 40 279 715
Paraguay 397 0 58 74 3940 0 54 82 71905 1114 12 2014 4 2 - 27 15 0 371 199 3 97 10 6 3 13 143 6 - 133 966 760
Peru 3272 21 240 989 14520 14 330 301 184840 11466 86 96675 32 7 - 363 159 28 7324 1485 97 403 72 36 39 406 7006 70 - 1254 7878 7245
Uruguay 447 17 41 208 2900 4 142 116 91715 2246 14 6573 7 3 - 69 49 1 1234 211 106 221 7 5 13 80 2226 7 - 206 1411 1370
Venezuela 1206 26 117 616 6490 7 482 1062 143670 6385 56 44469 39 30 - 221 136 13 7420 841 83 25157 34 40 13 126 897 33 - 786 3086 9150
Total amount of Latin Americans by country of residence 41049 709 3265 13710 170300 175 13482 7283 2261955 165093 855 512857 633 170 0 4005 2269 223 113282 18146 2015 170451 645 942 468 4687 75491 749 0 23639 89868 144.610
Total amount of Latin Americans residing in the European Union (as of 2011); ~3.843.026

See also

Notes and References

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  2. http://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/37218/S1420586_es.pdf?sequence=1
  3. Web site: La Cepal cifra en 28,5 millones el número de emigrantes latinoamericanos - La Celosía . Lacelosia.com . 2013-12-17 . 2018-04-25.
  4. Web site: Población (españoles/extranjeros) por País de Nacimiento, sexo y año. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. 4 February 2019.
  5. Web site: Población por comunidades y provincias, país de nacimiento, edad (Grupos quinquenales) y sexo.
  6. Web site: Inicio - Elcano . es . Realinstitutoelcano.org . 2013-06-14 . 2018-04-25.
  7. Web site: El número de ecuatorianos en España baja un 8,83% debido a las nacionalizaciones | Internacional | Noticias . es . El Universo . 2016-06-30 . 2018-04-25.
  8. Web site: Rainer Münz . Europe: Population and Migration in 2005 . migrationpolicy.org . 2006-06-01 . 2018-04-25.
  9. Web site: Population data - Eurostat . Ec.europa.eu . 2018-04-25.
  10. Web site: Informe OCDE: El 30% de los inmigrantes latinoamericanos se fueron de España durante la crisis . Elconfidencial.com . 2015-08-29 . 2018-04-25.
  11. Web site: La población latinoamericana en España se reduce en 151.010 personas . Ociolatino.com . 2018-04-25.
  12. Web site: Población (españoles/extranjeros) por País de Nacimiento, sexo y año . es . . 2019-07-30.
  13. Web site: Die Datenbank des Statistischen Bundesamtes - Table 12521-0002 . de . Destatis.de . 2023-03-01.
  14. Web site: Bevölkerungs mit Migrationshintergrund & Ausländer in Deutschland - Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) . de . Destatis.de . 2021-11-29.
  15. Web site: Comunidade Brasileira no Exterior - Estimativas referentes ao ano de 2022 "Brazilians in France & French Guiana" . pt-br . . 2 August 2023 . 19 September 2023. 2024-01-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240104174650/https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/assuntos/portal-consular/BrasileirosnoExterior.pdf . dead .
  16. Web site: Relations bilatérales de la Colombie et France. France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. 4 January 2023. 13 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231213034623/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/colombie/relations-bilaterales/ . live.
  17. Web site: NAT1 - Population par sexe, âge et nationalité en 2018 − France métropolitaine −Étrangers - Immigrés en 2018 | Insee . 15 October 2021 . 13 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230213093321/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5397763?sommaire=5397790&geo=METRO-1 . live .
  18. Web site: Mexicanos residentes en Francia 2020. Mexican Government. 4 January 2020. 13 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231213031211/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684165/Francia_mundo20.pdf . live.
  19. Web site: Segundo Registro de Chilenos en el Exterior. National Statistics Institute. January 2018. es. 25 April 2020. 17 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181017203353/http://www.registrodechilenos.cl/descargas/segundo-registro-de-chilenos-en-el-exterior.pdf. dead.
  20. Book: Migratory profile of Argentina 2012 . Perfil migratorio de Argentina 2012 . 2 March 2013 . 2012 . International Organization for Migration . Buenos Aires . 978-92-9068-657-6 . 184 . 4 July 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140704090804/http://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/pbn/docs/Perfil-Migratorio-de-argentina-2012.pdf . live .
  21. Web site: PERÚ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. inei.gob.pe.
  22. Web site: Venezolanos en el mundo. 2023-08-23. 13 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231213033414/https://www.venmundo.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/infograf%C3%ADa-venezolanos-en-el-exterior2.jpg/ . live.
  23. Web site: Uruguay- Emigrantes totales 2019. datosmacro.com.
  24. News: Table 1. Total migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, 1990-2019. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. International Migrant Stock 2019. 2019. 22 September 2020.
  25. Web site: Befolkning efter födelseland och ursprungsland, 31 december 2021, totalt . SCB . 14 December 2022 . Swedish . Excel-file.
  26. Web site: Country-of-birth database . . 29 July 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070425115809/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls . 25 April 2007 .
  27. Web site: Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth (Table 1.3) . Office for National Statistics . 29 July 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101114061243/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Oct08-Sep09.zip . 14 November 2010 . Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent confidence intervals.
  28. Web site: Table QS213EW: 2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales. Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2013. 18 July 2015.
  29. Web site: Country of birth (detailed). National Records of Scotland. 18 July 2015.
  30. Web site: Country of Birth – Full Detail: QS206NI . Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency . 18 July 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095516/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS206NI.xls . 4 March 2016 .
  31. Web site: Archived copy . 2016-12-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170315194457/http://unitedkingdom.iom.int/sites/default/files/doc/mapping/IOM_COLOMBIA.pdf . 2017-03-15 . dead .
  32. Web site: Tabell:05196: Folkemengde, etter kjønn, alder og statsborgerskap. Norwegian. Table:05196: Population by gender, age and citizenship. Statistics Norway. July 18, 2012.
  33. Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents
  34. Web site: Innvandrarbefolkninga og personar med annan innvandringsbakgrunn, etter innvandringskategori, kjønn og landbakgrunn. 1. januar 2001. Statistics Norway. no.
  35. http://www.ssb.no/en/innvbef "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, 1 January 2015"
  36. Immigrants and Dutch-born to immigrant parents
  37. Web site: Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari 2019. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. nl.
  38. Web site: Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari 2019. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. nl.
  39. Immigration after Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles
  40. Includes Saba and Sint-Eustatius which are not part of Latin America, Bonaire does
  41. 8395 of the 144,565 Netherlands Antilleans born to immigrant parents from the Netherlands Antilles after the Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles
  42. 18340 of the 154,510 Netherlands Antilleans born to immigrant parents from the Netherlands Antilles after the Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles
  43. Web site: Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari 2019. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. nl.
  44. https://dn.sapo.pt/inicio/portugal/interior.aspx?content_id=1307427 Um em cada quatro imigrantes é de nacionalidade brasileira
  45. https://www.dn.pt/opiniao/opiniao-dn/convidados/interior/argentina-e-portugaluma-longa-amizade-5351647.html Argentina e Portugal, uma longa amizade
  46. Web site: Estrangeiros e nascidos no estrangeiro residentes em Portugal, CPLP em destaque . pt . . 2019-07-30.
  47. Web site: Relatório de Imigração, Fronteiras e asilo. pt . Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteira. 2021-03-04.
  48. News: Radiografía del gran éxodo venezolano. Naiara Galarraga. Gortázar. El País. March 26, 2018. elpais.com.
  49. http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/01/key.html Bevölkerung – Die wichtigsten Zahlen
  50. Web site: Statistiche demografiche ISTAT. demo.istat.it. 2021-07-02.
  51. Web site: Personer med utländsk bakgrund . SCB . 14 December 2022 . 10 . Swedish . PDF.
  52. Web site: Befolkning efter födelseland och ursprungsland, 31 december 2021, totalt . SCB . 14 December 2022 . Swedish . Excel-file.
  53. Web site: Adoptions by country of birth, age group and sex of child and type of adoption, 1987-2021 . Statistics Finland . 14 December 2022.
  54. Web site: Origin and background country . Statistics Finland . 14 December 2022.
  55. Web site: Origin and background country by sex, by municipality, 1990-2021 . Statistics Finland . 14 December 2022.
  56. Web site: Brazilian student: Coming to Dublin was a dream come true but sharing a house with 14 others was a nightmare. Gonçalves. Ana Marta. TheJournal.ie. en. 2019-10-03.
  57. Eurostat Database (Data -> Population Consensus) https://ec.europa.eu/CensusHub2/query.do?step=selectHyperCube&qhc=false
  58. (Unreliable statistics, stated by Eurostat)

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