Hiram C. Whitley Explained

Colonel Hiram C. Whitley (August 6, 1834 – April 19, 1919) was the second Chief of the United States Secret Service.

Hiram C. Whitley
Office:2nd Chief of the United States Secret Service
President:Ulysses S. Grant
Predecessor:William P. Wood
Successor:Elmer Washburn
Birth Date:6 August 1834
Birth Place:Camden, Maine, U.S.
Death Place:Emporia, Kansas, U.S.
Parents:William Whitley
Hannah D. McCoombs
Battles:American Civil War

Early life

Whitley was born in Camden, Maine on August 6, 1834 to Dr. William Whitley, a Glasgow-born doctor and surgeon, and Hannah D. McCoombs, a Maine local. In 1840, his family moved to Lake County, Ohio, where he became a pupil at the Western Reserve Teachers' Seminary,[1] a Mormon teaching school in Kirtland.[2]

Leaving school at the age of fifteen, he became a drover for two years, after which he moved to Massachusetts where he worked for his uncle in the fishing industry at Gloucester. In 1856, Whitley married Catherine Webster (Katie) Bates of Cambridge; they subsequently had two daughters, Katie and Sabra. The following year, the Whitleys moved to the recently founded Lawrence, Kansas, where he worked in the grocery trade. In 1859, being drawn to Pike's Peak Gold Rush, Whitley sold out of his grocery business and moved to Colorado, where he failed to strike gold. Moving on, the Whitleys settled in New Orleans, with Whitley working the Red River as a steamboatman.[1] [3] [4]

American Civil War

In the year from April 1861, when the American Civil War commenced, through to April 1862, Whitley continued to work the Red River. He professed some sympathy for the Confederacy, and drilled with local companies without seeing active service. He was on the Starlight at Shreveport, from New Orleans when it was seized by a Confederate committee, who aimed to use it to blockade the river against Union forces. Having heard of the Union Army's capture of New Orleans on April 25th,[1] Whitley, the "mulatto" second cook, and another "liberty loving African", stole the steamer's yawl. Travelling mainly by night, they reached New Orleans in seven days.[1] [5]

There, Whitley reported to Major General B.F. Butler. Butler referred him to the provost-marshal of the Department of the Gulf, Colonel Jonas H. French, who employed Whitley as a detective.[6]

Whitley declined an offer of a captaincy in the Fifth Louisiana Regiment by the General in charge of New Orleans's defence, William H. Emory. Instead, he was appointed as a Major in the Seventh Louisiana Regiment.[1]

Chief of the Secret Service

Whitley was appointed chief of the United States Secret Service by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1869, four years after its inception. Under Whitley, the Secret Service introduced criminal files, a written Code of Conduct, and an official badge for its agents.[7] [8] Whitley, whose successful arrest of 12 Klansmen in Georgia for the murder of a leading local Republican official had led to his appointment by Grant, used talented detectives who infiltrated and broke up KKK units in North Carolina and Alabama. However they could not penetrate the main hotbed of KKK activity in upstate South Carolina. Grant sent in Army troops but Whitley's agents learned that KKK members were lying low until the troops were withdrawn. Informed of this by Whitley, Grant's Attorney General Amos T. Akerman convinced Grant to declare martial law and send in US marshals backed by federal troops to arrest 500 Klansmen; hundred more fled the state, and hundreds of others surrendered in return for leniency.[9] [10]

Whitley was allegedly part of the so-called 1874 safe burglary conspiracy. He resigned as chief (being succeeded by Elmer Washburn) and faced trial for conspiracy, which ended with a hung jury.[11] [12] The D.C. Supreme Court subsequently found the grand jury which indicted Whitley and others to have been illegally drawn, and the Attorney-General ordered nolle prosequi for the case.[13]

Later life

He retired to Emporia, Kansas where he became a leading businessman.

Whitley died aged 84 in Emporia on April 19, 1919, from an "inflammation of the bladder".[14]

References

Works

Notes and References

  1. Book: Connelley, William E.. A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans. 29 January 2016.
  2. Book: Annals of Cleveland 1818-1835. 1842. 25. 117–18. 19 March 2015.
  3. Book: Cutler, William G.. History of the State of Kansas. https://web.archive.org/web/20030305041451/http://www.kancoll.org/books/cutler/lyon/lyon-co-p12.html. dead. 2003-03-05. 1883. 19 March 2016.
  4. Book: Kansas: a cyclopedia of state history, embracing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, prominent persons, etc.. Frank W. Blackmar. 1912. 19 March 2016.
  5. Book: Whitley, Hiram C.. In It. 1894. Cambridge [Mass.] Printed at the Riverside Press.
  6. Book: Memoirs of the United States Secret Service. Burnham. George Pickering. 1872.
  7. Book: Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. The FBI: A History. registration. 2007. Yale University Press. 9780300119145. 29 January 2016.
  8. News: In the 19th century, a different Secret Service, but not without controversy. October 1, 2014. Washington Post. 29 January 2016.
  9. Charles Lane, Freedom's Detective: The Secret Service, the Ku Klux Klan and the Man Who Masterminded America's First War on Terror (2019) pp 181-84.
  10. Jerry West, The Reconstruction Ku Klux Klan in York County, South Carolina, 1865-1877 (2002).
  11. News: The Safe-Burglary. April 10, 1876. 29 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160219165525/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1876/04/10/page/2/article/the-safe-burglary/. 19 February 2016. dead.
  12. Journal of the bar association of the District of Columbia B . 1938 . 280 . 21 April 2019 . en.
  13. The American Law Review . 1875 . 359 . 21 April 2019 . Little, Brown, and Company . en.
  14. The Emporia State Research Studies. 1969. 29 January 2016.