| Hindmarsh Island | |
| Map: | South Australia |
| Area Km2: | 45.5 |
| Coastline Km: | 43.7 |
| Length Km: | 14.7 |
| Width Km: | 6.5 |
| Location: | South Australia |
| Population: | 1233~ |
| Elevation M: | 25 |
| Country: | Australia |
Hindmarsh Island (Kumerangk) is an inland river island located in the lower Murray River near the town of Goolwa, South Australia.
The island is a tourist destination, which has increased in popularity since the opening of the Hindmarsh Island bridge in 2001. Hindmarsh Island is 100.1km (62.2miles) south east of the Adelaide city centre, around a 1-hour and 15 minute drive.
Prior to European colonisation, the island was occupied by Ngarrindjeri peoples, who know it as Kumarangk.[1] [2]
1830: The first European to set foot on Hindmarsh Island was Captain Charles Sturt. Sturt used the Island as a viewing point and from there he sighted the Murray Mouth.
1831: Captain Collet Barker surveyed the Murray Mouth but was killed by Indigenous Australians after swimming across the mouth.
1837: The island was named by Captain John William Dundas Blenkinsop after South Australia's first Governor, Sir John Hindmarsh.
1849: Dr. John Rankine was granted an occupational licence to become the island's first grazier. His nephew James Rankine was an early and longtime settler.
1853: Charles Price purchased section 20 (80acres) on the island.
1856: A flour mill was constructed.
1857: A signal mast was erected at Barker Knoll to convey safe passage condition messages to vessels wishing to pass through the mouth.
1858: A public ferry began operations between Goolwa and the island. In the same year the first inter colonial telegraph line passed through the island to link Adelaide with Melbourne.
1861: The cemetery was surveyed.
1880s: Alberto and Selberto Forest were planted.
1868: Hereford cattle and Shropshire sheep arrived in South Australia, when Charles Price introduced them onto the island.
1900: A cheese factory was established by Percy Heggaton.
1914: An experimental barrage was constructed to link Hindmarsh Island with Mundoo Island.
1935: Construction of the permanent barrages took place with the aim of maintaining a consistent water level around the river Port of Goolwa and keeping salt water away from the northern shore, improving agricultural opportunities.
1965: Mains electricity arrived on the island
1970: Little penguins were present on Hindmarsh Island. Today, the colony is extinct.[3]
1985: Approximately 1405km2 including the island was listed as a "wetland of international importance" under the Ramsar convention under the name of Coorong and Lakes Alexandrina and Albert Wetland.[4]
2001: Approximately a third of the island, the 10.81km2 Wyndgate property, was added to the Coorong National Park. The Hindmarsh Island Bridge from the mainland is opened.
2005: Coorong Quays Hindmarsh Island boasts the title of the largest freshwater marina in the Southern Hemisphere (formerly The Marina Hindmarsh Island).[5]
Present: Hindmarsh Island today has fresh water on its northern shore and salt water on the southern shores, the waters being separated by a series of barrages.
Length: 319m (1,047feet)
Height: 19m (62feet)
Width: 11m (36feet)
Clearance Height: 14m (46feet)
Building Company: Built Environs
Construction Commenced: October 1999
Construction Finished: March 2001
The Hindmarsh Island Bridge linking the island to Goolwa was officially opened on 4 March 2001. The bridge became a focus of national controversy when a group of local Indigenous people (the Ngarrindjeri) and some landowners objected to its construction. It was alleged that the Ngarrindjeri objectors fabricated the cultural significance of the island (the "Secret Women's Business") in order to help fight the development. A later Royal Commission decided that the "Secret Women's Business" was made up. Construction was blocked by the Keating government but given the go-ahead by the Howard government in 1996.
In 2001 a Federal Court Judge, Mr Justice John von Doussa, found in Chapman v Luminis Pty Ltd (No 5) that "the evidence received by the Court on this topic is significantly different to that which was before the Royal Commission. Upon the evidence before this Court I am not satisfied that the restricted women's knowledge was fabricated or that it was not part of genuine Aboriginal tradition".[6] Justice von Doussa found that the nine Ngarrindjeri women who testified about their beliefs were "credible witnesses who genuinely hold the beliefs and recollections expressed by them".[6]
Area: 45.5km2
Coastline: 43.7km (27.2miles) (not including marina)
Highest Elevation: 25m (82feet) (35°30'30.28"S 138°49'21.83"E)
Salt Lakes Total: 49
Terrain: grassland, wooded forest, salt lakes and mangroves
Mundoo Island (35°33'4.35"S 138°55'0.86"E) is a medium-sized island off the east coast of the island. Mundoo Island is a privately owned cattle station. The road acts also as a barrage to prevent the river water flowing through Murray Mouth into the ocean.
Area: 13.4km2
Perimeter: 27.3km (17miles)
Distance from Hindmarsh Island: 103m (338feet)
Rat Island/Grindstone Island (35°31'12.59"S 138°57'34.83"E) is a small private owned island 320m (1,050feet) off the easternmost point of the island. It covers 32acres of land.
Area: 29acres
Perimeter: 1.8km (01.1miles)
Distance from Hindmarsh Island: 344m (1,129feet)
Varcoe Island (35°32'30.29"S 138°54'8.55"E) is an extremely small island, with a population of 0.
Area: 913m2
Perimeter: 117m (384feet)
Distance from Hindmarsh Island: 380m (1,250feet)
Bird Island/Gull Island (35°33'13.44"S 138°53'42.28"E) is small-sized island which has a population of 0, it is 100m (300feet) off the southernmost point of the island.
Area: 113acres
Perimeter: 2.7km (01.7miles)
Distance from Hindmarsh Island: 97m (318feet)
Goose Island (35°30'3.98"S 138°56'9.47"E) is a small private island 420m (1,380feet) off the north western area of the island. It has a population of 2, and very close to the coastline of Clayton Bay. Right next to Goose Island is Goat Island, which are 240 240m (790feet) apart. Goose island has sparse vegetation.
Area: 71acres
Perimeter: 2.5km (01.6miles)
Distance from Hindmarsh Island: 413m (1,355feet)
Goat Island (35°30'17.14"S 138°56'35.78"E) is a small private island 340m (1,120feet) off the north eastern area of the island. Goat island has a population of 1, making it the smallest island by population. Goat island has more vegetation on it than Goose Island, because the ground is damper.
Area: 100acres
Perimeter: 3.3km (02.1miles)
Distance from Hindmarsh Island: 296m (971feet)
Limestone Island/Goose Island (35°29'30.29"S 138°49'56.99"E) is a small island, which is located in the Game Reserve. It is located 970m (3,180feet) off the northern coast line of the island. It has a population of 0, and it was named Limestone Island because there is limestone rock formations on the island. The island is rarely set foot on by humans, and it has been known to flood in the middle of winter, making the island fully submerged in water. Limestone Island can be viewed very easily from Goolwa north because it is only 700m (2,300feet) away.
Area: 37acres
Perimeter: 1755m (5,758feet)
Distance from Hindmarsh Island: 961m (3,153feet)
Akin to Adelaide, Hindmarsh Island experiences a typical Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers, and mild cool winters.
Hindmarsh Island Caravan Park (35°30'13.17"S 138°48'53.30"E) is a caravan park located on the northern side of Hindmarsh Island on natural land. The land consists of camping grounds, forests and grasslands. It was developed in the late 1970s and opened in the early 1980s.
Area: 22.2acres
Perimeter: 1.29 km
Hindmarsh Island Monument (35°30'38.59"S 138°49'45.71"E) is a monument statue dedicated to Sturt and Barker on the island, it was erected in 1930.
Height: 3.4m (11.2feet)
The Hindmarsh Island Airstrip (35°30'19.92"S 138°51'2.48"E) was developed in the 2008, for emergency aircraft landings like the Flying Doctor Service and the Private Cessnas, the runway is hardened dirt.
Length: 500m (1,600feet)
Width: 12m (39feet)
The Hindmarsh Island Lookout (35°30'32.04"S 138°47'33.07"E) was developed in the late 1990s for a viewing point to Goolwa for the Public. It has also been used as a downhill track for mountain bike users. It was built on a hill, 10m (30feet) above sea level.
Area: 1.9acres
Perimeter: 430m (1,410feet)
Lonely Island (35°30'58.98"S 138°51'49.13"E) is the only island (Lonely Island) within an island (Hindmarsh Island) within an island (Australia) in the southern hemisphere. It is located the centre of a dried up salt lake, that does become full of water in winter.
Area: 11.21acres
Perimeter: 265m (869feet)
Hindmarsh Island Weather Receiver (35°31'10.20"S 138°49'4.17"E) is a weather receiver located adjacent to the Hindmarsh Island Marina. It provides the Bureau of Meteorology with Hindmarsh Islands weather. Surrounded by a steel fence, it is out of bounds to the general public. The weather receiver was built in 2006.
Height: 7m (23feet)
Hindmarsh Island River Murray Mouth Lookout (35°32'58.23"S 138°52'58.03"E) is a lookout on the south-west area of the Island. An observation of the Murray Mouth; where the river meets the ocean.
Area: 181m2
Perimeter: 58m (190feet)
Lake Cloud (35°31'12.51"S 138°56'11.54"E) is the largest salt lake on the island. It is located on the eastern part of the Island.
Area: 19acres
Length: 410m (1,350feet)
Lowest Point: -2m (-07feet) (below sea level)
Narnu Farm (35°30'18.17"S 138°49'50.40"E) is a family friendly holiday destination & tourist attraction located on Hindmarsh Island, the farm full of animals & an accommodation experience.
Karinga Park Homestead (35°30'14.40"S 138°49'10.56"E) is a homestead, that offers accommodation and a getaway experience. It covers 20acres of land, and which a majority of that space is a part of Alberto Forest.
The Telstra Telephone Tower (35°30'32.10"S,138°49'0.57"E) is an active Telstra Telephone Signal Tower that gives phone Telstra coverage for the population on Hindmarsh Island. The telephone tower is located in Alberto Forest, it increases on the hill towards the centre; this hill is the tallest point on Hindmarsh Island, which is why the Telephone Tower was built there.
Constructed: 2006
Height: 42m (138feet)
ASL: 65m (213feet)
Company: Telstra
Site Type: 3G 850
Hertz: 850Mhz
Hindmarsh Island Mangroves (35°32'9.81"S 138°53'17.17"E) is Hindmarsh Island's only Mangrove, it is located at southern part of the island, approximately 1.2 km north of the Mundoo Channel. It has an area of 7.5 Hectares and has a perimeter of 943 m.
Captain Sturt Parade Boat Ramp: 35°30'6.76"S 138°48'50.37"E
Valmai Tce Boat Ramp: 35°30'9.15"S 138°49'53.25"E
Randell Road Boat Ramp: 35°30'16.58"S 138°47'19.59"E
Monument Road Boat Ramp: 35°30'7.19"S 138°49'45.20"E
Marina Boat Ramp: 35°30'48.79"S 138°48'4.40"E
Sugars Ave Boat Ramp: 35°32'52.94"S 138°52'36.63"E
Mundoo Channel Drive Boat Ramp: 35°32'33.09"S 138°52'54.11"E
Clayton Regulator (35°29'58.47"S 138°55'18.90"E) was a temporary sand water prevention barrage, that was constructed in 2008 during the drought to prevent water flowing out of the Murray River. It was de-constructed in late 2010.
Hindmarsh Island Cemetery (35°30'35.40"S 138°51'39.31"E) is an old cemetery located in the centre of the Island, off Randell Road. The surveyor, on the 8 February 1861, fenced off 1 acre of land, expecting it to contain 630 graves. Today the cemetery is a popular attraction, some of the birth dates ranging from the late 1700s to the mid-1900s.
Ukrainian Youth Association Camp Ground (35°30'37.65"S 138°49'26.74"E) is a campground that is located on Randell Road. The camp site was purchased in the early 1970s and today is used by many other organizations.[7] There is an erected cross and monument at the entrance gate. On the grounds are several buildings with kitchen and meeting facilities.
The forests located on the island covers up to 11%. Forests are spread out over different parts of the Island. On the west side of the Island there is a West Forest (Alberto Forest) and on the east side of the Island there East Forest (Selberto Forest). The forests that are present on the Island were originally planted after 1949, and are not present on the Ariel map available on Alexandrina Council website which was taken in 1949.
Alberto Forest (35°30'28.32"S, 138°48'59.26"E) is located on the west side of the Island, the northern part of Alberto Forest is the Hindmarsh Island Caravan Park (-35.503767"S, 138.814702"E). Also next to the Caravan Park is Karinga Park Homestead (35°30'14.35"S, 138°49'10.57"E) which also is a part of Alberto Forest. Other parts of the Alberto Forest collide with peoples properties. Same parts of the forest are used for timber and some of it is private land. The Alberto consists of Aleppo pines, they range from 15- tall. Its main purpose was to prevent erosion of the sand dune areas.
Perimeter: 6.89km (04.28miles)
Area: 1.48km2
Selberto Forest (35°30'28.00"S, 138°54'28.43"E) is located on the east side of the island, the Forest mainly collides with residents properties. The trees in Selberto Forest consist of Aleppo pines (Pinus halepensis). The Selberto Forest trees range from 15-tall.
Perimeter: 10.1km (06.3miles)
Area: 5.2km2
A wide range of biodiversity inhabits Hindmarsh Island, below is a list of animals that live on Hindmarsh Island.
This marsupial is mainly found in the forest and open grassland areas of Hindmarsh Island. These creatures are very sensitive to sound, and usually avoid humans.
These skinks feed on a wide variety of insects, land snails, flowers, fruits and berries. The lizards often hide below the pine needles in the forest or between rocks.
This species is widespread across much of Island. However it is very common along the coastline and in the forest. They often seek shade as much as they can. They are sometimes found as individual birds, but they are most often reported as a group.
The red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) is a black snake with a distinctive red belly. It widely distributed on the Island. Its venom is capable of causing significant pain and numbness. The snake is hibernating in winter and is found in the forest and grasslands only in summer.
The Barn owl (Tyto alba) is an owl that is only found around the coastline of Australia. It makes a distinctive sound, when it is positioned in a high tree mostly during the night. The forests on Hindmarsh Island are a popular place for the owls to live.
A large flock of over 50 geese resides on the island for much of the year. The Cape Barren Goose is classified as endangered.
The little penguin (Eudyptula minor) is the smallest species of penguin. The penguins used to be found along the south coast of the Island, until the 1970s when people where inhabiting the island, the penguins struggled for survival and eventually became extinct in the late 1970s.
Hindmarsh Island either contains or is within the boundaries of the following areas designated for protection and similar purposes.The Lawari Conservation Park which is located on land at the eastern end of the island overlooking the Goolwa Channel to the south and the Mundoo Channel to the east, was proclaimed on 21 March 2017.[8] [9] The Ramsar site known as the Coorong and Lakes Alexandrina and Albert Wetland includes the full extent of the island and its adjoining waters.[9]