Hinglish Explained

Hinglish is the macaronic hybrid use of English and the Hindustani language.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Its name is a portmanteau of the words Hindi and English.[6] In the context of spoken language, it involves code-switching or translanguaging between these languages whereby they are freely interchanged within a sentence or between sentences.[7]

In the context of written language, Hinglish colloquially refers to Romanized Hindi — Hindustani written in English alphabet (that is, using Roman script instead of the traditional Devanagari or Nastaliq), often also mixed with English words or phrases.[8]

The word Hinglish was first recorded in 1967.[9] Other colloquial portmanteau words for Hindustani-influenced English include: Hindish (recorded from 1972), Hindlish (1985), Henglish (1993) and Hinlish (2013).[9]

While the term Hinglish is based on the prefix of Hindi, it does not refer exclusively to Modern Standard Hindi, but is used in the Indian subcontinent with other Indo-Aryan languages as well, and also by "British South Asian families to enliven standard English".[10] When HindiUrdu is viewed as a single spoken language called Hindustani, the portmanteaus Hinglish and Urdish mean the same code-mixed tongue, though the latter term is used in India and Pakistan to precisely refer to a mixture of English with the Urdu sociolect.[11]

History and evolution

Hindustani has an approximately ten-century history. In this period, it has accommodated several linguistic influences. Contact with Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali, Apabhraṃśa, Persian, Arabic and Turkic languages has led to historical 'mixes' or fusions, e.g., Hindustani, Rekhta. Linguistic fusions were celebrated by Bhakti poets, in approximately the 15th-17th centuries as 'khichdi boli' – or amalgamated speech.

At the turn of the 18th century, with the rising dominion of the East India Company, also called 'Company Raj' (literally, 'Company Rule'), the languages of India were brought into contact with the foreign element of English. In colonized India, English became a symbol of authority and a powerful hegemonic tool to propagate British culture, including Christianity.[12] The political ascendancy of the British extended into social and professional roles; this meant that the legal proceedings, as well as the studies in medicine and science, were conducted in English.

This led to an interest in the promotion of English into the society of Indian natives. Educated Indians, or 'brown sahibs', wished to participate in academia and pursue professional careers. Raja Rammohan Roy, a social and education reformer, advocated that English be taught to Indians by certain British gentlemen for the benefit and instruction of the native Indians.[13] Charles Grant, the president of the East India Company's board of control, championed the cause of English education as a 'cure for darkness' where 'darkness' was 'Hindoo ignorance'. The Charter Act was passed in 1813. This legalized missionary work by the Company, including the introduction of English education.[14] By the beginning of the twentieth century, English had become the unifying language in the Indian struggle for independence against the British.

Meanwhile, English was on its way to becoming the first global lingua franca. By the end of the twentieth century, it had special status in seventy countries, including India.[15] Worldwide, English began to represent modernization and internationalization, with more and more jobs requiring basic fluency in it.[16] In India especially, the language came to acquire a social prestige, 'a class apart of education', which prompted native Indian or South Asian speakers to turn bilingual, speaking their mother tongue at home or in a local context, but English in academic or work environments.[17]

In the late 19th century, Bharatendu Harishchandra, often considered the father of modern Hindi, wrote poems in Hinglish, combining languages and scripts.[18]

The contact of 'South Asian' languages, which is a category that refers inclusively to Hindi and Indian languages, with English, led to the emergence of the linguistic phenomenon now known as Hinglish. Many common Indic words such as 'pyjamas', 'karma', 'guru' and 'yoga' were incorporated into English usage, and vice versa ('road', 'sweater', and 'plate'). This is in parallel with several other similar hybrids around the world, like Spanglish (Spanish + English) and Taglish (Tagalog + English). A fair share of the words borrowed into English from Indian languages were themselves borrowed from Persian or Arabic. An example of this is the widely used English word 'pyjamas' which originates from Persian paejamah, literally "leg clothing," from pae "leg" (from PIE root *ped- "foot") + jamah "clothing, garment."[19] In recent years, due to an increase in literacy and connectivity, the interchange of languages has reached new heights, especially due to increasing online immersion. English is the most widely used language on the internet, and this is a further impetus to the use of Hinglish online by native Hindi speakers, especially among the youth. Google's Gboard mobile keyboard app gives an option of Hinglish as a typing language where one can type a Hindi sentence in the Roman script and suggestions will be Hindi words but in the Roman script. In 2021, Google rolled out support for Romanized Hindi on its search engine and on the Google Pay app. Phrases such as "Naya Payment" for "New Payment" and "Transaction History Dekhein" for "See Transaction History" are used.[20] [21] [22]

While Hinglish has arisen from the presence of English in India, it is not merely Hindi and English spoken side by side, but a language type in itself, like all linguistic fusions.[23] Aside from the borrowing of vocabulary, there is the phenomenon of switching between languages, called code-switching and code-mixing, direct translations, adapting certain words, and infusing the flavours of each language into each other.[24]

The Indian English variety, or simply Hinglish, is the Indian adaption of English in a very endocentric manner, which is why it is popular among the youth. Like other dynamic language mixes, Hinglish is now thought to 'have a life of its own'.[25]

Hinglish used to be limited to informal contexts and ads, but it is now also used in university classrooms.[26] [27]

Computational analysis

With its widespread use in social media such as blogs, Facebook and Twitter, the analysis of Hinglish using computers has become important in a number of natural language processing applications like machine translation (MT) and speech-to-speech translation.[28] [29]

Users

See also: Hindustani orthography. Hinglish is more commonly heard in urban and semi-urban centers of northern India.[30] It is also spoken to some extent as an easier-to-learn variant of Hindi by South Indians and members of the South Asian diaspora who are more comfortable with English.[31] [32] [33] Research into the linguistic dynamics of India shows that while the use of English is on the rise, there are more people fluent in Hinglish than in pure English.[34] David Crystal, a British linguist at the University of Wales, projected in 2004 that at about 350 million, the world's Hinglish speakers may soon outnumber native English speakers.[1]

In India, Romanised Hindi is the dominant form of expression online. In an analysis of YouTube comments, Palakodety et al., identified that 52% of comments were in Romanised Hindi, 46% in English, and 1% in Devanagari Hindi. Romanised Hindi is also used by some newspapers such as The Times of India.[35] [36] The first novel written in this format, All We Need Is Love, was published in 2015.[37] Romanised Hindi has been supported by advertisers in part because it allows a message to be conveyed in a neutral script to both Hindi and Urdu speakers.[38] Other reasons for adoption of Romanised Hindi are the prevalence of Roman-script digital keyboards and corresponding lack of Indic-script keyboards in most mobile phones.[39]

Hinglish has become increasingly accepted at the governmental level in India as an alternative to Sanskritised Hindi; in 2011, the Home Ministry gave permission to officials to use English words in their Hindi notes, so long as they are written in Devanagari script.[40] [41] [42]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: 2004-11-23 . A Hindi-English jumble, spoken by 350 million . Christian Science Monitor . Scott. Baldauf. 2022-09-24 . 0882-7729.
  2. Web site: Hindi, Hinglish: Head to Head . 2023-10-29 . read.dukeupress.edu.
  3. Salwathura, A. N. "Evolutionary development of ‘hinglish’language within the indian sub-continent." International Journal of Research-GRANTHAALAYAH. Vol. 8. No. 11. Granthaalayah Publications and Printers, 2020. 41-48.
  4. Vanita . Ruth . 2009-04-01 . Eloquent Parrots; Mixed Language and the Examples of Hinglish and Rekhti . International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter . 50 . 16–17.
  5. Singh . Rajendra . 1985-01-01 . Modern Hindustani and Formal and Social Aspects of Language Contact . ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics . en . 70 . 1 . 33–60 . 10.1075/itl.70.02sin . 0019-0829.
  6. Web site: Daniyal . Shoaib . The rise of Hinglish: How the media created a new lingua franca for India's elites . 2022-09-24 . Scroll.in . en-US.
  7. News: 2006-11-08 . It's Hinglish, innit? . en-GB . Sean. Coughlan. 2022-09-24. BBC News Magazine.
  8. Web site: Mandi Hinglish is taking place in Hindi and English. 26 January 2021.
  9. Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 25.
  10. News: Hinglish is the new NRI and global language . The Times of India . 2 February 2015 . 29 July 2015.
  11. Book: Coleman . Julie . Global English Slang: Methodologies and Perspectives . 10 January 2014 . Routledge . 978-1-317-93476-9 . 130 . en . Within India, however, other regional forms exist, all denoting a mixing of English with indigenous languages. Bonglish (derived from the slang term Bong 'a Bengali') or Benglish refers to 'a mixture of Bengali and English', Gunglish or Gujlish 'Gujarati + English', Kanglish 'Kannada + English', Manglish 'Malayalam + English', Marlish 'Marathi + English', Tamlish or Tanglish 'Tamil + English' and Urdish 'Urdu + English'. These terms are found in texts on regional variations of Indian English, usually in complaint-tradition discussions of failing standards of language purity..
  12. Book: Mukherjee, Alok . 18 October 2009 . This Gift of English . Orient Blackswan Pvt. Ltd. . 175 . 978-8125036012.
  13. Book: The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-native Englishes. . The University of Illinois Press . 7 . Braj Kachru. 9780252061721 . 1986 .
  14. Book: Mukherjee, Alok . 18 October 2009 . This Gift of English . Orient Blackswan Pvt. Ltd. . 114–116 . 978-8125036012.
  15. Book: Crystal, David . 1 March 1997 . English as a Global Language . Cambridge University Press . 1–2.
  16. Web site: Power . Carla . Carla Power . 3 March 2005 . Not the Queen's English . Newsweek .
  17. Book: The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-native Englishes. . The University of Illinois Press . 1. Braj Kachru. 9780252061721 . 1986 .
  18. Web site: Gupta . Prachi . What today's Hindi supremacists could learn from a 'Hinglish' poem by 'the father of modern Hindi' . 2022-09-25 . Scroll.in . en-US.
  19. Web site: pajamas Etymology, origin and meaning of pajamas by etymonline . 2023-01-19 . www.etymonline.com . en.
  20. Web site: 2022-06-04 . Google Pay Hinglish? Yes, it exists! Here's how to enable it on iPhones and Android devices . 2022-08-23 . HT Tech . en.
  21. Web site: November 19, 2021 . Google users will soon be able to interact in Hinglish . 2022-09-24 . The Times of India . en.
  22. Web site: 2021-11-18 . Google for India 2021: Stepping up product focus to drive digital inclusion in India . 2022-09-24 . Google . en-in.
  23. Bhatia . Tej K. . March 1987 . English in advertising: multiple mixing and media . World Englishes . en . 6 . 1 . 33–48 . 10.1111/j.1467-971X.1987.tb00175.x . 0883-2919.
  24. Sailaja . P. . 2011-10-01 . Hinglish: code-switching in Indian English . ELT Journal . en . 65 . 4 . 473–480 . 10.1093/elt/ccr047 . 0951-0893.
  25. Book: Agnihotri, Ramakant . 18 October 2009 . Indian English . Palgrave Macmillan . 212 . 9780230220393.
  26. Web site: B. K. . Mishra . December 22, 2014 . 'Hinglish' rules the university classrooms . 2022-09-24 . The Times of India . en.
  27. Web site: Ashutosh . Shukla . 31 May 2018 . Has Hinglish arrived? MP allows it in exams . 2022-09-24 . The Times of India . en.
  28. Das . Amitava . Gambäck . Björn . 2015 . Code-Mixing in Social Media Text: The Last Language Identification Frontier? . 41-64 . 1965-0906.
  29. Bali . Kalika . Sharma . Jatin . Choudhury . Monojit . Vyas . Yogarshi . October 2014 . "I am borrowing ya mixing ?" An Analysis of English-Hindi Code Mixing in Facebook . Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching . Doha, Qatar . Association for Computational Linguistics . 116–126 . 10.3115/v1/W14-3914. 15066638 . free .
  30. Thakur . Saroj. Dutta . Kamlesh. Thakur. Aushima . 2007. Hinglish: Code switching, code mixing and indigenization in multilingual environment . Lingua et Linguistica. 1 . 2. 112–6 . Journal of Language and Linguistics. Graeme . Davis. Karl . Bernhardt. 978-1-84799-129-4.
  31. News: Shanker . Sadhna . Meanwhile: A mix of Hindi, English and 350 million speakers . .
  32. Book: Kothari, Rita . Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish . Snell . Rupert . 2011 . Penguin Books India . 978-0-14-341639-5 . en.
  33. Web site: Ganesan Ram . Sharmila . 7 May 2017 . Hinglish gets the most laughs, say Mumbai's standup comics . 2022-09-24 . . en.
  34. News: The rise and rise of Hinglish. The Conversation. 11 February 2016. Vineeta Chand.
  35. MHAISKAR . RAHUL . Romanagari an Alternative for Modern Media Writings . 2015 . Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute . 75 . 195–202 . 26264736 . 0045-9801.
  36. Web site: 2014-12-05 . Hindi-shindi: Humari national bhasha ko promote karne ki koi need nahi hai . 2022-09-24 . Times of India Blog . hi.
  37. Web site: Shivalika . Bhateja. Tricity gives birth to first novel in Hinglish . 2022-09-24 . The Times of India . en.
  38. Lunn, David J. Looking for common ground: aspects of cultural production in Hindi/Urdu, 1900-1947. Diss. SOAS, University of London, 2012.
  39. Web site: Pillalamarri . Akhilesh . The Story of India’s Many Scripts . 2023-11-14 . thediplomat.com . en-US.
  40. News: 2011-10-14 . Hinglish is official . The Times of India . 2023-11-14 . 0971-8257.
  41. Web site: Narayanaswami . Plain Speaking V. R. . 2011-10-25 . Hinglish gains respectability . 2023-11-14 . mint . en.
  42. Web site: 2011-12-05 . Government will now prefer 'hinglish' words over Hindi translation-India News. 2023-11-14 . Firstpost . en.