Himmelpforten Convent Explained

Himmelpforten Convent
Native Name:Kloster Himmelpforten
Native Name Lang:de
Other Names:

Order:Cistercian[1]
Lutheran Damsels' Convent
Established:before 1255
Disestablished:1630, and again
1647
Reestablished:1634
Dedication:Gate of Heaven
Diocese:Archdiocese of Bremen
Churches:Abbey,, and
Functional Status:defunct
Groundbreaking:1300
Completed Date:1330
Location:Himmelpforten
Map Type:Germany Lower Saxony
Remains:northern wall of the present Lutheran church

Himmelpforten Convent (Low Saxon: Klooster Hemelpoorten, German: link=no|Kloster Himmelpforten; Latin: Conventus Porta Coeli) was founded as a monastery of nuns following the Cistercian Rule during the 13th century in Himmelpforten, in today's Lower Saxony, Germany. During the 16th century, it was converted into use as a Lutheran Damsels' Convent. The Himmelpforten Convent was founded before 1255 and finally dissolved in 1647.[2] The convent complex was built between 1300 and 1330. After 1645 the buildings, including the abbey, increasingly decayed, until they were little by little demolished. The dilapidated abbey was demolished in 1737 and replaced by today's St. Mary's Church which partially covers the foundations of the former abbey.

History

The convent was founded in the mid-13th century on Westerberg hill in, a location later indicated by St. Andrew's Chapel.[3] As the Cistercian Order had restricted the incorporation of the growing number of women's monastic communities who followed the Cistercian Rule, and since no existing deed neither records the incorporation of the Himmelpforten Convent, nor the appointment of a Father Abbot, as usual for an affiliated community of women, Porta Coeli most likely never officially joined that Order.[4]

In 1244 and 1245 the Cistercian general chapter had determined that a monastery of nuns could be incorporated into the Cistercian Order only if the competent bishop and the competent cathedral chapter exempted the community's temporalities and spiritualities from their control.[5] However, such a wide-ranging exemption from their sovereignty is exactly what Bremen Cathedral chapter and the prince-archbishop did not want, as is described below.

The convent's main benefactor, the Brobergen family (also spelt Broc(k)bergen, extinct in 1745[6]) intended to make it their proprietary monastery.[7] The, holding allodial estates, tried to establish the nunnery as their power base out of the immediate prince-archiepiscopal reach,[8] [9] an idea also pursued by the Brobergens' kinsman,[10] but failed.[11] [12]

In their aim to establish unrivalled territorial control, the Bremen Cathedral Chapter, led by its then Provost Gerard of Lippe,[13] besides fulfilling religious tasks of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bremen also wielding the secular rule in the much smaller Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, together with the prince-archbishop of Bremen, then Gerard's sick granduncle, since 1251 represented by Coadjutor, Prince-Bishop of Paderborn, being Gerard's uncle and Gebhard's nephew, managed to integrate the Porta Coeli convent and its holdings as a temporality within the prince-archiepiscopal sovereign territory.[8] [9]

With establishing Porta Coeli as a prince-archiepiscopal outpost to observe and surveil the peasants' ambitions Gerard and Simon of Lippe pursued Prince-Archbishop Gebhard's long-term project of enforcing the reign over the free peasants,[11] e.g. manifesting in Gebhard's earlier subjection of the Stedingers. The integration of Himmelpforten Convent into the prince-archiepiscopal temporalities was fixed in a deed, issued in 1255, on the occasion of moving the convent to then Eylsede/ Eulsete village (literally: Eylo's/Eilhard's seat), later adopting the Low Saxon translation tor Hemmelporten or to der Himilporten of the convent's Latin name Porta Coeli (Gate of Heaven;[14] modern standard German: Himmelpforten).[15]

Eylsede was most likely chosen because its location adjacent to the Osten jurisdiction (Gericht Osten; in the Oste Marshes) and to Kehdingen,[16] [17] both forming corporate bodies of free peasants upholding a certain inner autonomy, claiming and at times gaining seat and franchise at the diets of the estates of the prince-archbishopric (Stiftsstände) and therefore suspected by the chapter and the prince-archbishop to rival their reign.[8]

The deed of 1 May 1255, empowering the convent's Provost Albertus to steward its possessions and waiving the prince-archiepiscopal overlordship,[11] explicitly mentions the donation of Großenwörden village by Frederick of Haseldorf, later canon at the Hamburg subchapter, who in 1250 on the occasion of joining clergy bestowed part of the allodial holdings of his family (extinct in the 1280s) in the Lamstedt Geest and the Oste Marshes on the nunnery.[11] [18] He also donated to other monasteries (in Stade, in Zeven, in Harsefeld), but preferred Porta Coeli.[10] The capitular deed also declared that the convent held all its possessions, donated by whom so ever, only by the virtue of the Bremen cathedral chapter, thus denying any exemption from territorial prince-archiepiscopal sovereignty.[18]

In his will, Frederick of Haseldorf, meanwhile Prince-Bishop of Dorpat, bequeathed his personal belongings to Porta Coeli Convent, however Vitslav II, Prince of Rügen, captured and withheld the bequest, so that in 1291 the abbess of Porta Coeli waived its claim, likely in return for some form of compensation.[19] The deed of waiver of 17 March 1291 shows the oldest preserved version of the nunnery's seal,[19] since 1955 officially used by the Himmelpforten municipality.[20]

Besides the Brobergens and Haseldorfs further noble families from the Elbe–Weser triangle (Bremian ministerialis such as the) bestowed land and dues on the convent.[11] The Cistercian nuns elected a male provost as their legal warden[21] as well as their representative at the diets of the prince-archbishopric.[22] The provost and the convent's prioress stewarded its possessions together.[23] Until the secularisation Porta Coeli's provosts were usually simultaneously capitular canons residing in Bremen city. This was because any candidate for provostship had to be confirmed in advance by the Bremen Cathedral Chapter.[23]

The provost also wielded the summary jurisdiction in Porta Coeli's temporal judicature precinct.[23] Furthermore the provost held the ius collationis[24] in the Hechthausen parish.[25] Besides the provost there was also a (ad)vocate (German: link=no|Vogt), exerting military protection,[26] managing the Vorwerke, and exercising police function in the convent's jurisdictions.[27] Each nun, and later each conventual, had a home of her own, with her personal maid.[27] All feudal estates (Meierhöfe) in Eulsete (Himmelpforten) were let out on socage (Meierverhältnis) to farmers, and each comprised less land than a family needed for self-sustenance, so that the farmers, men and women alike, depended on work for the convent as farmhands and maids.[28] The convent ran a village school, usually staffed with an educated schoolmaster, and therefore known for its higher standard than ordinary village schools.[29]

In ecclesiastical respect Porta Coeli formed part of the archdeaconry connected in personal union with the Bremen cathedral provost, presiding over the cathedral chapter.[3] His archdeaconry comprised Kehdingen, Vieland[30] and the then vast Oldendorf parish.[3] Before the establishment of Porta Coeli's abbey, which simultaneously served as the local parish church too, Eulsete had formed part of the .[31] Thus the new Himmelpforten parish with the affiliate parishes of Großenwörden and formed part of the cathedral provost's archdeaconry too.

After having become Regent of Hadeln Magnus, the heir apparent of Saxe-Lauenburg, on 24 November 1498 allied with his father John V and Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg in order to conquer the Land of Wursten,[32] an autonomous peasants' corporation under the loose Bremian prince-archiepiscopal overlordship. For the threat of Wursten Bremen's Prince-Archbishop Johann Rode was prepared, since already on 16 November he and Hamburg's three burgomasters (upcoming, presiding, and outgoing), Johannes Huge, Hermen Langenbeck and Henning Buring had concluded a defensive alliance.[32]

Rode appealed at the burghers of Bremen, Hamburg and Stade, which considered the areas downstream the rivers Elbe and Weser their own front yard existential for their free maritime trade connections, so the three Hanseatic cities supported Rode, who further won the Ditmarsians, free peasants under Bremen's loose overlordship.[33] On 1 May 1499 Rode, the Land of Wursten, Hamburg and Bremen concluded a defensive alliance in favour of Wursten in case of another invasion by John XIV of Oldenburg, who had conquered westerly neighbouring Butjadingen in April with the help of the Great or Black Guard of ruthless and violent Dutch and East Frisian mercenaries.[32]

Wursten was thus threatened by Oldenburg from the west and by Magnus from the east. In order to avoid war on two fronts Rode tried to ease the relation with Magnus, but in vain.[32] On 1 August Rode, Bremen's cathedral chapter, more prelates from the prince-archbishopric, as well as the cities of Bremen, Buxtehude, Hamburg, and Stade stipulated to supply 1,300 warriors and equipment to defend Wursten and / or invade Hadeln.[32] Finally on 9 September 1499 Rode waged feud against John V and Magnus. The allied forces easily conquered the Land of Hadeln, defeating Magnus and even drove him out of Hadeln.[34] [35]

By 20 November 1499 Magnus hired the Great or Black Guard, prior operating in Oldenburg, for his purposes.[36] [34] They invaded the prince-archbishopric through the neighbouring Prince-Bishopric of Verden.[37] [38] The Guard southerly by-passed the fortified Buxtehude and Stade, leaving behind a wake of devastation on the countryside and in the monasteries (Neukloster, both localities of today's Buxtehude).[39] Still in 1499 the Guard also looted Porta Coeli, which, however, could ransom itself from being set on fire,[40] before in mid-January 1500 King John of Denmark finally hired the Guard and guaranteed for its safe conduct to his Holstein.[41]

Under the squandering reign of Prince-Archbishop the indebted ruler in 1541 ceded his revenues from Porta Coeli to his Chancery Secretary Steffen vom Stein for three years in lieu of a repayment.[42] Christopher's financially burdensome prodigal lifestyle fostered the spreading of the Reformation in the prince-archbishopric. The conversion of the nuns followed the adoption of Lutheranism among the noble families from whom they originated.[43]

The convent's aim was to care for noble women,[4] [44] which was to be maintained and thus it became a Lutheran Damsels' Convent.[45] "The ancestors primarily dedicated, founded and endowed noble … monasteries with estates so that their descendants … who had no desire or were uncomfortable to get married, could be admitted to them and sustained in them."[46] As far as known today, there were no commoners accepted among the nuns and later Lutheran conventuals.[45] The nuns and conventuals originated - amongst others - from the families Brobergen, von der Brock, von Campe, von der Decken, Drew(e)s,, von Hadeln, Haken,, von Issendorff,, von der Lieth, Marschalck,, von Reimershausen,,, and von Weyhe.[47] [48]

By 1550/1555 the convent's provost, wielding the ius nominandi[49] in Großenwörden, Hechthausen and in Horst upon Oste[7] [50] nominated the first Lutheran preacher for St. Peter's Church in Horst,[7] whom then the competent archdeacon, in personal union the cathedral provost of the Bremen chapter, invested[51] according to his ius investiendi.[52] This is taken as evidence that by then the Reformation of the conventuals must have been completed.[7] In 1556 the provost also nominated the first Lutheran preacher for the abbey of Porta Coeli, who was also invested.[7] [53] In 1581 a fire destroyed farms and convent buildings in Himmelpforten.[54]

In the Thirty Years' War after the Battle of Lutter on 17/27 August 1626O.S./N.S. the Catholic Leaguist forces invaded the Bremian prince-archbishopric, capturing one fortified city after the other.[55] After the surrender of Stade on 27 April/7 May 1628O.S./N.S. the Leaguists occupied all the state, including Himmelpforten.[55] Between 1628 and 1629 most Protestant preachers fled the area.[55] In September 1629 the Imperial Commission of Restitution ordered Himmelpforten Convent to hand in a complete register of all its possessions and revenues.[55] Prioress Gerdruth von Campe informed Provost Franz Marschalck, then residing in safe Bremen out of reach for the Leaguist occupants and the Restitution Commission, who on 8/18 October 1629O.S./N.S. personally delivered the demanded information to the Commission then residing in Verden upon Aller.[55]

On 19/29 NovemberO.S./N.S. the Commission's subdelegates, Jacob Brummer and Wilhelm Schröder, arrived at Himmelpforten Convent in order to sight the situation there.[55] Much of the chattels had been plundered by the Leaguists since their invasion.[55] The livestock then counted four horses, two cows and one calf, 15 fattening pigs, 25 breeding pigs, five piglets and uncounted geese, ducks and chickens.[56]

The subdelegates found the abbey church untouched with all its furnishings, such as altars, religious paintings, pews, paraments, chasubles and other liturgical devices.[57] They ordered the prioress to deliver all liturgical devices which they appropriated in favour of the Restitution Commission and brought them to Stade.[57] The prioress made the men aware of the fact that the convent had more liturgical devices stored in a house in Stade.[58] On 22 November/ 2 December 1629O.S./N.S. all the seized liturgical devices from Himmelpforten and in Stade were handed over to the Jesuit Father Matthias Kalkhoven, and disappeared with the Jesuits in April 1632.[57] [59]

Only one chalice from 1422, preserved until today, remained with the convent.[60] On 23 November/ 3 December 1629O.S./N.S. the subdelegates returned to Himmelpforten and interrogated the conventuals as to alienations of convent possessions, but without learning anything new.[57] Then the conventuals were ordered to the abbey quire to acknowledge the seizure of the convent by the Restitution Commission.[57] They were told, that those who would convert to Catholicism until Christmas 1629, would be granted a lifelong annuity, whereas the others would lose their sustenance by Easter 1630 (i.e. 31 MarchN.S.).[57] [61]

Provost Marschalck refused to deliver the convent's archive, which Henrich Moller in Hamburg held in pledge for an earlier credit to the convent.[62] [63] What happened to the archive is unclear, the credit was obviously never repaid so the archive was never restituted.[23] Marschalck pleaded the Restitution Commission to have mercy on the conventuals who on their entry into the convent had bestowed estates or revenues on it and were without any means if expelled.[61] [62] With the prince-archbishopric plundered and suffering from occupation the conventuals could not hope to find any other refuge.[62] However, the Restitution Commission refused.[57]

On 6/16 May 1630O.S./N.S. the Restitution Commission commissioned Philipp Lütringhausen, Albert Treckel and Chamber Councillor Thomas Runge to evict the conventuals and hand over the convent to the Jesuits in Stade.[62] For 19/29 JulyO.S./N.S. these three men, accompanied by Father Kalkhoven, gathered in Drochtersen the Kehdingen farmers tithing to the convent, and declared that from then on the tithe would be collected by the Jesuits.[62] On 21/31 JulyO.S./N.S. the three men, now coming from Stade, arrived again in Himmelpforten and the day after they requested the conventuals to leave their convent since they all steadfastly held on to the Lutheran faith.[64] The men repeated that as Catholic converts the conventuals would be granted alimony.[65]

The conventuals' pleas to allow them to stay acknowledging their steady service to the benefit of the convent and in respect of their faith, did not help it.[65] On 6 August Provost Marschalck personally intervened again at the three men in favour of the conventuals, but in vain.[66] Kalkhoven offered each conventual Rixdollar (Rtlr) 75 and two barrels of rye, if they would leave.[66] The conventuals rejected any gifts.[66] The conventuals were then announced to be violently evicted by noon 28 July/7 AugustO.S./N.S..[66] With the administrator regnant, John Frederick, deposed and in exile, the conventuals and the provost were on their own and could not help it.[61] So on 27 July/ 6 August 1630O.S./N.S. the conventuals finally left.[67] [66]

Thereafter the three men formally seized the convent in favour of the new Jesuit college founded in Stade in order to Catholicise the local population.[68] Jesuit Father Kalkhoven literally appropriated the abbatial ring, the kitchen pothook, the keys of the convent, and a sod from the convent garden, representing its landed estates.[69] Kalkhoven also took possession of the Lutheran former abbey church by ceremonially posing his hands over the altar.[65] Already on 26 July/ 5 August 1630O.S./N.S. socage farmers from Himmelpforten had been gathered in order to make them render homage to their new lord, the Society of Jesus.[66] Kalkhoven then usurped the title of Provost of Himmelpforten.[59] Kalkhoven appointed Erich Raschke as administrator, later expelled by the Swedes who took Himmelpforten in early May 1632.[70]

In the second half of April 1632, after the Swedish victory in the Battle of Rain, the Imperial and Leaguist forces, altogether 23,000 men billeted in the area of Himmelpforten, Stade, Buxtehude, the Stade Geest and the Bremian Elbe Marshes,[71] left the prince-archbishopric and with them the foreign Catholic clergy.[59] Now the allied troops of Sweden, the city of Bremen and the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen under Achatius Tott captured the prince-archbishopric[71] and John Frederick resumed his office as its Administrator regnant. Highly indebted as he was after recruiting and arming his troops allied with the Swedes, he brought in a bill to confiscate all the monasteries in the prince-archbishopric.[59] [67] However, on 20 and 28 May 1633O.S. on the diet in Basdahl the estates of the prince-archbishopric rejected that, but allowed the Administrator regnant to collect the revenues of the monasteries until the Thirty Years' War would end.[59]

With John Frederick's death in 1634 the greatest antagonist to the continued existence of the convents had disappeared, since the estates supported them.[72] By then the conventuals managed to recapture the buildings,[67] however, without the previous revenues then granted to the ruler. After Provost Marschalck had died in June, on 22 November/ 2 December 1638O.S./N.S. the conventuals elected Casper Schulte their new provost.[73] In 1646 Prioress Gerdruth von Campe started recompleting the set of liturgical devices and donated a new chalice, and two years later her fellow conventual Anna Voß bestowed a new paten on the convent, both till this day owned by the Lutheran parish.[59]

Following the Treaty of Brömsebro on 13/23 August 1645O.S./N.S. Sweden seized the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, with Swedish troops anyway in the country as concluded by the war alliance between the kingdom and the prince-archbishopric.[74] On 27 October/ 9 November 1647O.S./N.S. Queen Christina of Sweden promised the convent with all its revenues to Count Gustaf Adolf Lewenhaupt/Löwenhaupt (1619–1656),[74] who on 30 July/ 9 August 1651O.S./N.S. was invested with the convent as a fief heritable in the male line (Mannlehen).[67] In 1647 there were twelve conventuals,[75] and 14 women aspirants held abeyances to a sustenance in the convent.[76]

By the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 the prince-archiepiscopal elective monarchy was secularised as the heritable Duchy of Bremen, which was jointly ruled with the new Principality of Verden, as Bremen-Verden, since both imperial fiefs were bestowed on the Swedish crown.[71] By the 1650s the previous religious bodies, such as the Lutheran cathedral chapter or the archdeaconries, had been abolished, their revenues mostly confiscated, with only few of them not granted to Swedish war veterans.[74] On 2/12 September 1651O.S./N.S. the general government of Swedish Bremen-Verden appointed the first general superintendent for the new, the state church of Bremen-Verden, presiding over the consistory in Stade. The General Diocese of Bremen-Verden became a subdivision of the Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Hanover on its formation in 1864. Since 1936 its locally competent church district, the General Diocese, is succeeded by the Stade Diocese (Sprengel Stade).

Legacy

On 21/31 May 1650O.S./N.S. Lewenhaupt/Löwenhaupt's plenipotentiary Johann Friedrich [von] Arensen,[77] Privy Councillor Nicolaus von Höpken, general government of Swedish Bremen-Verden, and the conventuals concluded a settlement about the latter's future sustenance.[78] The abeyances were not acknowledged, their aspirants came away empty-handed.[78] The acknowledged conventuals would receive their annuities for all their lives (or until their marriage) and usually lived in the former convent buildings until their death (or marriage). In the fiscal year 1668/1669 still eight conventuals were alive, one married and seven still receiving their annuities.[79]

In today's Himmelpforten a number of toponyms recall the former monastery (German: link=no|Kloster), such as Klosterfeld, a former field now a scheme of detached houses built in the 1970s, the Klostergraben, a drainage trench now forming the border between Himmelpforten and Burweg, the Klostermoor, a bog on Himmelpforten's eastern border to .[80] The secondary schools in Himmelpforten (Hauptschule and Realschule), founded in 1966, and on 27 November 1975 moved to its present location, have later commonly adopted the Latin name (PCS).[81]

Amt Himmelpforten

Since the enfeoffment of Count Lewenhaupt/Löwenhaupt with the former convent this seigniorial entity with its three Vorwerke, its socage farmers and revenues from dues and fines in its jurisdictions was called the Amt Himmelpforten.[71] The last Convent Scribe Erich Everdt Gröning(k) officiated as administrator of the Amt between 1658 and 1663, in 1663 and 1666 his sons Franz and then Heinrich Gröning became Himmelpforten's first bailiffs (Amtmann/Amtleute [sg./pl.]).[82] The term convent continued to be in use, but referred more to the buildings and the pertaining glebe and socage farms than to the wider administrative subdivision, also including neighbouring villages (Breitenwisch, Großenwörden, Horst upon Oste) subject to the former convent's jurisdiction and to dues to be collected.[82]

On 11/21 February 1673O.S./N.S. Michael Grabo, Bremen-Verdian land fiscal, reported to Governor-General Henrik Horn that Bailiff Michael Riedell had removed bricks from dilapidated convent buildings, demolishing even complete structures, in order to sell them.[83] Under the Brandenburgian-Lunenburgian occupation (1675–1679) during the Bremen-Verden Campaign billeting (in Himmelpforten mostly Münster troops staying 11 weeks[84]) and requisitioning goods impoverished the area, with most revenues anyway lacking as they had been already previously deducted for Count Gustaf Mauritz Lewenhaupt/Löwenhaupt (1651–1700), the conventuals did not get their annuities and the convent buildings reached a stage of progressed dilapidation.[85] In 1676 still two conventuals lived in the convent, two lived with relatives, and all the four still claimed their annuities.[86] However, the annuities had not been paid since the start of the campaign in 1675, leaving the three conventuals still alive in 1677 without any means.[87] All the three had then left the convent after it had been plundered by soldiers in the occupying army.[88]

Also the convent house opposite the western façade of the former abbey, now serving as the bailiff's office, called the Amtshaus, was uninhabitable.[86] On 30 March 1677 the competent occupational Lunenburgian government ordered to evacuate the Amtshaus due to dilapidation.[87] The new occupational bailiff Albertus Hartmann blamed the deposed former bailiff Michael Riedell to have alienated convent possessions, when he had built for himself a new house, using also the materials of Catharina von der Kuhla's former house, which this conventual had built on her family's own expenses and had been sold for demolition to Riedell after her death.[87] Hartmann lost his position in 1680 again, when Bremen-Verden was restituted to the Swedish crown, he was succeeded by late Michael Riedell's son Samuel Friedrich Riedell.[89]

In the course of the Great Reduction of 1680 in the following year the general government of Swedish Bremen-Verden revoked the enfeoffment of seignorial Himmelpforten to the Lewenhaupt/Löwenhaupt counts, so that Gustaf Mauritz Lewenhaupt/Löwenhaupt lost the Amt Himmelpforten to the Swedish crown.[90] In 1681 two conventuals were still alive and received again their annuities.[90] In 1684 the reestablished Bremen-Verden general government ordered a greater repair of the decayed former abbey church, and also the remaining convent buildings were restored to some extent, all carried out by the socage farmers.[91] At that time the former Vorwerke were not run with the labour of the socage farmers any more, but all leased to tenants.[91]

As of 1712, under the Danish occupation in the Great Northern War, the plague reached Himmelpforten, killing 84 persons.[92] The Danes enlarged the Amt Himmelpforten by the Oldendorf jurisdiction (Börde Oldendorf).[93] In 1715 they ceded Bremen-Verden to their ally Great Britain-Hanover for Rtlr 600,000, which in 1719 again compensated Sweden with Speziestaler[94] 1,000,000 for its loss, thus gaining the Swedish consent.[92]

British-Hanoverian Bremen-Verden retained the Amt Himmelpforten, then Royal and Electoral Bailiwick of Himmelpforten (i.e. Königliches und Churfürstliches Ampt Himmelpforten[95]) as a rather administrative subdivision, but reorganised it according to the Hanoverian Bailiwick Ordinance (Amtsordnung) of 1674.[96] In the subsequent years the government of British-Hanoverian Bremen-Verden demolished and rebuilt all the remaining convent buildings, such as the church (1738), the schoolhouse, the mill, the bailiff's office and the pastorate.[92]

During the short-lived Westphalian annexation (1810) the territory of the Amt Himmelpforten formed part of the Canton of Stade and Himmelpforten,[97] established on 1 September 1810 and seated in Stade.[98] With effect of 1 January 1811 all the South Elbian German coast and its hinterland was annexed to France and the area of the Amt Himmelpforten formed the Canton de Himmelpforten in the Bouches-de-l'Elbe Department.[99] In 1813 after the French annexation the Amt Himmelpforten was restituted, and Bremen-Verden was reestablished too, however, all its grown local peculiarities in administration were levelled when this Hanoverian province became the High-Bailiwick of Stade in 1823.

The Amt, having lost its seignorial character through the abolition of feudalism in the 18th and 19th century (In the Kingdom of Hanover farmers became proprietors of the land they tilled in 1832.[100] [101]), became a mere administrative subdivision. In 1834 the Amt Stade-Agathenburg merged in the Amt Himmelpforten which by large existed in this new extension until 1885,[102] when the Prussian district organisation was also applied to the Province of Hanover. In 1852 the Amt Osten took over the municipalities of Großenwörden and with from the Amt Himmelpforten,[103] also ceding the, which in 1859 became part of the Bremervörde district, now merged in the Rotenburg District.[102] The remaining area of the former Amt Himmelpforten forms part of the District of Stade since 1885.[102] Today's Oldendorf-Himmelpforten collective municipality pretty much covers the former Amt Himmelpforten in its extent of 1712.

Convent buildings

The Cistercian convent buildings comprised the abbey, the actual convent and outbuildings, erected between 1300 and 1330.[104] There were an abbey, a priorate, a granary, a threshing barn, a cart shed, a stable, a bakehouse, a mill, nuns' homes and a janitor's house, the latter along the northern wall of the abbey.[105]

The abbey served from the beginning on also as the parish church of the Himmelpforten parish (Kirchspiel Himmelpforten).[7] By 1320 the actual abbey church was completed.[106] The abbey was a typically Cistercian plain building in early Gothic style.[104] As the church of a mendicant order the abbey had no spire but a wooden ridge turret.[104]

The abbey comprised seven bays with 21 pillars carrying the vaulted ceiling.[104] The abbey's external dimensions measured Bremian ft 141 (40.8m (133.9feet)) in length and ft 46 (13.31m (43.67feet)) in width, whereas its vault ceiling reached a height of ft 44 (12.73m (41.77feet)).[104] The polygonal apse was also vaulted.[104] The abbey was torn down in 1737, except of part of its northern wall and the northern corner of the apse, which were integrated into the new Lutheran St. Mary's Church completed in 1738.[107]

In 1728 the convent school was demolished due to dilapidation and replaced by a new school.[108] In the same year the convent building, then called the Amtshaus (bailiff's office), west of the abbey, was demolished and replaced by the new Amtshaus, completed in 1729,[83] now housing the Birkenhof home for the elderly.[105] [109]

Already in 1673 in his report Land Fiscal Grabo judged the pastorate dilapidated, its roof leaky and its posts sinking into the ground.[110] In 1706 Preacher Michael Schreiner complained to the government about the bad state of repair.[111] In 1732 the old pastorate south of the main street opposite to the abbey was torn down and replaced by a new building, itself again demolished in 1972.[112] The convent's watermill on the creek close to the main street was demolished in 1739, and a new one was built more downstream.[110] Bricks of cloister format size, stemming from the demolished convent, were found in the western façade of St. Mary's Church, the new mill and private buildings in the convent's vicinity.[105] [107]

In 1779 the janitor's house was enforced to become the local jail.[113] After the jail was relocated to Stade the chairman of the Ortsarmenkasse (local poor relief fund) lived in the janitor's house, later the court usher, before the building, then the last of the original convent, was demolished in 1877/1878.[105] [113]

Vorwerke

All farmers of Himmelpforten village were subject to serjeanty (Hofdienst, i.e. estate service) in favour of the nunnery.[18] The nunnery ran three Vorwerke, outlying agricultural farm estates employing farmhands and additionally farmers obliged to serjeanty. The Vorwerke were managed by the (ad)vocate (Vogt).[27] Thus the nunnery ran a Vorwerk on Stubbenkamp (on fields now named the Herrlichkeit, i.e. seigniority, which is a part of today's Himmelpforten), the Vorwerk at Horst and a third in Neuland upon Oste, a part of today's Engelschoff.[114]

The Vorwerk farm buildings on Stubbenkamp, a main timber-framed building measuring Bremian ft 236 (68.29m (224.05feet)) times Bremian ft 50 (14.47m (47.47feet)) and a barn measuring Bremian ft 120 (34.72m (113.91feet)) times Bremian ft 50,[27] were demolished in 1717, subsequently the site was let out on socage to a farmer.[114] At the Stubbenkamp Vorwerk and at the Diekenbrook plot there were stewponds for the fish as fasting dishes at lent.[105]

The former Vorwerk in Neuland comprised five buildings, a residential house, a bakehouse, a pigsty, a granary and a crop barn.[27] It is recalled by the field name Vorwerk in Neuland. The Vorwerk at Horst was in fact located in Breitenwisch on a plot now covered by the Jarck Farm.[27] The outlying former socage farms attached to the Vorwerk at Horst, located at bit more northwest of the Vorwerk now form the village of Horst upon Oste.

Seal

A deed of 17 March 1291 shows the oldest preserved version of the nunnery's seal,[19] the model to today's coat of arms used by the municipality of Himmelpforten. The Amt Himmelpforten, however, used an altered variant of that coat of arms showing in the arch instead of the nun the ducal Bremian Saint Peter's crosswise keys.[115]

Possessions and revenues

Porta Coeli never developed a sustainable farming of its own.[4] Its landed estates and other revenue-yielding assets did not form a closed compound but were dispersed in the central and northeastern part of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (Stade Geest and Bremian Elbe Marshes).[4] Like many other nunneries Porta Coeli lived of feudal leases, tithes and other dues, earlier often in kind, such as also socage and serjeanty.[4] Porta Coeli let out most of its farmland on socage to farmers, and ran only smaller and closer parts of all its lands through its Vorwerke using labour of farmers subject to serjeanty.[27] The Vorwerke were managed by the (ad)vocate (Vogt).[27] Besides his military task of protecting, his task was to prevent farmers from poaching, pasturing on nunnery's land, forbidden lumbering and peat-cutting and of pursuing culprits, collecting the dues and leases.[27]

For the fiscal year 1625/1626 the overall revenues of the convent amounted to Mark 3,014 Shilling 1 and Pfennig 10, its expenses were Mk 3,118:14:7.[116] For 1626/1627 the corresponding numbers were 3,498.14.7 and 3,617.11.10.[116] By the end of the 17th century the convent's revenues divided into Mk 2,671.28.4 of fix and Mk 1,854.25.3 of variable receipts.[117] The farmers in Himmelpforten were all subject to serjeanty to the convent and had to pay a lease for the land, which they tilled.[117] All of the convent's estates (Meierhöfe) leased under feudal law were heritable under the principle of ultimogeniture (Minorat).[118] Originally most dues were in kind, later they were monetised, and even partially collected by third parties such as publicans, sometimes being the collective of tax-payers themselves, such as the tithing farmers of Isensee, Twielenfleth, Uthwege,[119] Großenwörden,, Kehdingen or Altes Land,[117] who thus economised their charges.

The watermill charged the suckeners with the sixteenth part of the grist as the multure (Low Saxon: Matte) in favour of the convent.[120] The inhabitants of,, Burweg, Düdenbüttel, Hammah,, Himmelpforten, Mittelsdorf,, and were thirled to the convent's mill.[120] Only the nuns (later the conventuals), the pastor and the local officials were exempt from the multure.[120]

In 1645 the convent's annual revenues amounted to Rixdollar (Rtlr) 3,501.[74] In 1650 the convent's estates earned the second lowest revenues of all Bremian-Verdian monasteries, only Neuenwalde Convent earned even less.[121] Therefore also the convent's share in levying war taxes was rather low, it was 0.012% (or

\tfrac{72}{6000}

) of the total revenues from taxes to be levied.[122] Other charges on the convent were the triannual delivery of 15 cows to the prince-archiepiscopal residential Vörde Castle in Bremervörde.[25]

Single possessions and revenues, besides the Vorwerke mentioned above (see

  1. Vorwerke
) were the following:

Leadership

Abbesses, prioresses, provosts and (ad)vocates of the nunnery and subsequent convent:

Abbesses and prioresses

At Porta Coeli with a rather few nuns and conventuals, respectively, the term prioress prevailed over abbess for their chairwoman.

Provosts

Vögte / (ad)vocates

The (ad)vocates (German: link=no|Vogt/Vögte), exerted military protection,[26] managed the Vorwerke, and exercised police functions in the convent's jurisdictions.[27] Thus they had to prevent farmers from poaching, pasturing on nunnery's land, forbidden lumbering and peat-cutting and to pursue culprits, furthermore they collected the dues and leases.[27]

Amtleute / bailiffs

The Amt Himmelpforten was presided over by the Amtmann (pl. Amtleute; bailiff), later also granted other titles such as Drost (bailiff), Oberamtmann (superior bailiff) or Kreishauptmann (district captain). The list follows Georg von Issendorff.[142]

References

External links

Notes and References

  1. However, informally, since the Order restricted the incorporation of the growing number of women's communities following the Cistercian Rule.
  2. Peter von Kobbe, Geschichte und Landesbeschreibung der Herzogthümer Bremen und Verden: 2 vols., Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, 1824, vol. 1: p. 120. No ISBN.
  3. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 5. No ISBN.
  4. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 33. No ISBN.
  5. Gerd Ahlers, Weibliches Zisterziensertum im Mittelalter und seine Klöster in Niedersachsen, Berlin: Lukas-Verlag, 2002, (=Studien zur Geschichte, Kunst und Kultur der Zisterzienser; vol. 13), partially simultaneously Berlin, Free Univ., Diss., 1997, p. 49. .
  6. Peter von Kobbe, Geschichte und Landesbeschreibung der Herzogthümer Bremen und Verden: 2 vols., Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, 1824, vol. 1: p. 300. No ISBN.
  7. Matthias Nistal, „Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)“, in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995;), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995;), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008;), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 1–158, here p. 78. .
  8. Konrad Elmshäuser, „Die Erzbischöfe als Landesherren“, in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995;), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995;), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008;), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. II: pp. 159–194, here p. 165. .
  9. Adolf E. Hofmeister, „Adel, Bauern und Stände“, in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995;), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995;), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008;), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. II: pp. 195–240, here p. 195. .
  10. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 27. No ISBN.
  11. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 28. No ISBN.
  12. Adding up to the conflict was the fact that the Archdiocese of Bremen, upholding the claim of the merged Hamburg Archdiocese, tried to enforce its claim as metropolis over the new Baltic dioceses, whose incumbent bishops again, originating from the Bremian prince-archbishopric, strove for the erection of a Baltic metropolis, succeeding in 1253/1255 with the elevation of Riga to an archdiocese, with Dorpat as its suffragan.
  13. Being a son of Bernard III, Lord of Lippe he was promoted by his granduncle Prince-Archbishop Gebhard to be elected provost, striving to succeed him, he gained support among the enfranchised capitular canons and acted as rivalling archbishop, however, he succumbed to Count Hildebold of Wunstorf, the other rivalling archbishop, in a feud and was most likely killed in action in 1259.
  14. Cf. the Christian imagery of Mary of Nazareth as the Gate of Heaven refers to Ezekiel's "closed gate" (Ezekiel 44:2–3).
  15. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 23. No ISBN.
  16. Bernd Ulrich Hucker, „Freiheit und Herrschaft bei den Kehdingern“, in: Stader Jahrbuch, N.F. 61 (2001/2002), pp. 101–108, here pp. 104seq.
  17. Whereas Hucker points out that Porta Coeli was also to uphold the prince-archiepiscopal rule over Kehdingen, Hofmeister argues this was unlikely since at that time the impassable Kehdingen moorland (Kehdinger Moor) made Himmelpforten an unsuited place to access Kehdingen. Cf. Adolf E. Hofmeister, Besiedlung und Verfassung der Stader Elbmarschen im Mittelalter: 2 parts, Hildesheim: Lax, 1979-1981, (=Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen; vols. 12 and 14), part II: 'Die Hollerkolonisation und die Landesgemeinden Land Kehdingen und Altes Land' (1981), p. 344. .
  18. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 6. No ISBN
  19. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 8. No ISBN
  20. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 5. No ISBN.
  21. Sabine Graf, „Die vier katholischen Klöster Harsefeld, Altkloster, Neukloster und Zeven im evangelischen Erzstift Bremen“, in: Stader Jahrbuch, N.F. 91/92 (2001/2002), pp. 51–78, here p. 64.
  22. Peter von Kobbe, Geschichte und Landesbeschreibung der Herzogthümer Bremen und Verden: 2 vols., Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, 1824, vol. 1: pp. 278seq. No ISBN.
  23. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 24. No ISBN.
  24. The privilege of auditing the accounts for correctness, accurateness and their collation.
  25. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 21. No ISBN.
  26. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 25. No ISBN.
  27. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 34. No ISBN.
  28. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 42. No ISBN.
  29. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 148. No ISBN.
  30. Today the area of Vieland is mostly covered by Bremen's South borough with today's quarters of Huchting, Neustadt, Neustädter Hafen, Obervieland, Seehausen, Strom and Woltmershausen.
  31. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 22. No ISBN.
  32. Michael Schütz, „Die Konsolidierung des Erzstiftes unter Johann Rode“, in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995;), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995;), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008;), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. II: pp. 263–278, here p. 266. .
  33. Elke Freifrau von Boeselager, „Das Land Hadeln bis zum Beginn der frühen Neuzeit“, in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995;), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995;), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008;), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. II: pp. 321–388, here p. 332. .
  34. Karl Ernst Hermann Krause, „Johann III., Erzbischof von Bremen“, in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB), vol. 14, pp. 183–185, here p. 184.
  35. Heinz-Joachim Schulze, „Johann III. Rode“, in: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB), vol. 10: pp. 480–481, here p. 480.
  36. Michael Schütz, „Die Konsolidierung des Erzstiftes unter Johann Rode“, in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995;), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995;), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008;), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. II: pp. 263–278, here p. 267. .
  37. Karl Ernst Hermann Krause, „Johann III., Erzbischof von Bremen“, in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB), vol. 14, pp. 183–185, here pp. 184seq.
  38. Michael Schütz, „Die Konsolidierung des Erzstiftes unter Johann Rode“, in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995;), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995;), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008;), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. II: pp. 263–278, here pp. 267seq.
  39. Michael Schütz, „Die Konsolidierung des Erzstiftes unter Johann Rode“, in: in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995;), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995;), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008;), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. II: pp. 263–278, here p. 268. .
  40. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 23. No ISBN.
  41. Karl Ernst Hermann Krause, „Johann III., Erzbischof von Bremen“, in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB), vol. 14, pp. 183–185, here p. 185.
  42. Karl Schleif, Regierung und Verwaltung des Erzstifts Bremen, Hamburg: no publ., 1972, (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 1), p. 234, also Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 1968. No ISBN.
  43. Heinz-Joachim Schulze, „Himmelpforten“ (article), in: Germania Benedictina: 12 vols., vol. XII: 'Norddeutschland: Die Männer- und Frauenklöster der Zisterzienser in Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg' (1994), Ulrich Faust (compil.), pp. 148–167, here p. 154.
  44. Christine Kleinjung, „Nonnen und Personal, Familien und Stifter: Zisterzienserinnenkonvente und ihre soziale Umwelt“, in: Norm und Realität: Kontinuität und Wandel der Zisterzienser im Mittelalter (proceedings of the international conference «Norm und Realität. Kontinuität und Wandel der Zisterzienser im Mittelalter» held from 14 to 16 March 2007 in Mainz), Franz J. Felten and Werner Rösener (eds.), Berlin: Lit-Verlag, 2009, (=Vita regularis: Ordnungen und Deutungen religiösen Lebens im Mittelalter; vol. 42), pp. 225–263, here p. 232. .
  45. Sabine Graf, „Die vier katholischen Klöster Harsefeld, Altkloster, Neukloster und Zeven im evangelischen Erzstift Bremen“, in: Stader Jahrbuch, N.F. 91/92 (2001/2002), pp. 51–78, here p. 60.
  46. In the German original: „… Adeliche […] Clöster … [wehren] von den … Vorfahren dazu vornemblich gewidtmet, gestiftet und mit gütern dotiret […], damit ihre nach Kommen …, die zu heirathen keine Lust hatten oder dazu unbequem wehren, darinnen aufgenommen und erhalten werden könnten …“ Submission of 1650 by male relatives of Himmelpforten conventuals explaining the original purpose of the nunneries and petitioning at the general government of Swedish Bremen-Verden in favour of considering the aspirants to expectancies. Here quoted after Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 43. No ISBN.
  47. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 36. No ISBN.
  48. Especially in northwestern Germany, where about 200 to 300 different surnames of non-noble families include the word von, elsewhere usually considered a nobiliary particle, the surnames of many noble families do not include this particle. Cf. "Adelszeichen und Adel: Kennzeichnet das 'von' in jedem Fall eine Adelsfamilie?" (Nobiliary particle and nobility: Does the "von" indicate a noble family in every case?), Institut Deutsche Adelsforschung (Institute of German nobility research), retrieved on 8 January 2013.
  49. The privilege to nominate a candidate for a pastorate.
  50. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 37. No ISBN.
  51. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 20. No ISBN.
  52. The privilege to invest a priest.
  53. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 27. No ISBN.
  54. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, pp. 23seq. No ISBN.
  55. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 31. No ISBN.
  56. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 32. No ISBN.
  57. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 33. No ISBN.
  58. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 56. No ISBN.
  59. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 38. No ISBN.
  60. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 142. No ISBN.
  61. Matthias Nistal, „Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)“, in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995;), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995;), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008;), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 1–158, here p. 123. .
  62. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 34. No ISBN.
  63. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 36. No ISBN.
  64. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, pp. 34seq. No ISBN.
  65. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 35. No ISBN.
  66. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 37. No ISBN.
  67. Matthias Nistal, „Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)“, in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995;), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995;), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008;), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 1–158, here p. 79. .
  68. Matthias Nistal, „Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)“, in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995;), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995;), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008;), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 1–158, here pp. 79 and 122seq. .
  69. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, pp. 35seq. No ISBN.
  70. Matthias Nistal, „Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)“, in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995;), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995;), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008;), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 1–158, here pp. 123 and 126. .
  71. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 57. No ISBN.
  72. Matthias Nistal, „Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)“, in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995;), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995;), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008;), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 1–158, here p. 88.
  73. Karl Schleif, Regierung und Verwaltung des Erzstifts Bremen, Hamburg: no publ., 1972, (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 1), p. 196, also Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 1968. No ISBN.
  74. Beate-Christine Fiedler, „Bremen und Verden als schwedische Provinz (1633/45–1712)“, in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995;), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995;), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008;), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 173–253, here p. 189. .
  75. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 39. No ISBN.
  76. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 40. No ISBN.
  77. The Arensens were nobilitated in 1651. Cf. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 40. No ISBN.
  78. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 42. No ISBN.
  79. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 46. No ISBN.
  80. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 124. No ISBN.
  81. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 154. No ISBN.
  82. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 45. No ISBN.
  83. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 66. No ISBN
  84. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 58. No ISBN.
  85. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, pp. 48seq. No ISBN.
  86. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 48. No ISBN.
  87. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 49. No ISBN.
  88. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 50. No ISBN.
  89. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 52. No ISBN.
  90. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 53. No ISBN.
  91. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 54. No ISBN.
  92. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 56. No ISBN.
  93. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 59. No ISBN.
  94. Rixdollar of Northern German standard fineness.
  95. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 62. No ISBN.
  96. Klaus Isensee, Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 30. No ISBN.
  97. Klaus Isensee, Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 77. No ISBN.
  98. Klaus Isensee, Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 86. No ISBN.
  99. Klaus Isensee, Die Region Stade in westfälisch-französischer Zeit 1810–1813: Studien zum napoleonischen Herrschaftssystem unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Stadt Stade und des Fleckens Harsefeld, Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, simultaneously: Hanover, Univ., Diss., 1991, (=Einzelschriften des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins; vol. 33), p. 100. No ISBN.
  100. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 44. No ISBN.
  101. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 72. No ISBN.
  102. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 61. No ISBN.
  103. Cf. „Verordnung, die Bildung der Amtsgerichte und unteren Verwaltungsbehörden betreffend vom 7. August 1852“ (Ordinance concerning the formation of the Amtsgerichte and inferior administrative authorities of 7 August 1852), in: Gesetz-Sammlung für das Königreich Hannover (Legal gazette for the Kingdom of Hanover), 1852, pp. 185-236, here p. 221 .
  104. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 138. No ISBN.
  105. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 35. No ISBN.
  106. Landkreis Stade / Archäologische Denkmalpflege and Heimat- und Schulmuseum Himmelpforten, Zeugen der Geschichte in Himmelpforten. Ein Spaziergang durch die Vergangenheit der Gemeinde, Heimat- und Schulmuseum Himmelpforten (ed.), Stade: Seidel, 2006, section 2
  107. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 139. No ISBN.
  108. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 68. No ISBN.
  109. In 1891 General Superintendent bought the former Amtshaus in order to found there a Rettungshaus (i.e. rescue house, an educational and benevolent institution for neglected children), from 1892 to 1943 run by the Inner Mission. In summer 1943 bombed-out Hamburgers were accommodated there, before in 1944 the NSV founded a home for the elderly in the edifice. Cf. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 83. No ISBN.
  110. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 67. No ISBN.
  111. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 145. No ISBN.
  112. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, pp. 148seq. No ISBN.
  113. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 77. No ISBN.
  114. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 22. No ISBN.
  115. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 57. No ISBN.
  116. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 9. No ISBN.
  117. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 10. No ISBN.
  118. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 18. No ISBN.
  119. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 45. No ISBN.
  120. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 54. No ISBN.
  121. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 32. No ISBN.
  122. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 11. No ISBN.
  123. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 7. No ISBN.
  124. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 26. No ISBN.
  125. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 30. No ISBN.
  126. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 12. No ISBN.
  127. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 31. No ISBN.
  128. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, pp. 6seq. No ISBN.
  129. The great tithe comprised 10% of the field crops, whereas the small tithe amounted to 10% of the livestock and its products. Cf. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 45. No ISBN.
  130. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 47. No ISBN.
  131. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, pp. 5seq. No ISBN.
  132. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, pp. 8seq. No ISBN.
  133. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 19. No ISBN.
  134. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 28. No ISBN.
  135. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 29. No ISBN.
  136. Her name is also given in the modern standard German variant Gertrud.
  137. Prince-Archbishop Christopher the Spendthrift promoted Gripenstroet's election as provost in order to compensate him for outstanding claims (Lübeck Mark (Mk lub) 783) against Christopher accumulated in his prior office as Rentmeister (prince-archiepiscopal treasurer), cf. Karl Schleif, Regierung und Verwaltung des Erzstifts Bremen, Hamburg: no publ., 1972, (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 1), pp. 114 and 197, also Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 1968. No ISBN.
  138. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, pp. 28seq. No ISBN.
  139. Karl Schleif, Regierung und Verwaltung des Erzstifts Bremen, Hamburg: no publ., 1972, (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 1), p. 218, also Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 1968. No ISBN.
  140. The Arensens were nobilitated in 1651.
  141. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 30. No ISBN.
  142. Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Nach Akten und Urkunden dargestellt, reprint of the edition by "Stader Archiv", 1911/1913, extended by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, pp. 115seq. No ISBN.
  143. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten – Eine Chronik, Gemeinde Himmelpforten municipality (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 67. No ISBN.
  144. Son of Minister .

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