Highly cototient number explained

x - \phi(x) = k

than any other integer below

k and above 1. Here, \phi is Euler's totient function. There are infinitely many solutions to the equation for

so this value is excluded in the definition. The first few highly cototient numbers are:^[1]

2, 4, 8, 23, 35, 47, 59, 63, 83, 89, 113, 119, 167, 209, 269, 299, 329, 389, 419, 509, 629, 659, 779, 839, 1049, 1169, 1259, 1469, 1649, 1679, 1889, ...

Many of the highly cototient numbers are odd.^[1]

The concept is somewhat analogous to that of highly composite numbers. Just as there are infinitely many highly composite numbers, there are also infinitely many highly cototient numbers. Computations become harder, since integer factorization becomes harder as the numbers get larger.

Example

The cototient of

x is defined as x - \phi(x) , i.e. the number of positive integers less than or equal to x that have at least one prime factor in common with x . For example, the cototient of 6 is 4 since these four positive integers have a prime factor in common with 6: 2, 3, 4, 6. The cototient of 8 is also 4, this time with these integers: 2, 4, 6, 8. There are exactly two numbers, 6 and 8, which have cototient 4. There are fewer numbers which have cototient 2 and cototient 3 (one number in each case), so 4 is a highly cototient number.

k (highly cototient k are bolded)	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Number of solutions to x – φ(x) = k	1	∞	1	1	2	1	1	2	3	2	0	2	3	2	1	2	3	3	1	3	1	3	1	4	4	3	0	4	1	4	3

n	ks such that k - \phi(k) = n	number of ks such that k - \phi(k) = n
0	1	1
1	2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, ... (all primes)	∞
2	4	1
3	9	1
4	6, 8	2
5	25	1
6	10	1
7	15, 49	2
8	12, 14, 16	3
9	21, 27	2
10		0
11	35, 121	2
12	18, 20, 22	3
13	33, 169	2
14	26	1
15	39, 55	2
16	24, 28, 32	3
17	65, 77, 289	3
18	34	1
19	51, 91, 361	3
20	38	1
21	45, 57, 85	3
22	30	1
23	95, 119, 143, 529	4
24	36, 40, 44, 46	4
25	69, 125, 133	3
26		0
27	63, 81, 115, 187	4
28	52	1
29	161, 209, 221, 841	4
30	42, 50, 58	3
31	87, 247, 961	3
32	48, 56, 62, 64	4
33	93, 145, 253	3
34		0
35	75, 155, 203, 299, 323	5
36	54, 68	2
37	217, 1369	2
38	74	1
39	99, 111, 319, 391	4
40	76	1
41	185, 341, 377, 437, 1681	5
42	82	1
43	123, 259, 403, 1849	4
44	60, 86	2
45	117, 129, 205, 493	4
46	66, 70	2
47	215, 287, 407, 527, 551, 2209	6
48	72, 80, 88, 92, 94	5
49	141, 301, 343, 481, 589	5
50		0

Primes

The first few highly cototient numbers which are primes are ^[2]

2, 23, 47, 59, 83, 89, 113, 167, 269, 389, 419, 509, 659, 839, 1049, 1259, 1889, 2099, 2309, 2729, 3359, 3989, 4289, 4409, 5879, 6089, 6719, 9029, 9239, ...

See also

• Highly totient number

Notes and References

1. Highly cototient numbers. .
2. Highly cototient numbers that are prime.