High-speed rail in Indonesia explained

Box Width:300px
Whoosh
Native Name:Indonesian: Waktu Hemat, Operasi Optimal, Sistem Hebat
Native Name Lang:id
Type:High-speed rail
Status:Operational
Locale:Java
Start:Halim (Jakarta)
End:Tegalluar (Bandung)
Stations:4 (3 opened, 1 open for future expansion)
Daily Ridership:24,135 (daily peak)[1] [2]
18,200 (average)
Ridership2:3.9 million (8 months)
Owner:Kereta Cepat Indonesia China (KCIC)
Operator:Kereta Cepat Indonesia China (KCIC)
Character:Viaduct, Tunnel, and grade-separated
Depot:Tegalluar
Stock:KCIC400AF
Linelength Km:142.8
Tracks:Double-track
Electrification:25 kV 50Hz AC overhead catenary
Elevation M:25–824
Website:kcic.co.id
Map Name:map_name
Map State:uncollapsed

Indonesia operates a single high-speed rail service between two of the country's largest cities, Jakarta and Bandung. It is branded as Whoosh (short for Indonesian: Waktu Hemat, Operasi Optimal, Sistem Hebat,)[3] [4] [5] and operated by Kereta Cepat Indonesia China (KCIC).[6]

Whoosh is the first high-speed railway in Southeast Asia,[7] and the Southern Hemisphere[8] and covers a distance of 143km (89miles) with a maximum operating speed of 350abbr=onNaNabbr=on,[9] [10] and design speed of KCIC400AF train of 420abbr=onNaNabbr=on,[11] [12] making it the second fastest commercially operating railway network in the world.[13] The travel time between the two cities averages 45 minutes, down from 3 hours with existing railway line.

With the cost of $7.3 billion to build,[14] [15] [16] the line began trial operation with passengers on 7 September 2023 and commercial operations on 17 October 2023.[17] [18] [19] The Whoosh high speed train has served 3.9 million passengers during 8 months of commercial operation.[1] As of May 2024, there are 48 daily trips of Whoosh.[20]

History and development

Concepts for high-speed rail (HSR) in Indonesia were first seriously contemplated in 2008, leading to discussions at Asian Investment Summit in 2013, and detailed plans being set forth in 2015.[21] The plan to start construction of the Jakarta-Bandung HSR was announced by the Indonesian government in July 2015, after the Chinese President and other world leaders visited the Bandung Conference.[22] [23]

Both Japan and China expressed their interest in the high-speed rail projects in Indonesia. Previously, both countries had carried out comprehensive studies into a project for the Jakarta–Bandung section . Only the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA), had issued a study for a project extending to Surabaya .[22] The Indonesian HSR bid marked a rivalry between Japan and China in their competition for Asian infrastructure projects.[24]

Japan's proposal

Since 2008, Japan has been working on a plan to export their Shinkansen high-speed railway technology to Indonesia. During the Indonesia-Japan Friendship Festival in November 2008, Japan showcased their Shinkansen technology to Indonesian audiences.[25] The idea of high-speed rail backed by funding through soft loans has been proposed by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for the Indonesian island of Java, linking up the densely populated corridor from the capital Jakarta to Surabaya .[26] [27] The island, similar in many respects including terrain and urban density to pre-HSR Honshu, suffered greatly from both freight and passenger congestion.[28]

The idea had been around for some years. However, a new proposal to divide the project into stages emerged, with the first stage being built from Jakarta to Bandung. The conventional travel time of 3 hours would be reduced to 35 minutes at a price of 78 trillion rupiah. JICA finished the detailed feasibility study in 2014. This succeeded an initial study in 2012. By 2013 Indonesia had been undergoing a revival in railway expansion and upgrades. High-speed corridors had been proposed but not implemented.

Japanese domination in the high-speed rail project appeared to be unchallenged until April 2015, when China made a counter-offer.[29]

In March 2015, Indonesian president Joko Widodo travelled to Tokyo and Beijing. In Tokyo, from 22 to 25 March, Joko Widodo met then-Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. Widodo obtained a commitment for Japanese loan support for improving Jakarta's municipal rail network, but no progress was made on resolving issues with the Jakarta–Bandung high-speed rail project.[24]

China's bid

On 26 March 2015, Joko Widodo visited Beijing and met China's leader Xi Jinping. Xi publicly announced support for the Indonesian high-speed project and the two governments signed a memorandum specifying China's interest in the Jakarta–Bandung line.[24] In April 2015, China submitted a bid for the Indonesian high-speed rail project, much to Japan's dismay.[30]

In July 2015, the Indonesian government released its plan to build the high-speed rail connecting Jakarta and Bandung, and arranged a contest between Japanese and Chinese train-makers as potential bidders.[22] China responded by launching the Chinese High-speed Rail Technology Exposition in Senayan City shopping mall in Jakarta in August 2015.[31]

Both China and Japan have engaged in fierce competition through intense lobbying for the contract. Some have said that the fundamental reason is geostrategy, rather than economics.[32] [33]

Short cancellation

President Joko Widodo was expected to announce the winning bid of Indonesia's first high-speed rail project in early September 2015. However, on 3 September 2015, the Indonesian government announced that it had cancelled the high-speed rail project, and was now favouring the slower and cheaper rail alternative.[34]

Winner of bid

In mid-September 2015, China announced it would fully meet the Indonesian government's demands and offered a new proposal that did not require Indonesia to assume any fiscal burden or debt guarantee in proceeding with the project.[35] Later that month, Indonesia selected China for the $5 billion project.[36] [37] [38] Indonesia awarded the contract to China. Some analysists speculated that Beijing had outmanoeuvred Tokyo on the bid as a result of a competitive financing package for Indonesia.[39]

Japan's then-Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga called the Indonesian move "difficult to understand" and "extremely regrettable".[29] The situation "can only be described as extremely deplorable," Suga also said.[35] Indonesia's State-Owned Enterprises Minister Rini Soemarno confirmed the Chinese bid was picked instead of the Japanese plan because of its relaxed financing.[40]

China supplemented its bid by committing to establish a joint venture with Indonesian firms to produce rolling stock for high-speed rail, electric rail, light rail systems, not only for Indonesia but also for export to other Asian countries; to transfer related technology; and to renovate and rebuild train stations.

Development and construction

In January 2016, the Indonesian transportation minister released a route permit[41] for a high-speed railway between Jakarta and Bandung (142.8 kilometres) with stations located at Halim (Jakarta end), Karawang, Padalarang, and Tegalluar (Bandung end) with a Tegalluar depot.[42] 71.63km (44.51miles) of the track would be at ground level, 53.54km (33.27miles) would be elevated, and 15.63km (09.71miles) would be underground.[43] The concession period, the period during which only the KCIC can operate the line, is 50 years from 31 May 2019 and cannot be prolonged, except in a force majeure situation.[44] Ground was broken on the project on 21 January 2016 and is expected to be completed in September 2023. The HSR is governed by the KCIC, an organization composed 60 percent by an Indonesian consortium, and 40 percent by China Railway International.[45] The Jakarta–Bandung high-speed rail was planned to begin its operations in 2019.[46]

In October 2016, the Indonesian government announced its intention to build a 600km (400miles) medium-high speed railway between Jakarta and Surabaya, and invited Japan to participate in this project.[47] However, almost seven years later, in July 2023 the project was cancelled due to the lack of progress. Subsequently, President Joko Widodo removed the Jakarta-Surabaya semi-high speed train from the national strategic project (PSN) towards the end of his term in 2024.[48]

In 2023, the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail construction partially finished and is set to start commercial operation starting October 2023.[49] The Jakarta-Bandung HSR began trial operation with passengers on 7 September 2023, and commercial operations on 2 October 2023.[50] [51]

Controversies

In April 2016, five Chinese high-speed rail project workers were arrested at Halim Perdanakusuma Airbase.[52] This incident highlighted the refusal of Indonesian Air Force to give up lands belonging to the Halim Perdanakusuma airbase in East Jakarta. It was reported that one of the railway stations would be located on land currently within Halim Airbase.[53]

In February 2018, Onan Hiroshi, a Japanese cartoonist, described Indonesian President Joko Widodo as a "High-speed rail beggar"[54] pointing out Indonesia's request for Japan's assistance in completing the project. The cartoon quickly drew protest from Indonesian internet users, and by 25 February, the cartoonist tweeted an apology, removed the drawings, and closed the page.[55]

Phase I

Infrastructure

11% of the railway consists of tunnel sections spanned over 13 tunnels, while 38% is set on viaducts. Tunnel 6, the longest tunnel, has a length of 4,478 meters on the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed rail.[56] Halim railway station, the largest station on the railway, is situated in Makasar in East Jakarta and consists of three platforms with six track lines; it is expected to connect with LRT Jabodebek. The station has a total area of 78,315 square metres.[57]

The railway is built on a double track and electrified, suitable for 350 km/h (220 mph), making Indonesia only the second country with the fastest railway network in the world that operates commercially, on par with China.

Stations

Initial 4 stations[58]

Location
Halim- 0 kmEast JakartaJakarta
KarawangOpen for Future Expansion41.17 km41.17 kmKarawang RegencyWest Java
Padalarang55.55 km97.22 kmWest Bandung Regency
Tegalluar DAMRI and Bigbird shuttle buses (with further transfer to at Gedebage station)45.58 km142.80 kmBandung Regency

Rolling stock

The Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail will use 11 trainsets of the derivative of CR400AF called KCIC400AF.[59] [60] There is also one comprehensive inspection train which is also a derivative of CR400AF called KCIC400AF-CIT.[59] [60] All trains are manufactured by CRRC Qingdao Sifang.[59] [60]

Maintenance facility

Funding and joint venture

The China Railway Group Limited (CREC) will form a joint venture with a consortium of Indonesia's state-owned enterprises (SOEs) led by PT Wijaya Karya Tbk in developing the first High Speed Train (HST) in the country.[61]

On Friday, 16 October 2015, Chinese and Indonesian state-owned companies officially signed the deal to build the first high-speed railway in Indonesia.[62] The project cost was estimated to be US$5.5 billion (80 trillion rupiah). The deal was signed by China Railway International Co. Ltd. Chairman Yang Zhongmin and Dwi Windarto, the president director of a consortium of Indonesian state companies, PT Pilar Sinergi BUMN Indonesia.[63] China Development Bank has given a commitment to fund 75 percent of the project costs with loan terms of 40 years for the loan—with an initial grace period of 10 years—with fixed loan rate. CRCC will hold majority shares in the planned JV company, while WIKA holds 30 percent and small portions for local toll operator PT Jasa Marga Tbk (IDX: JSMR), train operator PT Kereta Api Indonesia and plantation company PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII.[61]

In late August 2016, it was reported that the China Development Bank had not yet disbursed funds for the loan and that KCIC, the consortium executing the project, was not sure when funds would become available.[64]

Timeline

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

In mid-February 2020, construction progress reached 44 percent and land acquisitions reach 99.96 percent.[78] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, work of the project has been halted temporarily, resulting in the delay of the targeted finish of construction and start of the operation.[79] Three months later, construction progress reached 48.3 percent and the construction works resumed, which follow government's health and safety measures, such as social/physical distancing in response to the pandemic.[80] In September, Director of KCIC Xin Xuezhong stated that construction progress reached 60 percent and land acquisitions reached 100 percent.[81] [82]

2021

2022

According to the Jakarta Post, Dwiyana Slamet Riyadi, the president director of KCIC, said that based on a 2022 third-party review, demand for the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail line had fallen to 31,215 passenger trips per day, just over half of the 61,157 estimated in a 2017 feasibility study.[89]

2023

Phase 2

In 2023, Indonesian and Chinese authorities discussed further plans to extend the railway across the Java island.[96] [97] It is estimated that Phase 2 will shorten the travel time between Jakarta and Surabaya from 8 to 13 hours by regular trains to 3.5 hours.[98]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Pecah Rekor! Kereta Cepat Whoosh Angkut 22.249 Penumpang Kemarin . cnbcindonesia.com. id . 29 June 2024.
  2. Web site: Jumlah Penumpang Whoosh Pecah Rekor, KCIC Klaim Bukti Pengguna Puas . kompas.com. id . 7 July 2024.
  3. Web site: Ritonga . Machradin Wahyudi . 2023-10-03 . Berindra . Susy . Impian Transportasi Tanah Air Melesat Maju dalam Laju Whoosh . 2023-10-31 . kompas.id . id.
  4. Web site: Pemerintah Beri Nama Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung 'WHOOSH' . 2023-09-21 . . id-ID.
  5. Web site: S . 1 October 2023 . Indonesia to launch Jakarta-Bandung high-speed rail, first in Southeast Asia . Jakarta Post.
  6. Web site: Why China laid the tracks for Indonesia's first high-speed rail . 2 October 2023 . Julia . Malleck .
  7. Web site: Indonesian president launches Southeast Asia's first high-speed railway, funded by China . Associate Press . 2 October 2023 . Achmad . Ibrahim . Niniek . Karmini .
  8. Web site: Holland . Maximilian . 1st High-Speed Train Arrives In Southern Hemisphere — Bandung Confluence . 2023-10-31 . cleantechnica.com . 25 October 2023 . en.
  9. Web site: 雅万高铁助力印尼民众加速奔向美好生活. October 18, 2023. zh. 中国政府网_中央人民政府门户网站.
  10. Web site: 特稿：中印尼共建"一带一路"合作的"金字招牌"——记习近平主席关心推动的雅万高铁正式开通运营. October 18, 2023. zh. 中国政府网_中央人民政府门户网站.
  11. Web site: Ramadhani . Awalia . Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Train Compared to Japan's Shinkansen . 2023-10-27 . en.tempo.co . 24 May 2023 . en.
  12. Web site: Dwi . Chandra . 18 September 2023 . Kompak Dibackingi China, Kereta Cepat RI vs Laos Hebat Mana? . 2023-11-07 . cnbcindonesia.com . id.
  13. Web site: 10 Kereta Api Tercepat di Dunia, Kereta Asal Tiongkok Mendominasi . 2023-10-31 . databoks.katadata.co.id . id .
  14. Web site: Indonesia is set to launch Southeast Asia's first high-speed railway, largely funded by China . The Independent . 1 October 2023 . Niniek . Karmini .
  15. Web site: With China's help, Indonesia launches Southeast Asia's first bullet train . CNN . 2 October 2023 . Derek . Cai .
  16. Web site: Indonesia Starts Southeast Asia's First High-Speed Rail Operations . Bloomberg . 2 October 2023 . Chandra . Asmara .
  17. Web site: Thomas . Vincent Fabian . 2023-08-08 . High-speed railway delayed again, but it's for the better, experts say . 2023-10-06 . The Jakarta Post . en.
  18. Web site: Pakai Skema Ini Penumpang KCIC Naik hingga 2 Juta . metrotvnews.com . 6 March 2024 . Annisa. Ayu.
  19. Web site: Penumpang Kereta Cepat Whoosh Tembus 2 Juta, Berkat Tarif Dinamis? . bisnis.com . 5 March 2024 . Lorenzo . Mahardia .
  20. News: KCIC Adds Whoosh High-Speed Train Schedule to 48 Trips Daily. Jakarta Globe. 2 June 2024.
  21. Web site: Company History . 2023-08-22 . Kereta Cepat Indonesia China . en-US.
  22. News: Indonesia Plans 'Beauty Contest' Between China and Japan for High-Speed Train . 14 July 2015 . . 1 October 2015.
  23. T. Washington Institute
  24. News: 1 October 2015. Japan's Rail Project Loss To China: Why It Matters For Abe's Economic Diplomacy And For China's . Stephen . Harner . 4 October 2015.
  25. Web site: JICA in Indonesia-Japan Expo 2008.
  26. News: Robin Harding in Tokyo, Avantika Chilkoti in Jakarta and Tom Mitchell in Beijing . 1 October 2015 . Japan cries foul after Indonesia awards rail contract to China . Financial Times . 1 October 2015.
  27. Web site: Java High Speed Railway Development Project (Phase I) . Japan International Cooperation Agency . 2010 . 1 October 2015.
  28. News: Jakarta mulls high-speed rail system . Zakir Hussain, The Straits Times/ANN . Jakarta . 28 October 2013 . The Jakarta Post.
  29. News: Japan loses Indonesian high-speed railway contract to China . 30 September 2015 . The Japan Times . 1 October 2015 . 14 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170714171441/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/09/30/business/japan-loses-indonesian-high-speed-railway-contract-china/#.Vg1ynv4w-70 . dead .
  30. News: Shannon Tiezzi . 1 October 2015 . It's Official: China, Not Japan, Is Building Indonesia's First High-Speed Railway . The Diplomat . 1 October 2015.
  31. Web site: Chinese High-speed Rail Expo Held in Indonesia . 14 August 2015 . CRIENGLISH.com . Yu Yang . https://web.archive.org/web/20150816233323/http://english.cri.cn/12394/2015/08/14/3961s891576.htm. dead. August 16, 2015. 4 October 2015.
  32. News: Race for Indonesia's high-speed railway part of a big game . Craig P. Oehlers . Jakarta . 22 August 2015 . The Jakarta Post . 1 October 2015.
  33. News: Kereta api cepat Tiongkok disebut canggih dan murah . 13 August 2015 . Try Reza Essra . 1 October 2015.
  34. News: Indonesia dumps plans for high-speed rail line: ambassador . The Jakarta Post . 4 September 2015 . 4 October 2015.
  35. News: China chosen over Japan for Indonesian rail project . 29 September 2015 . Jiji Press . 6 October 2015 . 5 October 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151005150338/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0002457868 . dead .
  36. News: Indonesia's Handling of High-Speed Train Project Adds to Business Confusion, Mixed messages to Japan, China come as Indonesia courts foreign investors . Ben Otto and Anita Rachman . 30 September 2015 . The Wall Street Journal . 1 October 2015.
  37. News: 29 September 2015 . Indonesia to award fast train contract to China - Japanese embassy official . Reuters . 1 October 2015.
  38. News: 30 September 2015 . Indonesia awards multi-billion-dollar railway project to China over Japan . ABC . 1 October 2015.
  39. News: Peter Cai . 2 October 2015 . China's high-speed rail bet pays off . Business Spectator . 2 October 2015.
  40. News: Indonesia defends bidding process for high-speed rail project after Japan angered at being rejected. 2 October 2015 . The Straits Times . Singapore . 2 October 2015.
  41. Keputusan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor KP. 25 Tahun 2016 tentang Penetapan Trase Jalur Kereta Api Cepat antara Jakarta dan Bandung Lintas Halim-Tegalluar.
  42. Web site: Jonan Keluarkan Izin Trase Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung . Siti Nuraisyah Dewi, Rizki Aulia Rachman . January 13, 2016.
  43. Web site: 10 hal yang perlu diketahui tentang Kereta Api Cepat Jakarta-Bandung . 10 hal yang perlu diketahui tentang Kereta Api Cepat Jakarta-Bandung . 11 February 2016 . April 5, 2017.
  44. Web site: Biaya Pembangunan Kereta Cepat Jakarta Bandung Turun . March 17, 2016.
  45. Web site: Groundbreaking of High Speed Rail Project Jakarta – Bandung . January 21, 2016.
  46. Web site: China to Build $5 Billion High-Speed Rail Line in Indonesia . . October 16, 2015.
  47. Web site: Pemerintah Minta Jepang Garap Proyek Kereta Jakarta-Surabaya. Government Asked Japan To Handle Jakarta–Surabaya Railway Project. VOA Indonesia. 10 October 2016. 13 October 2016.
  48. Web site: Sandi . Ferry . Kereta Semi Cepat Jakarta-Surabaya 5,5 Jam Jokowi Batal . 2023-08-22 . CNBC Indonesia . id-ID.
  49. Web site: Indonesia set to open Southeast Asia's 1st high-speed rail in October . 2023-09-09 . Nikkei Asia . en-GB.
  50. Web site: High-speed railway delayed again, but it's for the better, experts say - Regulations .
  51. Web site: 2023-09-06 . Chinese Premier Li Qiang takes a test ride on Indonesia's new high-speed railway . 2023-09-09 . AP News . en.
  52. News: Lima WN China yang Ditangkap di Halim Punya Dokumen Lengkap. Sarwanto. Abi. CNN Indonesia. 2018-02-27. en.
  53. News: High-speed rail plan hits another snag. The Jakarta Post. 2018-02-27. en.
  54. News: Wawancara Khusus Dengan Onan Hiroshi, Komikus yang Diduga Menghina Presiden Jokowi - Tribunnews.com. Tribunnews.com. 2018-02-27. id-ID.
  55. News: Japanese Artist Apologizes After Depicting Jokowi as Beggar in Comic Strip Jakarta Globe. 2018-02-26. Jakarta Globe. 2018-02-27. en-US.
  56. Web site: Inilah 13 Tunnel Kereta Cepat Jakarta Bandung – Terpanjang 4,5 km!. 2023-10-01. tasikasik.id. 26 July 2023 . id.
  57. Web site: Rute Transjakarta ke Stasiun Kereta Cepat Whoosh Halim. 2023-10-01. republika.co.id. October 2023 . id.
  58. Web site: KCIC Tambah Satu Stasiun Kereta Cepat di Padalarang. 2021-06-05. investor.id. id.
  59. keretacepat_id. CXxpo8BJCV1. Sobat #KeretaCepat, siapa di sini yang sudah tidak sabar menantikan 2022, serta melajunya Si Komodo Merah di Trial Run nanti?. 22 December 2021. Kereta Cepat Indonesia China. id.
  60. keretacepat_id. Cd-S_jWp95G. Jadi EMU KCJB memiliki nama tipe KCIC400AF, dan KCIC400AF-CIT untuk kereta inspeksinya. Hal tersebut sudah menjadi standar penamaan dari pihak konsorsium mengingat EMU dan CIT KCJB memiliki konfigurasi khusus yang menjadikannya unik dan berbeda dengan tipe lainnya.. 25 May 2022. Kereta Cepat Indonesia China. id.
  61. News: China Railway Construction Corp to form JV with Indonesia's Wijaya Karya for $5.5b HST . Vincencia NLS . Deal Street Asia . 2 October 2015 . 6 October 2015.
  62. News: China, Indonesia sign $5.5 bn high-speed rail deal . Yahoo News and AFP . 16 October 2015 . 16 October 2015.
  63. News: China, domestic companies to build Indonesia high-speed rail . Yahoo News and AFP . Niniek Karmini . 16 October 2015 . 16 October 2015.
  64. "High-Speed Train Held Up by Chinese Credit",Tempo, 4 September 2016.
  65. Web site: Economy in brief: KCIC negotiates land clearance with CDB . November 11, 2016.
  66. News: Asia Times . Indonesia high-speed train, backed by China, comes untracked, President Joko Widodo's signature infrastructure project has stalled for a host of familiar reasons, including resistance from the powerful military . John McBeth . 28 March 2017 .
  67. Web site: Contractors Sign Jakarta - Bandung Bullet Train Agreement.
  68. 'Indonesia to review Jakarta-Bandung railway project', The Jakarta Post, 10 January 2018.
  69. 'Jakarta-Bandung railway project stuck in land acquisition stage', The Jakarta Post, 16 March 2018.
  70. 'Construction of high-speed railway starts in May: Minister', The Jakarta Post, 5 April 2018.
  71. 'Three Lawsuits to proceed against Bandung-Jakarta train project', The Jakarta Post, 11 July 2018.
  72. 'Three Lawsuits to proceed against Bandung-Jakarta train project', Tempo, 11 December 2022.
  73. 'Chinese drilling machines is currently underway in High speed train project ', Warta Kota.Tribun News, 27 March 2019.
  74. 'The Walini Tunnel has made a First Breaktrought in High Speed Rail Project ', Warta Kota, Tribun News, 15 May 2019
  75. Web site: Terowongan Walini 608 Meter Jalur Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung Sudah Tembus Perkebunan Maswati. Warta Kota. id-ID. 2019-09-24.
  76. Web site: Pembebasan Lahan Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung Capai 99 Persen . September 11, 2019.
  77. News: Construction of Jakarta-Bandung Bullet Train Reaches 38.2 Percent. Netral News. 21 October 2019. 1 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200801222802/https://en.netralnews.com/news/business/read/27582/construction.of.jakarta.bandung.bullet.train.reaches.382.percent. dead.
  78. Web site: Menhub: Akhir 2021, KA Cepat Jakarta-Bandung Sudah Beroperasi . Kompas . Kiki Safitri . February 23, 2020 . id.
  79. Web site: Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway project delayed amid pandemic . The Jakarta Post . Dzulfiqar Fathur Rahman . April 15, 2020.
  80. Web site: Kabar Proyek Kereta Cepat Jakarta Bandung Saat Ini Sudah 48,3 Persen . Kompas . Putri Zakia Salsabila . May 14, 2020 . id.
  81. Web site: Sudah 60 Persen, Proyek Kereta Cepat Diharapkan Tak Hanya Kejar Tayang . Bisnis.com . Anitana Widya Puspa . September 2, 2020. September 18, 2020 . id.
  82. Web site: Direktur KCIC Sebut Progress Proyek Kereta Cepat Jakarta - Bandung 60 Persen . Tempo.co . Bisnis . Rr. Ariyani Yakti Widyastuti . September 2, 2020. September 18, 2020 . id.
  83. Web site: Progres pembangunan proyek kereta cepat Jakarta-Bandung . Tempo . Fardi . Bestari . 13 April 2021 . id.
  84. Web site: Update Pembangunan Kereta Cepat Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung, Progres Sudah 79 Persen . Tribunnews.com . 21 November 2021 . id.
  85. Web site: 2022-09-02 . Akhirnya! Rangkaian Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung Tiba di Tanjung Priok . 2022-12-18 . Bisnis.com . id.
  86. Web site: 2022-11-16 . Ujicoba Kereta Cepat Jakarta Bandung di Tegalluar Kabupaten Bandung . 2022-12-18 . Republika Online . id.
  87. Web site: KCIC's DF4B and a track installer (?) machine has been derailed this afternoon (18/12) at Padalarang area. . 2022-12-18 . Twitter . en.
  88. Web site: 2022-12-19 . 2 WNA China Meninggal Akibat Kecelakaan di Jalur Kereta Cepat - Nasional Katadata.co.id . 2022-12-19 . katadata.co.id . id.
  89. Web site: Indonesian Capital Plan Throws China-Backed Rail Link Into Disarray . 2022-06-23 . thediplomat.com . en-US.
  90. Web site: Kecepatan Uji Coba Kereta Cepat Dinaikkan jadi 180 Km per Jam, Berapa Waktu Tempuh Jakarta-Bandung? . 2023-06-25 . tempo.co . 24 May 2023 . id.
  91. Web site: Laju Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung Tembus 385 Km per Jam . 2023-06-25 . republika.id . id.
  92. Web site: Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung Tarik 16 Gerbong, Bisa Angkut 1.200 Orang . 2023-09-07 . Detik.com . id.
  93. Web site: Whoosh High-speed Train to Make 28 Trips a Day Starting November: KCIC . 2023-11-02 . en.tempo.co . 29 October 2023 . en.
  94. Web site: Jumlah Penumpang KCIC Whoosh Capai 21 Ribu orang Sehari . 2023-11-13 . suarainvestor.com . 13 November 2023 . id.
  95. Web site: Dewi . Intan Rakhmayanti . 26 December 2023 . Kereta Cepat Whoosh Tembus 1 Juta Penumpang dalam Dua Bulan . 2023-12-27 . cnbcindonesia.com . id.
  96. Web site: China, Indonesia discuss extending Jakarta high-speed railway . Reuters . 6 September 2023 . Stefanno . Sulaiman .
  97. Web site: With Indonesia's high-speed rail set to launch in September, authorities look to Surabaya for phase two . CNA . 14 August 2023 . Saifulbahri . Ismail .
  98. Web site: Sah! Kereta Cepat Jakarta Surabaya Digarap China . cnbcindonesia.com. 1 November 2023 . Romys . Binekasri.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "High-speed rail in Indonesia".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.