Foreign relations of Hezbollah explained

Hezbollah has a Foreign Relations Unit (Arabic: وحدة العلاقات الخارجية|Wahdat al-‘Ilāqāt al-khārijiyya) and maintains relations with a number of foreign countries and entities. These are particularly Shia states, but also Sunni groups like those affiliated with the Palestinian cause; and the group is also suggested to have operations outside the Middle East in places such as Latin America[1] and North Korea.[2]

Hezbollah has especially close relations with Iran,[3] with the Alawite leadership in Syria, specifically with President Hafez al-Assad (until his death in 2000) and his son and successor Bashar al-Assad,[4] and has sent fighters in support of Assad in the Syrian Civil War. Hezbollah declared its support for the now-concluded Al-Aqsa Intifada.

There is little evidence of ongoing Hezbollah contact or cooperation with al-Qaeda.[5] Hezbollah's leaders deny links to al-Qaeda, present or past.[6] Al-Qaeda leaders, such as former al-Qaeda in Iraq leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi,[7] consider Shia, which most Hezbollah members are, to be apostates, as do Salafi-jihadis today.[8] [9]

The 9/11 Commission Report, however, found that several al-Qaeda operatives and top military commanders were sent to Hezbollah training camps in Lebanon in 1994.[10]

Position of the UN

UN Security Council Resolution 1559, calls for "the disbanding and disarmament of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militia",[11] echoing the Taif Agreement that ended the Lebanese Civil War, but does not explicitly include Hezbollah[12] [13] although Kofi Annan has advanced this interpretation.[14] [15] The Lebanese Government[16] and Hezbollah dispute the application of this resolution to Hezbollah, referring to it as a "resistance movement" and not a militia. Israel has lodged complaints about Hezbollah's actions with the UN.[17]

The UN's Deputy Secretary-General, Mark Malloch Brown, contests characterisations of the Lebanese militia as a terrorist organisation in the mould of al-Qaeda.[18] While acknowledging that "Hezbollah employs terrorist tactics,"[19] he says that it is unhelpful to call it a terrorist organization; the United States and the international community, in his view, would do well to respect it as a legitimate political party. On the other end of the spectrum, there are some in the United Nations who deny that Hezbollah's military activities against civilians are terrorist in nature at all.[20] [21]

Iran

See main article: article and Hezbollah-Iran relations. In a 20 July 2006 article, scholar Fred Halliday wrote that Sheikh Naim Qassem, deputy leader of Hezbollah under Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah, told him Hezbollah follows Iran's leadership as a matter of principle.[3]

Syria

See main article: Hezbollah–Syria relations. In an interview on Al-Arabiya TV in Dubai, former Hezbollah Secretary-General Subhi al-Tufayli said[22] Hezbollah definitely fosters its relations with the Syrians, but Hezbollah's real leadership is 'the rule of the jurists'. Though Hezbollah presence in Syria was limited before 2012, Damascus had been the most important facilitator of Iranian support to the group and became increasingly active as a provider of material and political assistance on its own in the 2000s.[23]

Since 2012 Hezbollah is helping the Syrian government during the Syrian Civil War in the fight against the rebels, which Hezbollah has described as a Wahhabi-Zionist conspiracy to destroy its alliance with Syria against Israel.[24] [25]

Relationships to other Islamic movements

Hamas

According to Israeli author Ehud Yaari, Hezbollah's presence and strategy in Lebanon is a model for Hamas in terms of military, political, and media operations.[26] The two groups share common tactics and common goals.[27] According to Israeli military analysts, Hezbollah has assisted Hamas in producing "[more] lethal bombs."[28] After the start of the al-Aqsa Intifada in September 2000, Hezbollah's leader Nasrallah declared his organization's support for the intifada supported by the PLO, Hamas, Islamic Jihad, and other organizations.[29] Hezbollah began also to broadcast "continuous" anti-Israeli propaganda into Palestinian homes on its al-Manar television station, a tactic that reportedly led to the Hezbollah station becoming widely watched in Palestinian homes.[30]

In 2013, it was reported that Hezbollah had ordered Hamas to leave Lebanon, on account of Hamas' support for forces fighting against the Syrian government of President Bashar Assad. Both Hamas and the Lebanese Islamic Jihad denied these reports.[31]

Alleged relationship with al-Qaeda

There is no concrete evidence of Hezbollah contact or cooperation with al-Qaida. US and Israeli counter-terrorism officials claim that Hezbollah has (or had) links to Al Qaeda, although Hezbollah's leaders deny these allegations.[32] United States intelligence officials also speculate there has been contact between Hezbollah and low-level al-Qaeda figures who fled Afghanistan for Lebanon.[33] [34] [35] [36] [37] Ali Mohamed testified that Hezbollah trained al-Qaeda operatives on how to use explosives.[38] In addition, Hezbollah and Al-Qaeda cooperate through money laundering, smuggling, and document forgeries. Some American newspapers have suggested a broader alliance between Hezbollah, al-Qaeda, and the Iranian Revolutionary Guard.[39]

Al-Qaeda leaders, such as former al-Qaeda in Iraq leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, consider Shia, which most Hezbollah members are, to be apostates, as do Salafi-jihadis today.

On the other hand, others point out that al-Qaeda's Sunni ideology is fundamentally incompatible with Hezbollah's relatively liberal brand of Shia Islam; in fact, some Wahhabi leaders and al-Qaeda members consider Hezbollah to be apostate.There was a fatwa issued several years ago by Abdullah Ibn Jibreen, a former member of Saudi Arabia's Council of Senior Ulema, which describes Hezbollah as "rafidhi" – a derogatory term for Shiites used by some Sunni fanatics. Even during 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict it was cited by some hardline Sunni Muslim clerics and others writing on Islamist website.

Al-Qaeda has demonstrated its distaste for Shi'as in suicide bombings and attacks on Shi'a civilian targets in Iraq.[40] Hezbollah denies any ties to al-Qaeda[41] and al-Qaeda leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi has issued an audio recording in which he called Hezbollah an "enemy of Sunnis." Saint Petersburg Times, ABC News, and MSNBC report that there exists no evidence of a connection between Hezbollah and al-Qaeda.[42] [43] Nasrallah denies links to al-Qaeda, present or past, stating in a 2002 interview that the two groups work in different areas and face different enemies. Hezbollah's aim has been to confront, and ultimately destroy, Israel, while bin Laden has focused on Afghanistan, Bosnia, and the former Yugoslavia.

Nasrallah, Hezbollah leader also condemned the 9/11 attacks and the methods of Al-Qaeda and their former leader Osama bin Laden in an interview where he stated "What do the people who worked in those two World Trade Center towers, along with thousands of employees, women and men, have to do with war that is taking place in the Middle East? ? ... Therefore we condemned this act—and any similar act we condemn. ... I said nothing about the Pentagon, meaning we remain silent. We neither favored nor opposed that act .... Well, of course, the method of Osama bin Laden, and the fashion of bin Laden, we do not endorse them. And many of the operations that they have carried out, we condemned them very clearly."[44]

Michel Samaha, Lebanon's former minister of information, has said that Hezbollah has been an important ally of the government in the war against terrorist groups, and described the "American attempt to link Hezbollah to al-Qaeda" to be "astonishing".[45]

As part of a surge of intersectarian support for Hezbollah during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, Ayman al-Zawahiri, al-Qaeda's deputy leader, called for Muslims to rise up in a holy war against Zionists and join the fighting in Lebanon.[46]

Hezbollah is also fighting against the Al-Qaeda affiliated Al-Nusra Front, later became Tahrir al-Sham Syrian rebel group in the Syrian Civil War on the same side as Assad's pro-government forces.[47]

al-Mahdi Army

Hezbollah claims that it forbids its fighters entry into Iraq for any reason, and that no Hezbollah units or individual fighters have entered Iraq to support any Iraqi faction fighting the United States. On 2 April 2004, Iraqi cleric and Mahdi Army founder Muqtada al-Sadr announced his intention to form chapters of Hezbollah and Hamas in Iraq,[48] and Mahdi senior member Abu Mujtaba claimed they were choosing 1,500 fighters to go to Lebanon.[49]

Palestinian Islamic Jihad Movement

There have been American claims that Hezbollah has engaged in joint operations with the Sunni[50] Palestinian militant group Palestinian Islamic Jihad Movement.[51] The Islamic Jihad Movement has sent "its gratitude to the brothers in Hezbollah, the Islamic resistance in South Lebanon. Particularly Hassan Nasrallah, for their stance and support, be it financial, military or moral support".[52]

Other non-state allies

Europe

European Union

In July 2013, the European Union designated the armed wing of Hezbollah as a terrorist organization. The foreign ministers of all 28 EU countries agreed to the decision which was based on concerns over Hezbollah's role in the 2012 Burgas bus bombing and the organizations involvement in Syrian civil war supporting the Ba'ath government.[64]

A few of the EU member states have imposed partial or complete prohibitions on Hezbollah. The Netherlands proscribed the organisation fully,[65] [66] while the United Kingdom has proscribed Hezbollah's paramilitary External Security Organization, but not the organisation's political wing.[67] On 25 February 2019 the UK parliament announced that it would introduce new rules to classify Hezbollah in its entirety as a terrorist organisation as "UK authorities say they are no longer able to distinguish between the group's military and political wings."[68] A 2018 research initiative found strong links between Hezbollah and illegal activity in Germany and this garnered a substantial response from the German public, asking to condemn Hezbollah's political wing as well. Germany banned Hezbollah entirely 30 April 2020.[69]

Switzerland

Citing Swiss neutrality, Switzerland does not regard Hezbollah as a terrorist organization. Its government only uses the Sanctions List provided by the United Nations.[70]

Cyprus

In a televised interview in June 2024, Nasrallah threatened to attack Cyprus if it allowed Israeli military access to Cypriot airports and bases.[71]

Attitude of Israel to Hezbollah

Dan Gillerman, the Israeli representative at UN, referred to Hezbollah as a "cancerous growth" that must be removed.[72]

The Israeli Government considers the use of military force in Lebanon as a legitimate means of isolating Hizb'Allah.[73]

Relationship with other countries and organizations

Hezbollah has been accused of training Iraqi insurgents to attack U.S. troops during the Iraq War.[74]

The British government has claimed that the Provisional Irish Republican Army had relations with Hezbollah and that the IRA provided the group with technology that was used against British forces in Iraq.[75]

Morocco cut ties with Iran for supporting and giving aid to the Polisario Front through Hezbollah, via the Iranian embassy in Algeria.[76] [77] [78] [79]

Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro considered designating Hezbollah as a terrorist organization, following Argentina and Paraguay as part of the Triple Frontier.[80] In the region, members of the Hezbollah's Barakat clan maintain commercial relations with the criminal syndicate Primeiro Comando da Capital.[81] [82]

The United States has accused members of the Venezuelan government of providing financial aid to Hezbollah.[83] [84]

United States

The United States believes Hezbollah is an organization with ties to terrorism. The United States officially support the peaceful restructuring of Israel, and reconciliation with the Palestinian territories, (i.e. West Bank and the Gaza Strip). Due to their terrorist activities, neither Hezbollah or Hamas have been invited to be a part of any peace process led by the United States.

The Rewards for Justice Program has offered up to $10 million for information leading to disrupt the financial mechanisms of Hezbollah, including certain individuals: Adham Husayn Tabaja, Mohammad Ibrahim Bazzi, and Ali Youssef Charara.[85] However, the Rewards for Justice Program also includes: Ali Atwa, Mohammed Ali Hammadi, Talal Hamiyah, Khalil Yusif Harb, Fuad Shukr and Haytham 'Ali Tabataba'i.

In December 2019, the United States Department of the Treasury sanctioned financiers like Nazem Said Ahmad, Saleh Assi and Tony Saab.[86]

In May 2022, The US Treasury Department announced new Hezbollah-related penalties, naming Ahmad Jalal Reda Abdallah, a Lebanese businessman and the Iranian-backed group's financial facilitator, as well as his companies.[87]

Arab League

On 11 March 2016, the Arab League designated Hezbollah a terrorist organization during a meeting of Arab League foreign ministers at the organization's headquarters in Egypt's capital Cairo. Nearly all 22 Arab League members supported the decision, except Lebanon, Syria, Algeria and Iraq which expressed "reservations" about the decision.[88] In June 2024, the Arab League's assistant secretary-general announced they have ceased referring to Hezbollah as a 'terrorist organization'.[89] He later retracted his statement, saying that it was "interpreted out of context".[90] [91]

Designation as a terrorist organization

The following entities have listed the entire organization Hezbollah as a terror group:

[92]
[93] [94]
[95]
[96]
[97]
[98]
[99]
[100]
[101] [102]
[103]
[104]
[105] [106]
[107]
[108]
[109] [110]
[111] [112]
[113]
[114]
[115]
[116]
The following entities have listed only certain parts of Hezbollah as a terror group:
Hezbollah's military wing[117] [118]
The military wing of Hezbollah only, France considers the political wing as a legitimate sociopolitical organization[119]
The military wing of Hezbollah[120]
Hezbollah's military wing Al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya, since 2010[121]

The following entities that do not consider Hezbollah a terrorist organization:

Algeria refused to designate Hezbollah as a terrorist organization[122]
The People's Republic of China remains neutral and maintains contacts with Hezbollah[123]
Hezbollah allegedly operates a base in Cuba[124]
Hezbollah's television broadcast from Indonesia with government permit
[125]
Allegedly supports Hezbollah
Allegedly supports Hezbollah[126]
Allegedly supports Hezbollah
Considers Hezbollah a legitimate sociopolitical organization[127]
Hezbollah has a permanent liaison to the country
Hezbollah has officials in Senegal
[128]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1011868.html Ha'aretz
  2. Web site: North Korea crisis could increase risk of larger attacks from ISIS. Chris. Hughes. Daily Mirror. 11 August 2017. 11 November 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171012110400/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/fears-north-korea-crisis-could-10973107. 12 October 2017.
  3. Web site: A Lebanese fragment: two days with Hizbollah. openDemocracy. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060820114015/http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization/hizbollah_3757.jsp. 20 August 2006. 26 October 2006.
  4. Web site: Syria and Hezbollah: A Loveless Alliance. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060717213500/http://www.mideastmonitor.org/gambill/050304.htm. 17 July 2006.
  5. http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2002/issue3/jv6n3a5.html Tehran, Washington, And Terror: No Agreement To Differ
  6. News: Hezbollah spurns al-Qaeda . USA Today . Jeffrey . Stinson . 28 July 2006 . 4 May 2010 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110522155832/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-07-28-lebanon-hezbollah_x.htm . 22 May 2011 . dmy-all .
  7. News: 'Zarqawi tape' urges Sunni unrest. BBC News. 2 June 2006. 26 July 2006. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20060615173706/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5040974.stm. 15 June 2006.
  8. Jerusalem Post, 5 August 2006 Saudi religious leader blasts Hizbullah Accessed 6 August 2006
  9. http://195.224.230.11/english/saudi/?id=17190
  10. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/911Report.pdf 9/11 Commission Report
  11. Web site: SECURITY COUNCIL NOTES SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS IN LEBANON. Security Council (Press Release). 23 January 2006. 26 July 2006. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20060726065040/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sc8616.doc.htm. 26 July 2006.
  12. United Nations 24 July 2006 Press Encounter with the Secretary-General at the Security Council Stakeout Accessed 5 August 2006
  13. United Nations, 17 October 2005 Highlights of the Spokesman's Noon Briefing Accessed 5 August 2006
  14. United Nations, 22 July 2006 US and UN share broad long-range objectives on Middle East – Annan Accessed 5 August 2006
  15. United Nations, 26 October 2005 S/2005/673 Letter dated 26 October 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council Accessed 5 August 2006
  16. News: CNN. Hezbollah disarmament unclear. 7 May 2005. 5 August 2006. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20060513213945/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/05/06/lebanon.report/index.html. 13 May 2006.
  17. Web site: The situation in the Middle East – Measures to eliminate international terrorism . Arye . Mekel . General Assembly Security Council, United Nations . 14 January 2003 . 26 July 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060628064638/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/85255db800470aa485255d8b004e349a/2005131e10c4ac7485256cb10053e171%21OpenDocument . 28 June 2006 . dead .
  18. News: No peace without Hezbollah, says Beirut. Sydney Morning Herald. 4 August 2006. 7 August 2006 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20060806112851/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/no-peace-without-hezbollah-says-beirut/2006/08/03/1154198272544.html. 6 August 2006.
  19. News: U.N.'s Malloch Brown Questions Hezbollah's 'Terror' Designation. FOx News. 7 August 2006. 3 August 2006. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20060803172552/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,206774,00.html. 3 August 2006.
  20. Bayefsky, Anne. "Kofi Annan to Hizbullah's rescue?" Editorial. Jerusalem Post. 8 August 2006. 23 December 2006.
  21. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/MembersCVs/Aboul-Nasr.pdf OHCHR
  22. Web site: Video clip. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070228041127/http://switch3.castup.net/cunet/gm.asp?ai=214&ar=1132wmv&ak=null. 28 February 2007.
  23. Book: Kirchner, Magdalena. Why States Rebel. Understanding State Sponsorship of Terrorism. Barbara Budrich. 2016. 978-3-8474-0641-9. Opladen. 220–230.
  24. News: Mystery in Hezbollah Operative's Life and Death. Anne. Barnard. The New York Times. 3 January 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170703043326/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/world/middleeast/mystery-in-hezbollah-operatives-life-and-death.html. 3 July 2017.
  25. News: Car Bombing Injures Dozens in Hezbollah Section of Beirut. Anne. Barnard. The New York Times. 9 July 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161221144640/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/10/world/middleeast/syria.html. 21 December 2016.
  26. Web site: Hamas Opts for the Hezbollah Model. Yaari. Ehud . Ehud Yaari. . June 3, 2014 . May 18, 2021.
  27. Web site: Israel-Hamas-Hezbollah: The Current Conflict . CRS Report for Congress . July 21, 2006 . September 8, 2006 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120913085435/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33566.pdf . 13 September 2012 . dmy-all.
  28. News: Moore. Molly. Anderson . John Ward . August 18, 2002. Suicide Bombers Change Mideast's Military Balance. . May 18, 2021.
  29. Book: Nasrallah, Sayyed Hassan. Noe. Nicholas. Blandford. Nicholas . Voice of Hezbollah: The Statements of Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah . . 2007 . 231 . London . 978-1844671533.
  30. Calhoun. Hezbollah psychological warfare against Israel. . Monterey, California. March 2009. 3. Brennen. Lisa.
  31. Web site: Ariel Ben. Solomon. Report: Hezbollah orders Hamas out of Lebanon. The Jerusalem Post. 30 May 2013. May 18, 2021.
  32. Stinson, Jeffrey. "Minister: Hezbollah doesn't need al-Qaeda's help fighting Israel in Lebanon." USA Today. 28 July 2006. 17 February 2006.
  33. See:
    • News: Terrorism Alliance?. CBS News. 26 July 2002. 26 July 2006. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20070517020357/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/07/26/attack/main516585.shtml. 17 May 2007. none.
    • News: New terror alliance suspected in Iraq. CNN World News. Mike Boettcher, Henry Schuster. 13 August 2003. 26 July 2006. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20060513004710/http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/08/13/iraq.terror/. 13 May 2006. none.
  34. Web site: Douglas Farah. douglasfarah.com. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20060818203054/http://www.douglasfarah.com/article/78/hezbollah-al-qaeda-ties-increase-danger-in-lebanon. 18 August 2006.
  35. Web site: The new front, An ominous alliance in Lebanon. The National Review. 12 July 2002. 12 July 2002. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20020716134533/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-berman071202.asp. 16 July 2002.
  36. Web site: Qaeda and Hezbollah seen in alliance of terror. The Washington Post/The International Herald Tribune. 1 July 2002. 1 July 2002 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235113/http://www.borrull.org/e/noticia.php?id=5374 . 27 September 2007.
  37. Web site: The Al-Qaida-Hizballah Connection . Institute for Counter-Terrorism at the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya . 26 February 2006 . 26 July 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060819123153/http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=425 . 19 August 2006 . dead .
  38. Priest, Dana and Douglas Farah. "Terror Alliance Has U.S. Worried." Washington Post. 30 June 2002. 18 September 2006.
  39. See:
    • News: 9/11 Panel Links Al Qaeda, Iran. Dan. Eggen. Washington Post. 26 June 2004. 26 July 2006. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20050420163428/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A6581-2004Jun25.html. 20 April 2005. none.
    • News: Al Quaeda and the Iranian connection. Hamid. Mir. Rediff.com. 16 July 2004. 26 July 2006. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20060428155021/http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jul/16spec1.htm. 28 April 2006. none.
  40. News: Al-Zarqawi declares war on Iraqi Shia . Al Jazeera . 14 September 2005 . 26 July 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20051024004108/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/407AAE91-AF72-45D7-83E9-486063C0E5EA.htm . 24 October 2005 .
  41. News: Lebanon's Hezbollah Denies Link with Al-Qaeda. People's Daily (China). 1 July 2002. 26 July 2006. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20060618170650/http://english.people.com.cn/200207/01/eng20020701_98923.shtml. 18 June 2006.
  42. Jane's World Insurgency and Terrorism.Group Profile: Hizbullah Accessed 28 July 2006
  43. See:
  44. News: Inside the Mind of Hezbollah . Robin . Wright . B01 . July 16, 2006 . . 2022-06-30.
  45. In Search of Hezbollah | Adam Shatz . https://web.archive.org/web/20060822195222/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17060 . 22 August 2006 . Shatz . Adam .
  46. [CNN]
  47. Web site: In the fight between Hezbollah and Al-Qaeda, the Iran-backed militia says it's defeated al-Nusra in Lebanon . . 27 July 2017 .
  48. News: THE STRUGGLE FOR IRAQ: UNREST; A Young Radical's Anti-U.S. Wrath Is Unleashed . Jeffrey . Gettleman . . 5 April 2004 . 26 July 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121105233624/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/05/international/middleeast/05SADR.html?8bl . 5 November 2012 . dead . "[Moktada al-Sadr] announced that he was opening Iraqi chapters of Hezbollah and Hamas"
  49. http://www.washingtontimes.com/world/20060724-122256-7766r.htm Iraqi Shi'ite militia ready to join fight
  50. [9/11 Commission]
  51. Web site: Matthew A. Levitt . Middle East Intelligence Bulletin . November–December 2002 . Sponsoring Terrorism: Syria and Islamic Jihad . 10 August 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061004001351/http://www.meib.org/articles/0211_s1.htm . 4 October 2006 . dmy-all .
  52. Sunni Palestinian Islamic Jihad Thanks Iran and Hezbollah (English Subtitles). 13 July 2014. YouTube. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150522165149/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKHpTTvfAIQ. 22 May 2015.
  53. Web site: Syrian war widens Sunni-Shia schism as foreign jihadis join fight for shrines. The Guardian. 4 June 2013.
  54. Web site: Glance at Palestinian Movement Liwa Al-Quds Supporting Syrian President Assad. alwaght.com. 6 October 2016. 28 July 2018. 1 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180801182210/http://alwaght.com/en/News/69899/Glance-at-Palestinian-Movement-Liwa-Al-Quds-Supporting-Syrian-President-Assad. dead.
  55. Web site: Hizb Allah's Gambit in Syria. Combating Terrorism Center. 27 August 2013.
  56. Web site: Hezbollah is a Shiite political and militant organization based in Lebanon. CISAC.
  57. Web site: 'Hezbollah and Harakat al Nujaba are the twins of resistance,' Iraqi militia spokesman says. longwarjournal.org. 18 March 2016.
  58. Web site: Lebanese Hezbollah training special Afghan Fatemiyoun forces for combat in Syria. longwarjournal.org. 14 July 2016.
  59. Web site: إسرائيل هي الجبهة الجديدة في الحرب السورية. raqeb.co. ar. 28 January 2015. 29 August 2018. 19 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170319015444/http://raqeb.co/2015/01/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%87%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9. dead.
  60. Web site: Liwa al-Baqir (The Baqir Brigade) in Syria | TRENDS . 29 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175249/http://trendsinstitution.org/liwa-al-baqir-the-baqir-brigade-in-syria/ . 29 August 2018 . dead .
  61. Web site: Hezbollah denies Morocco's claims of its ties with Polisario Front. The Middle East Monitor. 29 May 2018.
  62. Web site: Scholem Heller . Melissa . November 2016 . Peru, Abancay & Hezbollah: the Party of God in the City Where the Gods Speak . International Institute for Counter-Terrorism.
  63. Web site: Wagner Group 'tasked to deliver Russian weapons to Hezbollah' – US intelligence . 4 November 2023 .
  64. News: European Union designates Hezbollah's armed wing as terrorist group . The Washington Times . 22 July 2013 . Ashish Kumar Sen . 18 September 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131031051642/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jul/22/european-union-designates-hezbollahs-armed-wing-te/ . 31 October 2013 .
  65. Web site: beantwoording_toezegging_inzake_de_positie_van_hezbollah . The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 11 October 2006 . 1 . website . https://web.archive.org/web/20070706211812/http://www.minbuza.nl/nl/actueel/brievenparlement%2C2003/12/beantwoording_toezegging_inzake_de_positie_van_hezbollah.html . 6 July 2007 . dead .
  66. Web site: Annual Report 2004. Netherlands General intelligence and security service. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20060723035437/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/netherlands/aivd2004-eng.pdf. 23 July 2006.
  67. Web site: List of proscribed terrorist groups . United Kingdom Home Office . 2 April 2007 . 1 . website . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070301141741/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/security/terrorism-and-the-law/terrorism-act/proscribed-groups?version=1 . 1 March 2007 .
  68. News: UK to ban Hezbollah as terrorist organisation. 25 February 2019. 27 February 2019. en-GB.
  69. News: Germany bans Lebanese militant group Hezbollah. Ivana Kottasová . Frederik Pleitgen . Nadine Schmidt. CNN. 30 April 2020 . 1 May 2020.
  70. News: Switzerland nominates Hezbollah advocate for UN Human Rights Council . 14 August 2013 . The Jerusalem Post . Benjamin . Weinthal . 9 March 2019 .
  71. News: Beaumont . Peter . 2024-06-19 . Hezbollah leader: Cyprus will be target if it lets Israel use its territory in conflict . 2024-06-19 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077.
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