Hexie (train) explained

Hexie (Harmony)
Service:	28 January 2007 – Present
Manufacturer:	Bombardier Transportation Kawasaki Heavy Industries Alstom Siemens CRRC
Operator:	China Railway Corporation
Trainlength:	or more
Maxspeed:	380km/h
Powersupply:	Overhead catenary
Collectionmethod:	Pantograph

Hexie, also known as the CRH series EMU, is an umbrella term for the multiple unit high-speed and higher-speed trains operated by China Railway under the China Railway High-speed brand. All series of Hexie are based on foreign-developed technology and later manufactured locally in China through technology transfer licenses, with the ultimate goal of China acquiring the know-how and capability to produce high-speed rail trains.

The Harmony series does not belong to any single platform, instead encompassing all high-speed trains in China with roots in foreign technology, specifically CRH1, CRH2, CRH3 and CRH5. Although later variants of Hexie such as CRH380A were designed by Chinese companies, they are still classified as CRH due to incorporation of foreign technology.

History

In 2007, China's Ministry of Railways drafted a plan for China's future high-speed network. Bombardier Transportation, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Alstom and later Siemens joined the high-speed train manufacturing project that later became known as Harmony. Forming joint-ventures with Chinese company CNR and CSR, these four foreign companies signed agreements with China to manufacture high-speed trains for China as well as provide assistance for Chinese companies to manufacture train cars locally in the future.

While the initial train sets from each Hexie series were manufactured overseas, subsequent sets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China. The signalling, track and support structures, control software, and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well. Although the first domestically produced trains were initially delivered in complete knock-down form, eventually manufacturing as a whole became predominantly Chinese.^[1]

China currently holds many patents related to the internal components of these trains, re-designed in China to allow the trains to run at higher speeds than the foreign designs allowed. However, these patents are only valid within China, and as such hold no international power. This weakness on the intellectual property of Hexie trains became an obstruction for China to export its high-speed rail related products, leading to the development of a completely redesigned train brand, Fuxing, which is based on indigenous technologies.^{[1] [2] [3]}

While most Hexie series trains are designed for China Railway, a variant of the CRH380A has been modified for operation by MTR Corporation of Hong Kong, who will operate these trains under the brand Vibrant Express specifically for the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link.

Variants

The Harmony brand has different electric multiple unit trainsets, the designs for which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 through CRH-5 and CRH380A(L), CRH380B(L), and CRH380C(L). CRH trainsets are intended to provide fast and convenient travel between cities. Some of the trainsets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China. The signalling, track and support structures, control software, and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well, so the system as a whole is predominantly Chinese.^[1] China currently holds many new patents related to the internal components of these trains, re-designed in China to allow the trains to run at higher speeds than the foreign designs allowed. However, these patents are only valid within China, and as such hold no international power.^{[1] [2] [3]}

The trainsets are as follows:

• CRH1 produced by Bombardier Transportation's joint venture Sifang Power (Qingdao) Transportation (BST), CRH1A, and CRH1B, nicknamed "Metro" or "Bread", derived from Bombardier's Regina; CRH1E, nicknamed "Lizard", is Bombardier's ZEFIRO 250 design.
  • CRH1A: sets consists of 8 cars; maximum operating speed of
  • CRH1B: a modified 16-car version; maximum operating speed of
  • CRH1E: a 16-car high-speed sleeper version; maximum operating speed of
• CRH2: nicknamed "Hairtail", derived from E2 Series 1000 Shinkansen.
  • CRH2A: In 2006, China unveiled CRH2, a modified version of the Japanese Shinkansen E2-1000 series. An order for 60 8-car sets had been placed in 2004, with the first few built in Japan, the rest produced by Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock in China.^[4]
  • CRH2B: a modified 16-car version of CRH2; maximum operating speed of
  • CRH2C (Stage one): a modified version of CRH2 with a maximum operating speed up to as a result of replacing two intermediate trailer cars with motored cars
  • CRH2C (Stage two): a modified version of CRH2C (stage one) has a maximum operating speed up to by using more powerful motors
  • CRH2E: a modified 16-car version of CRH2 with sleeping cars
• CRH3: nickname "Rabbit", derived from Siemens ICE3 (class 403); 8-car sets; maximum operating speed of .
• CRH5A: derived from Alstom Pendolino ETR600; 8-car sets; maximum operating speed of .^[5]
• CRH6: designed by CSR Puzhen and CSR Sifang, will be manufactured by CSR Jiangmen. It is designed to have two versions: one with a top operating speed of ; the other with a top operating speed of . They will be used on or Inter-city High Speed Rail lines; planned to enter service by 2011.
• CRH380A; Maximum operating speed of . Developed by CSR and manufactured by Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock; entered service in 2010.
  • CRH380A: 8-car version
  • CRH380AL: 16-car version
• CRH380B: upgraded version of CRH3; maximum operating speed of, manufactured by Tangshan Railway Vehicle and CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles; entered service in 2011.
  • CRH380B: 8-car version
  • CRH380BL: 16-car version
• CRH380CL: designed and manufactured by CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles. Maximum operating speed of 380 km/h; planned to enter service in 2012.
• CRH380D: also named Zefiro 380; maximum operating speed of, manufactured by Bombardier Sifang (Qingdao) Transportation Ltd.; planned to enter service in 2012.
  • CRH380D: 8-car version

CRH1A, B,E, CRH2A, B,E, and CRH5A are designed for a maximum operating speed (MOR) of and can reach up to . CRH3C and CRH2C designs have an MOR of, and can reach up to, with a top testing speed more than . However, in practical terms, issues such as maintenance costs, comfort, and safety make the maximum speed of more than impractical and remain limiting factors.

Train type	Car dimensions	Total length	Top speed	Seating capacity	Formation	Power output (under 25 kV)	Entry into Service
CRH1
CRH1A–200	End cars length:26.95m (88.42feet) Inter cars length:26.6m (87.3feet) Width:3.328m (10.919feet) Height:4040mm	Calculated:213.5m (700.5feet) Real:213.5m (700.5feet)	Test: 278km/h Design: 255km/h Continuous operation:2000NaN0 Current operation:2100NaN0	673: 144 first and 529 standard 612: 128 first and 484 standard	5M3T	5.3lk=onNaNlk=on	February 1, 2007
CRH1A–250			Test: 278km/h Design: 285km/h Continuous operation:2500NaN0 Current operation:2500NaN0	597: 144 first and 453 standard 646: 128 first and 518 standard 635: 128 first and 507 standard 673: 144 first and 529 standard			September ?, 2010
CRH1B		Calculated:426.3m (1,398.6feet) Real:426.3m (1,398.6feet)	Test: 292km/h Design: 275km/h Continuous operation:2500NaN0 Current operation:2500NaN0	1299: 208 first and 1091 standard	10M6T	11lk=onNaNlk=on	May 1, 2009
CRH1B (1E head)	End cars length:28.28m (92.78feet) Inter cars length:26.6m (87.3feet) Width:3.328m (10.919feet) Height:4.04m (13.25feet)	Calculated:428.96m (1,407.35feet) Real:428.9m (1,407.2feet)		1299: 208 first and 1091 standard
CRH1E			Test: N/A Design: 275km/h Continuous operation:250km/h Current operation:250km/h	618: 122 standard, 16 luxury sleepers and 480 soft sleepers 642: 122 standard and 520 soft sleepers			November 4, 2009
CRH1A–A	End cars length:26.995m (88.566feet) Inter cars length:25.325m (83.087feet) Width:3.358m (11.017feet) Height:4.16m (13.65feet)	Calculated:205.94m (675.66feet) Real:207.9m (682.1feet)		613: 48 first and 565 standard	5M3T	5.5MW	February 1, 2016
CRH1E–250		Calculated:408.54m (1,340.35feet) Real:413.1m (1,355.3feet)		642: 110 standard and 532 soft sleepers	10M6T	11MW	January 29, 2016
CRH380D	End cars length:27.85m (91.37feet) Inter cars length:26.6m (87.3feet) Width:3.368m (11.05feet) Height:4.16m (13.65feet)	Calculated:215.3m (706.4feet) Real:215.3m (706.4feet)	Test: 420km/h Design: 422km/h Continuous operation:380km/h Current operation:350km/h	554: 10 sightseeing, 32 first and 512 standard 556: 10 business, 28 first and 518 standard	4M4T	10MW	April 19, 2014
CRH2
CRH2G	End cars length:25.7m (84.3feet) Inter cars length:25m (82feet) Width:3.33m (10.93feet) Height:3.86m (12.66feet)	Calculated:201.4m (660.8feet) Real:201.4m (660.8feet)	Test: N/A Design: 275km/h Continuous operation:250km/h Current operation:250km/h	613: 48 first and 565 standard	4M4T	4.8lk=onNaNlk=on	January 8, 2016
CRH2A (EC)	End cars length:25.7m (84.3feet) Inter cars length:25m (82feet) Width: 3.38m (11.09feet) Height:3.7m (12.1feet)		Test: N/A Design: 300km/h Continuous operation:2500NaN0 Current operation:2500NaN0				November 6, 2013
CRH2A (Old)			Test: 282km/h Design: 300km/h Continuous operation:250km/h Current operation:250km/h	610: 51 first and 559 standard			January 28, 2007
CRH2C Stage 1			Test: 394.2km/h Design: 370km/h Continuous operation:320km/h Current operation:300km/h		6M2T	7.2MW	August 1, 2008
CRH2C Stage 2			Test: N/A Design:394km/h Continuous operation:3500NaN0 Current operation:3100NaN0			8.76MW	February 6, 2010
CRH2B		Calculated:401.4m (1,316.9feet) Real:401.4m (1,316.9feet)	Test: 275km/h Design:300km/h Continuous operation:2500NaN0 Current operation:250km/h	1240: 155 first and 1075 standard	8M8T	9.6MW	August 1, 2008
CRH2E			Test: N/A Design:275km/h Continuous operation:2500NaN0 Current operation:2500NaN0	630: 110 standard and 520 soft sleepers			December 1, 2008
CRH2E–NG	End cars length:25.7m (84.3feet) Inter cars length:25m (82feet) Width:3.33m (10.93feet) Height:3.75m (12.3feet)			642: 110 standard and 532 soft sleepers			December 14, 2015
	End cars length:26.825m (88.009feet) Inter cars length:25.65m (84.15feet) Width:3.33m (10.93feet) Height:4050mm	Calculated:412.75m (1,354.17feet) Real:412.8m (1,354.3feet)	Test: N/A Design:2800NaN0 Continuous operation:250km/h Current operation:250km/h	880: 880 soft sleepers			July 1, 2017
CRH380A	End cars length:26.5m (86.9feet) Inter cars length:25m (82feet) Width:3.38m (11.09feet) Height:3.7m (12.1feet)	Calculated:203m (666feet) Real:203m (666feet)	Test:416.6km/h Design:416.6km/h Continuous operation:380km/h Current operation:350km/h	480: 18 sightseeing, 89 first and 373 standard	6M2T	9.6MW	September 30, 2010
CRH380A (New)			Test: N/A Design: 420km/h Continuous operation:380km/h Current operation:350km/h	556: 10 business, 28 first and 518 standard			January 16, 2014
CRH380AL		Calculated:403m (1,322feet) Real:403m (1,322feet)	Test: 486.1km/h Design: 420km/h Continuous operation:380km/h Current operation:350km/h	1028: 28 business, 162 first and 838 standard 1061: 20 business, 118 first and 923 standard	14M2T	20.44MW	June 30, 2011
CRH3
CRH3A	End cars length:27.05m (88.75feet) Inter cars length:25m (82feet) Width:3.3m (10.8feet) Height: 3.9m (12.8feet)	Calculated:204.1m (669.6feet) Real:209.75m (688.16feet)	Test: N/A Design: 420km/h Continuous operation:380km/h Current operation:310km/h	613: 48 first and 565 standard	4M4T	Other sets: 5.12MW Set Nº. 5257: 7.2MW	October 4, 2017
CRH3C	End cars length:25.86m (84.84feet) Inter cars length:24.825m (81.447feet) Width:3.265m (10.712feet) Height:3890mm	Calculated:200.67m (658.37feet) Real:200.67m (658.37feet)	Test: 394.3km/h Design:404km/h Continuous operation:3500NaN0 Current operation:3100NaN0	546: 16 special, 40 first and 490 standard	4M4T	8.8MW	August 1, 2008
CRH380BG	End cars length:25.86m (84.84feet) Inter cars length:24.825m (81.447feet) Width:3.257m (10.686feet) Height:3890mm		Test: N/A Design: 420km/h Continuous operation:3800NaN0 Current operation:3500NaN0	551: 16 sightseeing, 44 first and 491 standard 556: 10 sightseeing, 28 first and 518 standard	4M4T	9.376MW	October 9, 2012
CRH380BL		Calculated:399.27m (1,309.94feet) Real:399.27m (1,309.94feet)	Test: 487.3km/h Design: 487km/h Continuous operation:380km/h Current operation:3500NaN0	1005: 28 business, 186 first and 791 standard 1015: 26 business, 118 first and 871 standard	8M8T	18.752MW	January 13, 2011
CRH380B	End cars length:26.475m (86.86feet) Inter cars length:25m (82feet) Width:3.257NaN Height:3890mm	Calculated:202.95m (665.85feet) Real:202.95m (665.85feet)	Test: N/A Design: 446km/h Continuous operation:380km/h Current operation:350km/h	556: 10 business, 28 first and 518 standard	4M4T	9.376MW	January 16, 2014
CRH380CL	End cars length:26.525m (87.024feet) Inter cars length:24.825m (81.447feet) Width:3.257m (10.686feet) Height:3890mm	Calculated:400.6m (1,314.3feet) Real:400.27m (1,313.22feet)	Test: N/A Design:4200NaN0 Continuous operation:3800NaN0 Current operation:3500NaN0	1029: 28 business, 130 first and 871 standard 1015: 26 business, 118 first and 871 standard	8M8T	19.2MW	April 3, 2013
CRH5
CRH5A	End cars length:27.6m (90.6feet) Inter cars length:25m (82feet) Width:3.2m (10.5feet) Height:4.27m (14.01feet)	Calculated:205.2m (673.2feet) Real:211.5m (693.9feet)	Test: N/A Design: 275km/h Continuous operation:250km/h Current operation:250km/h	622: 60 first and 562 standard 586: 112 first and 474 standard	5M3T	Other sets: 5.5MW Set Nº. 5191: 7.2MW	April 18, 2007
CRH5G (Old)			Test: N/A Design:275km/h / 3000NaN0 Continuous operation:250km/h Current operation:250km/h	613: 48 first and 565 second class			December 26, 2014
CRH5G (New)	End cars length:26.85m (88.09feet) Inter cars length:26m (85feet) Width:3.3m (10.8feet) Height:4.1m (13.5feet)	Calculated:209.7m (688feet) Real:211.5m (693.9feet)
CRH5E		Calculated:417.7m (1,370.4feet) Real:418.7m (1,373.7feet)	Test: N/A Design: 275km/h Continuous operation:250km/h Current operation:250km/h	642: 110 standard and 532 soft sleepers 880: 880 soft sleepers	10M6T	11MW	Under testing
CRH6
CRH6A	End cars length:25.7m (84.3feet) Inter cars length:25m (82feet) Width:3.3m (10.8feet) Height:3860mm	Calculated:201.4m (660.8feet) Real:201.4m (660.8feet)	Test: 220km/h Design: 250km/h Continuous operation:200km/h Current operation:200km/h	1488: 557 standard and 931 standings 1488: 477 standard and 1011 standings 613: 48 first and 565 standard	4M4T	5.52lk=onNaNlk=on	February 12, 2014
CRH6A–A		Calculated:101.4m (332.7feet) Real:101.4m (332.7feet)		688: 252 standard and 436 standings	2M2T	2.76MW	Under testing
CRH6F		Calculated:201.4m (660.8feet) Real:201.4m (660.8feet)	Test: 176km/h Design: 2000NaN0 Continuous operation:160km/h Current operation:160km/h	1988: ... standard and ... standings	4M4T	5.152lk=onNaNlk=on	July 11, 2015
CRH6F–A		Calculated:101.4m (332.7feet) Real:101.4m (332.7feet)		875: ... standard and ... standings	2M2T	2.576lk=onNaNlk=on	March 26, 2018

Chinese CRH trainsets order timetable

Date	Factory	Speed Level	Type	Quantity (set)	Quantity (car)	Amount
2004-10-10^[6]	Alstom	250 km/h	CRH5A	3	24	620 million EUR
	CNR Changchun			57	456
2004-10-12^[7]	BST (Bombardier & CSR)	250 km/h	CRH1A	20	160	US$350 million
2004-10-20^[8]	Kawasaki	250 km/h	CRH2A	3	24	9,300 million RMB
	CSR Sifang			57	456
2005-05-30^[9]	BST	250 km/h	CRH1A	20	160	US$350 million
2005-06	CSR Sifang	300 km/h	CRH2C Stage one	30	240	8,200 million RMB
		350 km/h	CRH2C Stage two	30	240
2005-11-20^[10]	Siemens	350 km/h	CRH3C	3	24	13,000 million RMB
	CNR Tangshan			57	456
2007-10-31^[11]	BST	250 km/h	CRH1B	20	320	1,000 million EUR
			CRH1E	20	320
2007-11^[12]	CSR Sifang	250 km/h	CRH2B	10	160	1,200 million RMB
2007-11	CSR Sifang	250 km/h	CRH2E	6	96	900 million RMB
2008-12-06	CSR Sifang	250 km/h	CRH2E	14	224	2,100 million RMB
2009-09-23^[13]	CNR Changchun	250 km/h	CRH5A	30	240	4,800 million RMB
2009-03-16^[14]	CNR Tangshan	380 km/h	CRH380BL	70	1,120	39,200 million RMB
	CNR Changchun			30	480
2009-09-28^[15]	CSR Sifang	380 km/h	CRH380A	40	320	45,000 million RMB
			CRH380AL	100	1,600
2009-09-28 Modified 2012-09-05^[16]	BST	380 km/h	CRH380D	70	560	27,400 million RMB
		250 km/h	CRH1A	46	368
		250 km/h	Zefiro 250NG	60	480
2009-09-28^[17]	CNR Changchun	380 km/h	CRH380B	40	320	23,520 million RMB
			CRH380BL	15	240
			CRH380CL	25	400
2009-09-28^[18]	CNR Tangshan	350 km/h	CRH3C^[19]	20	160	3,920 million RMB
2009-12-30^[20]	CSR Puzhen	220 km/h	CRH6	24	192	2,346 million RMB
2010-07-16^[21]	BST	250 km/h	CRH1A	40	320	5,200 million RMB
2010-09-14^[22]	CSR Sifang	250 km/h	CRH2A	40	320	3,400 million RMB
2010-10-13^[23]	CNR Changchun	250 km/h	CRH5A	20	160	2,700 million RMB
2011-04-26	CNR Changchun	250 km/h	CRH5A	30	240	3,870 million RMB
Total				1050	10,240

Chinese CRH trainsets delivery timetable

Based on data published by Sinolink Securities;^{[24] [25]} some small changes were made according to the most recent news.

Type	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	Future (plan)	Total
CRH1A	8	18	12	2	20	20	106	80
CRH2A	19	41			15	25		100
CRH5A		27	29	4	30	20	30	140
CRH1B			4	9	7			20
CRH1E				3	8	9		20
CRH2B			10					10
CRH2E			6	14				20
CRH2C			10	20	30			60
CRH3C			7	36	37			80
CRH380A					40			40
CRH380AL					6	94		100
CRH380B						20	20	40
CRH380BL					11	49	55	115
CRH380CL							25	25
CRH380D							70	70
CRH380DL							0	0
CRH6							24	24
Total	27	86	78	88	204	237	330	1050
Cumulative	27	113	191	279	483	744	1050	1050

• All CRH380B and CRH380C units to be delivered before 2012.
• All CRH380D units to be delivered before 2014.

See also

• China Railway High-speed, Chinese high-speed railway service provided by China Railway.
• China Railway, Chinese state-owned corporation that operates nearly all Harmony trains.
• Fuxing (train), next-generation EMU developed by China with independent intellectual property rights.

Notes and References

1. News: Train Makers Rail Against China's High-Speed Designs. Norihiko. Shirouzu. 2010-11-17. 2012-12-26. The Wall Street Journal.
2. News: China Rail Chief's Firing Hints at Trouble. Michael. Wines. Keith. Bradsher. 2011-02-17. 2012-12-27. The New York Times. Many multinational companies also resent China for tweaking foreign designs and building the equipment itself rather than importing it..
3. News: High-Speed Trains in China to Run Slower, Ministry Says. Ian. Johnson. 2011-06-13. 2012-12-27. The New York Times. In the past few months, some foreign companies that sold China its high-speed technology said the trains were not designed to operate at 215 miles per hour. The ministry said that Chinese engineers had improved on the foreign technology and that the trains were safe at the higher speeds..
4. News: . 2005-08-01 . High speed trainsets take shape . 2018-03-23 . 2011-08-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110809033303/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/high-speed-trainsets-take-shape.html . dead .
5. News: . 2007-08-01 . China's high speed fleet expands steadily . 2018-03-23 . 2011-06-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110616025437/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/chinas-high-speed-fleet-expands-steadily.html . dead .
6. Web site: http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2004-10/25/content_2135230.htm. https://web.archive.org/web/20121106233811/http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2004-10/25/content_2135230.htm. dead. November 6, 2012. zh:法中企业握手互利共赢. zh. news.xinhuanet.com. 2004-10-25.
7. Web site: 2004年10月12日，BSP与铁道部及广州铁路（集团）签订了20列（160辆）EMU动车组. zh. 2006-01-12. www.bsp.cn. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110707013236/http://www.bsp.cn/info/content.asp?infoId=504. July 7, 2011. mdy-all.
8. Web site: CRH2型动车组详细资料及分类. zh. news.chineserailways.com. 2009-12-14. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110823050935/http://news.chineserailways.com/HTML/25/200911/20091114100345.html. August 23, 2011. mdy-all.
9. Web site: http://info.traffic.hc360.com/2005/06/1018168492.shtml. zh:庞巴迪：又获铁道部动车组大订单. zh. info.traffic.hc360.com. 2005-06-10. 2018-03-23. 2016-06-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20160626194908/http://info.traffic.hc360.com/2005/06/1018168492.shtml. dead.
10. Web site: http://hebei.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/sjdixiansw/200608/20060802879355.html. zh:西门子专家进驻唐山机车车辆厂. zh. 2006-08-15. hebei.moform.gov.cn. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110817191008/http://hebei.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/sjdixiansw/200608/20060802879355.html. August 17, 2011. mdy-all.
11. Web site: BSP公司在北京签订40列EMU动车组订单. www.bsp.cn. zh. 2007-11-02. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110707013413/http://www.bsp.cn/info/content.asp?infoId=546. July 7, 2011. mdy-all.
12. Book:
13. Web site: 公司与北京铁路局签订了30列CRH5型动车组采购合同. www.cccar.com.cnom. zh. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110717203151/http://www.cccar.com.cn/news_content.asp?mainid=22&id=249. July 17, 2011. mdy-all.
14. Web site: zh:唐车公司拿到京沪高铁动车组大订单 总金额392亿. info.china.alibaba.com. http://info.china.alibaba.com/news/detail/v0-d1004555482.html. 2009-03-17. zh. 2018-03-23. 2012-03-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20120304175215/http://info.china.alibaba.com/news/detail/v0-d1004555482.html. dead.
15. Web site: http://www.guosen.com.cn/webd/public/infoDetail.jsp?infoid=8115249. zh:中国南车：中标巨额合同 增厚公司业绩. zh. 2009-09-30. www.guosen.com.cn.
16. Web site: Zefiro 250NG included in revised high speed train contract . 2018-03-23 . 2020-10-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201024092107/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/zefiro-250ng-included-in-revised-high-speed-train-contract.html . dead .
17. Web site: http://jlrbszb.chinajilin.com.cn/html/2009-10/06/content_559836.htm. zh:长客签下235亿订单. 2009-09-28. zh. jlrbszb.chinajilin.com.cn. 2018-03-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20110707014542/http://jlrbszb.chinajilin.com.cn/html/2009-10/06/content_559836.htm. 2011-07-07. dead.
18. Book:
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