Qualcomm Hexagon Explained

Hexagon
Designer:	Qualcomm
Bits:	32-bit, 64-bit
Introduced:	2006 (QDSP6)
Design:	4-way multithreaded VLIW
Type:	Load–store
Encoding:	Fixed 4 byte per instruction, up to 4 instructions in VLIW multiinstruction
Open:	Proprietary
Gpr:	32-bit GPR: 32, can be paired to 64-bit^[1]

Hexagon is the brand name for a family of digital signal processor (DSP) and later neural processing unit (NPU) products by Qualcomm.^[2] Hexagon is also known as QDSP6, standing for “sixth generation digital signal processor.” According to Qualcomm, the Hexagon architecture is designed to deliver performance with low power over a variety of applications.^{[3] [4]}

Each version of Hexagon has an instruction set and a micro-architecture. These two features are intimately related.

Hexagon is used in Qualcomm Snapdragon chips, for example in smartphones, cars, wearable devices and other mobile devices and is also used in components of cellular phone networks.

Instruction set architecture

Computing devices have instruction sets, which are their lowest, most primitive languages. Common instructions are those which cause two numbers to be added, multiplied or combined in other ways, as well as instructions that direct the processor where to look in memory for its next instruction. There are many other types of instructions.

Assemblers and compilers that translate computer programs into streams of instructions – bit streams - that the device can understand and carry out (execute). As an instruction stream executes, the integrity of system function is supported by the use of instruction privilege levels. Privileged instructions have access to more resources in the device, including memory. Hexagon supports privilege levels.

Originally, Hexagon instructions operated on integer numbers but not floating point numbers,^[5] but in v5 floating point support was added.^[6]

The processing unit which handles execution of instructions is capable of in-order dispatching up to 4 instructions (the packet) to 4 Execution Units every clock.^{[7] [8]}

Micro-architecture

Micro-architecture is the physical structure of a chip or chip component that makes it possible for a device to carry out the instructions. A given instruction set can be implemented by a variety of micro-architectures. The buses – data transfer channels – for Hexagon devices are 32 bits wide. That is, 32 bits of data can be moved from one part of the chip to another in a single step. The Hexagon micro-architecture is multi-threaded,^[4] which means that it can simultaneously process more than one stream of instructions, enhancing data processing speed. Hexagon supports very long instruction words,^{[9] [10]} which are groupings of four instructions that can be executed “in parallel.” Parallel execution means that multiple instructions can run simultaneously without one instruction having to complete before the next one starts. The Hexagon micro-architecture supports single instruction, multiple data operations,^[11] which means that when a Hexagon device receives an instruction, it can carry out the operation on more than one piece of data at the same time. According to 2012 estimation, Qualcomm shipped 1.2 billion DSP cores inside its system on a chip (SoCs) (average 2.3 DSP core per SoC) in 2011, and 1.5 billion cores were planned for 2012, making the QDSP6 the most shipped architecture of DSP^[12] (CEVA had around 1 billion of DSP cores shipped in 2011 with 90% of IP-licensable DSP market^[13]).

The Hexagon architecture is designed to deliver performance with low power over a variety of applications. It has features such as hardware assisted multithreading, privilege levels, Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW), Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD),^{[14] [15]} and instructions geared toward efficient signal processing. Hardware multithreading is implemented as barrel temporal multithreading - threads are switched in round-robin fashion each cycle, so the 600 MHz physical core is presented as three logical 200 MHz cores before V5.^[16] Hexagon V5 switched to dynamic multithreading (DMT) with thread switch on L2 misses, interrupt waiting or on special instructions.^[17]

At Hot Chips 2013 Qualcomm announced details of their Hexagon 680 DSP. Qualcomm announced Hexagon Vector Extensions (HVX). HVX is designed to allow significant compute workloads for advanced imaging and computer vision to be processed on the DSP instead of the CPU.^[18] In March 2015 Qualcomm announced their Snapdragon Neural Processing Engine SDK which allow AI acceleration using the CPU, GPU and Hexagon DSP.^[19]

Qualcomm's Snapdragon 855 contains their 4th generation on-device AI engine, which includes the Hexagon 690 DSP and Hexagon Tensor Accelerator (HTA) for AI acceleration.^[20] Snapdragon 865 contains the 5th generation on-device AI engine based on the Hexagon 698 DSP capable of 15 trillion operations per second (TOPS).^[21] Snapdragon 888 contains the 6th generation on-device AI engine based on the Hexagon 780 DSP capable of 26 TOPS.^[22] Snapdragon 8 contains the 7th generation on-device AI engine based on the Hexagon DSP capable of 52 TOPS and up to 104 TOPS in some cases.^[23]

Software support

Operating systems

The port of Linux for Hexagon runs under a hypervisor layer ("Hexagon Virtual Machine"^[24]) and was merged with the 3.2 release of the kernel.^{[25] [26]} The original hypervisor is closed-source, and in April 2013 a minimal open-source hypervisor implementation for QDSP6 V2 and V3, the "Hexagon MiniVM" was released by Qualcomm under a BSD-style license.^{[27] [28]}

Compilers

Support for Hexagon was added in 3.1 release of LLVM by Tony Linthicum.^[29] Hexagon/HVX V66 ISA support was added in 8.0.0 release of LLVM.^[30] There is also a non-FSF maintained branch of GCC and binutils.^[31]

Adoption of the SIP block

Qualcomm Hexagon DSPs have been available in Qualcomm Snapdragon SoC since 2006.^{[32] [33]} In Snapdragon S4 (MSM8960 and newer) there are three QDSP cores, two in the Modem subsystem and one Hexagon core in the Multimedia subsystem. Modem cores are programmed by Qualcomm only, and only Multimedia core is allowed to be programmed by user.

They are also used in some femtocell processors of Qualcomm, including FSM98xx, FSM99xx and FSM90xx.^[34]

Third-party integration

In March 2016, it was announced that semiconductor company Conexant's AudioSmart audio processing software was being integrated into Qualcomm's Hexagon.^[35]

In May 2018 wolfSSL added support for using Qualcomm Hexagon.^[36] This is support for running wolfSSL crypto operations on the DSP. In addition to use of crypto operations a specialized operation load management library was later added.

Versions

There are six versions of QDSP6 architecture released: V1 (2006), V2 (2007–2008), V3 (2009), V4 (2010–2011), QDSP6 V5 (2013, in Snapdragon 800^[37]); and QDSP6 V6 (2016, in Snapdragon 820).^[33] V4 has 20 DMIPS per milliwatt, operating at 500 MHz.^{[32] [33]} Clock speed of Hexagon varies in 400–2000 MHz for QDSP6 and in 256–350 MHz for previous generation of the architecture, the QDSP5.^[38]

Versions of QDSP6	Process node, nm	Year	Number of simultaneous threads	Per-thread clock, MHz	Total core clock, MHz	Product
QDSP6 V1	65^[39]	2006
QDSP6 V2^[40]	65	2007	6	100	600
QDSP6 V3 (1st gen)	45	2009	6	67	400
QDSP6 V3 (2nd gen)	45	2009	4	100	400
QDSP6 V4 (V4M, V4C, V4L)	28	2010	3	167	500	Snapdragon600
QDSP6 V5^[41] (V5A, V5H)	28	2013	3	200 or greater with DMT	600	Snapdragon410/412/800/801
536	12/28	2014				205/208/210/212Snapdragon 425/427/429/430/435/439
V50	28	2014				Snapdragon415/610/615/616/805
546	14/28	2015				Snapdragon450/617/625/626/632
V56	20/28	2015				Snapdragon650/652/653/808/810
642	14	2017				Snapdragon630
QDSP6 V6 or 680	14	2016	4	500	2000 (820^[42] ^[43] & 821)787 (660)^[44]	Snapdragon820/821/636/660
682	10	2017				Snapdragon835
683	11	2020				Snapdragon662/460
685	10/11	2018	(3 TOPS)			Snapdragon850/845/670/675/678/710/712
686	6/8/11	2019	(3.3 TOPS)			Snapdragon695/685/680/665/480/480+
688	8	2019	(3.6 TOPS)			Snapdragon730(G)/732G
690	7	2019	(7 TOPS)			Snapdragon855/855+/860/8c/8cx Microsoft SQ1/SQ2
692	8	2020	(5 TOPS)			Snapdragon720G/690/7c
694	8	2020	(4.7 TOPS)			Snapdragon750G
696	7	2020	(5.4 TOPS)			Snapdragon765(G)/768G
698	7	2020	(15 TOPS)			Snapdragon865/865+/870
770	5/6	2021	(12 TOPS)			Snapdragon778G/778G+/780G/782G
780	5	2021	(26 TOPS/ 32TOPS)			Snapdragon888/888+
790	?	2022	?			Snapdragon 8 gen 1 / 8+ gen 1

Availability in Snapdragon products

Both Hexagon (QDSP6) and pre-Hexagon (QDSP5) cores are used in modern Qualcomm SoCs, QDSP5 mostly in low-end products. Modem QDSPs (often pre-Hexagon) are not shown in the table.

QDSP5 usage:

Snapdragon generation	Chipset (SoC) ID	DSP generation	DSP frequency, MHz	Process node, nm
S1	MSM7627, MSM7227, MSM7625, MSM7225	QDSP5	320	65
S1	MSM7627A, MSM7227A, MSM7625A, MSM7225A	QDSP5	350	45
S2	MSM8655, MSM8255, APQ8055, MSM7630, MSM7230	QDSP5	256	45
S4 Play	MSM8625, MSM8225	QDSP5	350	45
S200^[45]	8110, 8210, 8610, 8112, 8212, 8612, 8225Q, 8625Q	QDSP5	384	45 LP

QDSP6 (Hexagon) usage:

Snapdragon generation	Chipset (SoC) ID	QDSP6 version	DSP frequency, MHz	Process node, nm
S1	QSD8650, QSD8250	QDSP6	600	65
S3	MSM8660, MSM8260, APQ8060	QDSP6 (V3?)	400	45
S4 Prime	MPQ8064	QDSP6 (V3?)	500	28
S4 Pro	MSM8960 Pro, APQ8064	QDSP6 (V3?)	500	28
S4 Plus	MSM8960, MSM8660A, MSM8260A, APQ8060A, MSM8930, MSM8630, MSM8230, APQ8030, MSM8627, MSM8227	QDSP6 (V3?)	500	28
S400	8926, 8930, 8230, 8630, 8930AB, 8230AB, 8630AB, 8030AB, 8226, 8626	QDSP6V4	500	28 LP
S600	8064T, 8064M	QDSP6V4	500	28 LP
S800	8974, 8274, 8674, 8074	QDSP6V5A	600	28 HPm
S820	8996	QDSP6V6	2000	14 FinFET LPP

Hardware codec supported

The different video codecs supported by the Snapdragon SoCs.

D - decode; E - encode

FHD = FullHD = 1080p = 1920x1080px

HD = 720p which can be 1366x768px or 1280x720px

Snapdragon 200 series

The different video codecs supported by the Snapdragon 200 series.

Codec	Snapdragon200^[46]	Snapdragon200	Qualcomm205^[47]	Snapdragon208/210^[48]	Snapdragon212^[49]
Availability	2013	2013	2017	2014	2015
Hexagon	QDSP5	QDSP6	536	536	536
H263
VC-1
H.264
H.264 10-bit
VP8
H.265
H.265 10-bit
H.265 12-bit
VVC
VP9
VP9 10-bit
AV1

Snapdragon 400 series

The different video codecs supported by the Snapdragon 400 series.

Codec	Snapdragon400^[50]	Snapdragon410/415^[51]	Snapdragon 425/427	Snapdragon429/439^[52]	Snapdragon 450^[53]	Snapdragon460^[54]	Snapdragon480/480+^[55]
Availability	Q4 2013	2014/2015	Q1 2016/Q3 2017	Q2 2018	Q2 2017	Q1 2020	Q1 2021
Hexagon	QDSP6	QDSP6 V5	536(256KB)	536	546	683	686
H263
VC-1
H.264
H.264 10-bit
VP8
H.265
H.265 10-bit
H.265 12-bit
VVC
VP9
VP9 10-bit
AV1
Video frame rate support Decoding						HD 60 fps
				FHD 60 fps	FHD 60 fps	FHD 60 fps
Video framerate support Encoding						HD 60 fps
				FHD 60 fps	FHD 60 fps	FHD 60 fps

Snapdragon 600 series

The different video codecs supported by the Snapdragon 600 series.

Codec	Snapdragon 600^[56]	Snapdragon 610^[57]	Snapdragon 650/652/653	Snapdragon 630^[58]	Snapdragon 632	Snapdragon 636/660	Snapdragon 662^[59]	Snapdragon 665^[60]	Snapdragon 670/675/678^[61]	Snapdragon 690^[62]
Availability	Q1 2013		Q1 2015		Q2 2018		Q1 2020	Q2 2019	2019	Q2 2020
Hexagon	QDSP6 V4	QDSP6 V50	QDSP6 V56	642	546	680	683	686	685	692
H263
VC-1
H.264
H.264 10-bit
VP8
H.265
H.265 10-bit
VVC
VP9
VP9 10-bit
AV1
FPS
Video decoding frame rate support	HD 60 fps	HD 120 fps		HD 240 fps^[63]	HD 240 fps	HD 240 fps^[64]	HD 60 fps	HD 240 fps	HD 240 fps	HD 240 fps
	FHD 30 fps	FHD 60 fps	FHD 120 fps	FHD 120 fps	FHD 120 fps	FHD 120 fps	FHD 60 fps	FHD 120 fps	FHD 120 fps	FHD 120 fps
	No 4K	No 4K	4K30 fps	4K30 fps	4K30 fps	4K30 fps	No 4K	4K60 fps	4K60 fps	4K60 fps
Video encoding frame rate support	HD 60 fps	HD 60 fps		HD 240 fps	HD 240 fps	HD 240 fps	HD 60 fps	HD 240 fps	HD 240 fps	HD 240 fps
	FHD 30 fps	FHD 30 fps	FHD 120 fps	FHD 120 fps	FHD 120 fps	FHD 120 fps	FHD 60 fps	FHD 120 fps	FHD 120 fps	FHD 120 fps
	No 4K	No 4K	4K30 fps	4K30 fps	4K30 fps	4K30 fps	No 4K	4K30 fps	4K30 fps	4K30 fps
HDR formats
Display andplayback										HDR10, HLG
Videorecording										HDR10, HLG

Snapdragon 700 series

The different video codecs supported by the Snapdragon 700 series.

Codec	Snapdragon710^[65] /712^[66]	Snapdragon720G^[67]	Snapdragon730G^[68] /732G^[69]	Snapdragon 765^[70] /765G^[71] /768G	Snapdragon778G^[72]	Snapdragon780G^[73]
Availability	Q2 2018 / Q1 2019	Q1 2020	Q2 2019 / Q3 2020	Q2 2019 / Q2 2019 / Q2 2020	Q2 2021	Q1 2021
Hexagon	685	692	688	696	770	770
H263
VC-1
H.264
H.264 10-bit
VP8
H.265
H.265 10-bit
H.265 12-bit
VVC
VP9
VP9 10-bit
AV1
FPS
Video framerate support Decoding	HD 240 fps	HD 240 fps	HD 240 fps	HD 480 fps
	FHD 120 fps	FHD 120 fps	FHD 120 fps	?
	4K 30fps	4K 30fps	4K 30fps	4K 60fps
Video framerate support Encoding	HD 240 fps	HD 240 fps	HD 240 fps	HD 480 fps
	FHD 120 fps	FHD 120 fps	FHD 120 fps	?
	4K 30fps	4K 30fps	4K 30fps	?
HDR formats
Display andplayback	10-bit HDR	HDR10, HLG		HDR10, HLG, HDR10+
Videorecording			HDR10, HLG	HDR10, HLG, HDR10+
Photorecording					10-bit HDR HEIF

Snapdragon 800 series

The different video codecs supported by the Snapdragon 800 series.

Codec	Snapdragon800^[74]	Snapdragon801	Snapdragon805^[75]	Snapdragon810^[76]	Snapdragon820/821^[77]	Snapdragon835^[78]	Snapdragon845/850^[79]	Snapdragon855/855+^[80]	Snapdragon865/865+ /870^[81]	Snapdragon888^[82]	Snapdragon8 gen 1
Availability	Q2 2013	Q1 2014	Q1 2014	Q3 2014	Q4 2015Q3 2016	Q2 2017	Q1 2018	2019	20192021	Q4 2020	2021
Hexagon	QDSP6 V5	QDSP6 V5	QDSP6 V50	QDSP6 V56	680	682	685	690^[83]	698	780	790
MPEG-4
H263					^[84]
VC-1
H.264					^[85]
H.264 10-bit
VP8					^[86]
H.265
H.265 10-bit
VP9
VP9 10-bit
AV1
VVC
FPS
DecodingFPS	HD@120			HD@240			HD@480	HD@480^[87]	HD@960
	FHD@60			FHD@120			FHD@240	FHD@240
	4K@30				4K@60				4K@120
	8K@?							8K@60
EncodingFPS	HD@120			HD@240			HD@480^[88]	HD@480	HD@960
	FHD@60			FHD@120			FHD@240	FHD@240
	4K@30						4K@60	4K@60	4K@120
	8K@30
HDR formats
Display andplayback	HDR					HDR10,HLG^[89]	HDR10, HLG,HDR10+, Dolby Vision
Videorecording	HDR10,HLG						HDR10, HLG,HDR10+	HDR10, HLG,HDR10+, Dolby Vision
Photorecording	10-bit HDR HEIF

Code sample

This is a single instruction packet from the inner loop of a FFT:^{[8] [17]}

{ R17:16 = MEMD(R0++M1)
  MEMD(R6++M1) = R25:24
  R20 = CMPY(R20, R8):<<1:rnd:sat
  R11:10 = VADDH(R11:10, R13:12)
}:endloop0

This packet is claimed by Qualcomm to be equal to 29 classic RISC operations; it includes vector add (4x 16-bit), complex multiply operation and hardware loop support. All instructions of the packet are done in the same cycle.

See also

• Qualcomm Snapdragon
• List of Qualcomm Snapdragon processors
• Nvidia NVDEC
• Nvidia NVENC
• Texas Instruments TMS320
• CEVA, Inc.
• Super Harvard Architecture Single-Chip Computer
• Digital signal processing
• Cryptography
• Instruction set architecture
• Microarchitecture
• Very long instruction word
• SIMD
• Multi-threading
• System on a chip
• Hypervisor
• Codec
• Fast Fourier transform
• Cellular network
• Conexant

External links

• Qualcomm's Hexagon home page
• Upcoming DSP architectures, Arnd Bergmann // LWN
• Introduction to Qualcomm’s QDSP Access Program // Qualcomm, 2011
• Qualcomm Hexagon DSP: An architecture optimized for mobile multimedia and communications // Lucian Codrescu (Qualcomm), Hot Chips 25, Palo Alto, CA, August 2013.
• Qualcomm Extends Hexagon DSP: Hexagon v5 Adds Floating-Point Math, Dynamic Multithreading // Linley Gwennap, Microprocessor Report, August 2013.

Notes and References

1. https://rpw.io/slides/rpw-pacsec2013-hexagon.pdf Baseband exploitation in 2013: Hexagon challenges
2. Web site: CSDL IEEE Computer Society . 2024-06-08 . www.computer.org.
3. Web site: Hexagon DSP SDK. 2021-01-14. Qualcomm Developer Network. en.
4. Web site: Hexagon DSP SDK Processor. 2021-01-14. Qualcomm Developer Network. en.
5. Web site: Humrick. Matt. Qualcomm Details Snapdragon 835: Kryo 280 CPU, Adreno 540 GPU, X16 LTE. 2021-01-14. www.anandtech.com.
6. Web site: Group. Lindley. Microprocessor Report.
7. Web site: Rob Landley's Blog Thing for 2012 . Landley.net . 2012-10-19.
8. http://llvm.org/devmtg/2011-11/Simpson_PortingLLVMToADSP.pdf Porting LLVM to a Next Generation DSP
9. Web site: Hexagon - Microarchitectures - Qualcomm - WikiChip. 2021-01-14. en.wikichip.org. en.
10. Web site: Iqbal. Faisal. Qualcomm Hexagon DSP.
11. Web site: Technologies. Qualcomm. 2018. Qualcomm Hexagon V66 HVX Programmer's Reference Manual.
12. Will Strauss, Forward Concepts. Wireless/DSP Market Bulletin: Qualcomm Leads in Global DSP Silicon Shipments // Forward Concepts: "In calendar year 2011, Qualcomm shipped a reported 521 million MSM chip shipments and we estimate that an average of 2.3 of its DSP cores in each unit resulted in 1.2 billion DSPs shipped in silicon. This (calendar) year, we estimate that the company will ship an average of 2.4 DSP cores with each (more complex) MSM chip."
13. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ceva-continues-to-dominate-dsp-ip-market-with-90-market-share-151346395.html
14. Hexagon v2 Programmers Reference
15. Web site: Hexagon DSP: An Architecture Optimized for Mobile Multimedia and Communications. March–April 2014. Lucian Codrescu (Qualcomm). IEEE Micro 34.2. 34–43.
16. http://eprint.iacr.org/2013/428.pdf Faster 128-EEA3 and 128-EIA3 Software
17. http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~danav/pubs/qcom/hexagon_microreport2013_v5.pdf Qualcomm Extends Hexagon DSP: Hexagon v5 Adds Floating-Point Math, Dynamic Multithreading
18. Web site: Qualcomm Details Hexagon 680 DSP in Snapdragon 820: Accelerated Imaging. Ho. Joshua. www.anandtech.com. 2019-05-12.
19. Web site: On-Device AI with Qualcomm Snapdragon Neural Processing Engine SDK. Qualcomm Developer Network. en. 2019-05-12.
20. Web site: Artificial Intelligence Engine in Qualcomm Snapdragon 855 Mobile Platform Powers On-Device AI User Experiences in Flagship Premium-Tier Smartphones. 2019-02-24. Qualcomm. en. 2019-05-12.
21. Web site: Qualcomm Introduces the World's Most Advanced 5G Mobile Platform. 2019-12-03. Qualcomm. en. 2023-05-14.
22. Web site: Exploring the AI capabilities of the Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 Mobile Platform. 2020-12-01. Qualcomm. en. 2023-05-14.
23. Web site: Snapdragon 8 Gen 1 Mobile Platform. 2020-12-01. Qualcomm. en. 2023-05-14.
24. https://docs.qualcomm.com/bundle/publicresource/80-NB419-3_REV_A_Hexagin_Virtual_Machine_Specification.pdf{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (restricted access)
25. Web site: 3.2 merge window, part 1. lwn.net. 2012-10-19.
26. http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.2#head-2acfe3ee1657c9c2647e5bb5d10e4f511f7527d8 Linux Kernel 3.2 Release Notes
27. Richard Kuo, Hexagon MiniVM // linux.ports.hexagon, 25 Apr 2013
28. https://www.codeaurora.org/projects/all-active-projects/hexagon-minivm Hexagon MiniVM
29. Web site: LLVM 3.1 Release Notes . Llvm.org . 2012-05-15 . 2012-10-19.
30. Web site: LLVM 8.0.0 Release Notes . Llvm.org . 2019-03-20 . 2019-04-03.
31. Web site: Hexagon Project Wiki. Codeaurora.org. Web site: Hexagon download.
32. http://www.brightsideofnews.com/news/2011/10/12/qualcomm-announces-its-2012-superchip-28nm-snapdragon-s4.aspx Qualcomm Announces Its 2012 Superchip: 28nm Snapdragon S4
33. http://www.bdti.com/InsideDSP/2012/06/21/Qualcomm QDSP6 V4: Qualcomm Gives Customers and Developers Programming Access to its DSP Core
34. http://www.linleygroup.com/newsletters/newsletter_detail.php?num=4761 Qualcomm Aims Hexagon at Femtocells
35. Web site: Qualcomm to Integrate Conexant AudioSmart into Hexagon DSPs . Speech Tech Magazine . 2016-03-01 . 2016-03-11.
36. Web site: wolfSSL Use With Hexagon Toolchain . wolfSLS . 2018-05-18 . 2020-07-10.
37. http://www.qualcomm.com/media/releases/2013/01/07/qualcomm-announces-next-generation-snapdragon-premium-mobile-processors Qualcomm Announces Next Generation Snapdragon Premium Mobile Processors
38. Web site: List of Snapdragon SoCs. Developer.qualcomm.com. 2012-10-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20121026013025/http://www.qualcomm.com/sites/default/files/common/snapdragon-specs-06.07.12.pdf. 2012-10-26. dead.
39. Web site: Qualcomm Hexagon DSP: An architecture optimized for mobile multimedia and communications. Lucian Codrescu (Qualcomm). Hot Chips 25. Palo Alto, CA. August 2013.
40. http://www.bdti.com/InsideDSP/2013/02/13/Qualcomm QDSP6 V4: BDTI Benchmark Results and Implementation Details Of Qualcomm's DSP Core
41. http://www.bdti.com/InsideDSP/2013/06/13/Qualcomm Qualcomm's QDSP6 v5: Benchmarking Results Confirm That Floating-Point Support Has Arrived
42. http://www.bdti.com/insidedsp/2015/09/30/qualcomm Qualcomm's QDSP6 v6: Imaging and Vision Enhancements Via Vector Extensions
43. News: Qualcomm's new Hexagon 680 DSP: Fast, efficient, shipping with Snapdragon 820 - ExtremeTech . 2022-06-10 . Extremetech. 25 August 2015 . Hruska . Joel .
44. Web site: Qualcomm SDM660 SoC Integrated LTE Application Processor based on Snapdragon 660 Qualcomm . 2022-06-09 . www.qualcomm.com . en.
45. http://www.qualcomm.com/snapdragon/processors/800-600-400-200/specs Snapdragon 800, 600, 400, 200 Processor Specs
46. Web site: Snapdragon 200 Processor . Qualcomm . October 2, 2018 . June 30, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180630133231/https://www.qualcomm.com/snapdragon/processors/200 . June 30, 2018 . live .
47. Web site: Qualcomm 205 Mobile Platform . Qualcomm . March 20, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170320141628/https://www.qualcomm.com/products/qualcomm-205-mobile-platform . March 20, 2017 . live .
48. Web site: Qualcomm unveils the Snapdragon 210 and 208 processors . 9 September 2014 . Qualcomm . February 19, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160225173257/https://www.qualcomm.com/news/snapdragon/2014/09/09/qualcomm-unveils-snapdragon-210-and-208-processors . February 25, 2016 . live .
49. Web site: Snapdragon 412 and 212 processors announced . Qualcomm . July 28, 2015 . February 18, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160225085347/https://www.qualcomm.com/news/snapdragon/2015/07/28/snapdragon-412-and-212-processors-announced . February 25, 2016 . live .
50. Web site: Snapdragon 400 Processor . Qualcomm . November 17, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161126115413/https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon/processors/400 . November 26, 2016 . live .
51. Web site: Snapdragon 415 Processor . Qualcomm . June 28, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150630190655/https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon/processors/415 . June 30, 2015 . live .
52. Web site: Introducing Snapdragon 632, 439 and 429 for enhanced mobile experiences, superior performance . 26 June 2018 . Qualcomm . June 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180627090817/https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2018/06/26/introducing-snapdragon-632-439-and-429-enhanced-mobile-experiences-superior . June 27, 2018 . live .
53. Web site: Qualcomm Snapdragon 450 Mobile Platform to Bring 14nm FinFET Process, Enhanced Dual-Camera Support and Fast LTE Connectivity to Mid-Range Smartphones and Tablets . 27 June 2017 . Qualcomm . June 29, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170707104134/https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2017/06/28/qualcomm-snapdragon-450-mobile-platform-bring-14nm-finfet-process-enhanced . July 7, 2017 . live .
54. Web site: Snapdragon 460 Mobile Platform Qualcomm. 2020-09-08. www.qualcomm.com. 14 January 2020.
55. Web site: Qualcomm Snapdragon 480 5G Mobile Platform Qualcomm. 2021-01-19. www.qualcomm.com. 11 December 2020.
56. Web site: Snapdragon 600 tier processors repositioned to reflect advanced performance . December 2015 . Qualcomm . December 17, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151222085149/https://www.qualcomm.com/news/snapdragon/2015/12/16/snapdragon-600-tier-processors-repositioned-reflect-advanced-performance . December 22, 2015 . live .
57. Web site: Snapdragon 610 Processor . Qualcomm . November 16, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161104153750/https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon/processors/610 . November 4, 2016 . live .
58. News: Qualcomm Snapdragon 660 and 630 Mobile Platforms Drive Advanced Photography, Enhanced Gaming, Integrated Connectivity and Machine Learning. Qualcomm. May 12, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170509145707/https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2017/05/08/qualcomm-snapdragon-660-and-630-mobile-platforms-drive-advanced-photography. May 9, 2017. live.
59. Web site: Snapdragon 662 Mobile Platform . 14 January 2020 . Qualcomm . February 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210110153634/https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-662-mobile-platform . January 10, 2021 . live .
60. Web site: Snapdragon 665 Mobile Platform . 27 March 2019 . Qualcomm . February 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201204174846/https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-665-mobile-platform . December 4, 2020 . live .
61. Web site: Snapdragon 670 Mobile Platform Qualcomm. 2020-09-07. www.qualcomm.com. 2 October 2018.
62. Web site: Snapdragon 690 5G Mobile Platform . 2 June 2020 . Qualcomm . February 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210125233142/https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-690-5g-mobile-platform . January 25, 2021 . live .
63. News: Snapdragon 630 Mobile Platform with X12 LTE and Spectra 160 ISP Qualcomm. Qualcomm. June 21, 2018. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180621015558/https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-630-mobile-platform. June 21, 2018. live.
64. News: Snapdragon 660 Mobile Platform with Spectra ISP and Hexagon 680 DSP Qualcomm. Qualcomm. June 21, 2018. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180621015556/https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-660-mobile-platform. June 21, 2018. live.
65. Web site: Snapdragon 710 Mobile Platform . Qualcomm . May 24, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151750/https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-710-mobile-platform . May 24, 2018 . live .
66. Web site: Snapdragon 712 Mobile Platform Qualcomm. 2020-09-08. www.qualcomm.com. 22 January 2019.
67. Web site: Snapdragon 720G Mobile Platform . 14 January 2020 . Qualcomm . January 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200311095434/https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-720g-mobile-platform . March 11, 2020 . live .
68. Web site: Snapdragon 730 Mobile Platform Qualcomm. 2020-09-08. www.qualcomm.com. 13 March 2019.
69. Web site: Snapdragon 732G Mobile Platform Qualcomm. 2020-09-08. www.qualcomm.com. 17 August 2020.
70. Web site: Snapdragon 765 5G Mobile Platform Qualcomm. 2020-09-08. www.qualcomm.com. 19 November 2019.
71. Web site: Snapdragon 768G 5G Mobile Platform Qualcomm. 2020-09-08. www.qualcomm.com. May 2020.
72. Web site: Snapdragon 778G 5G Mobile Platform. 2021-11-21. www.qualcomm.com.
73. Web site: Snapdragon 780G 5G Mobile Platform. 2021-11-22. www.qualcomm.com.
74. News: The Difference Between Snapdragon 800 and 801: Clearing up Confusion. Shimpi. Anand Lal. June 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111948/https://www.anandtech.com/show/7846/the-difference-between-snapdragon-800-and-801-clearing-up-confusion. June 15, 2018. live.
75. Web site: Qualcomm Technologies Announces Next Generation Qualcomm Snapdragon 805 "Ultra HD" Processor . 20 November 2013 . Qualcomm . February 19, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160225171209/https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2013/11/20/qualcomm-technologies-announces-next-generation-qualcomm-snapdragon-805 . February 25, 2016 . live .
76. Web site: Qualcomm's Snapdragon 808/810 . April 7, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140408224921/http://www.anandtech.com/show/7925/qualcomms-snapdragon-808810-20nm-highend-64bit-socs-with-lte-category-67-support-in-2015 . April 8, 2014 . live .
77. https://www.qualcomm.com/news/snapdragon/2016/01/05/first-snapdragon-820-powered-smartphone-announced-ces First Snapdragon 820 powered smartphone announced at CES
78. Web site: Snapdragon 835 Mobile Platform. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180917204757/https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon/processors/835. September 17, 2018. February 20, 2018. Qualcomm.
79. Web site: Snapdragon 845 Mobile Platform . Qualcomm . December 6, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171207042716/https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-845-mobile-platform . December 7, 2017 . live .
80. Web site: Snapdragon 855 Mobile Platform . 7 November 2018 . Qualcomm . December 6, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045826/https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-855-mobile-platform . December 7, 2018 . live .
81. Web site: Snapdragon 865 5G Mobile Platform . 19 November 2019 . Qualcomm . December 4, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191204193940/https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-865-5g-mobile-platform . December 4, 2019 . live .
82. Web site: Snapdragon 888 5G Mobile Platform . 17 November 2020 . Qualcomm . February 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210128085627/https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-888-5g-mobile-platform . January 28, 2021 . live .
83. Web site: How Qualcomm improved Performance, Gaming, and AI on the Snapdragon 855. 2018-12-05. xda-developers. en-US. 2018-12-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20181206145633/https://www.xda-developers.com/qualcomm-snapdragon-855-performance-gaming-ai-improvements-explained/. December 6, 2018. live.
84. Web site: Snapdragon 820 product brief. Snapdragon 820. 2016.
85. Web site: snapdragon-820-processor-product-brief.pdf Graphics Processing Unit Electronics. Scribd. en. June 20, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181230130451/https://www.scribd.com/document/317796181/snapdragon-820-processor-product-brief-pdf. December 30, 2018. live.
86. Web site: Eragon Snapdragon 820 SOM (APQ8096) - Based on Qualcomm® Snapdragon 820 (APQ8096) Series Processor for Embedded Systems . June 20, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180620180818/https://eragon.einfochips.com/products/system-on-modules/qualcomm-snapdragon-820-apq8096-eragon-eic-q820-200-som.html . June 20, 2018 . live .
87. Web site: Qualcomm Spectra 380 Launched: World's First ISP With Integrated AI. 2018-12-05. xda-developers. en-US. 2018-12-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20181206053509/https://www.xda-developers.com/qualcomm-spectra-380-isp-integrated-ai/. December 6, 2018. live.
88. Web site: Product Brief Snapdragon 845. 2018. Qualcomm. June 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162951/https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/snapdragon-845-mobile-platform-product-brief.pdf. June 12, 2018. live.
89. Web site: 2018. Product Brief Snapdragon 845. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162951/https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/snapdragon-845-mobile-platform-product-brief.pdf. June 12, 2018. June 12, 2018. Qualcomm.