SS Hertford was a refrigerated cargo steamship that was launched in Germany in 1917, seized by the United Kingdom in 1920 as World War I reparations, and sunk by a U-boat in 1942 with the loss of four members of her crew.
She was launched as Rheinland for Hamburg America Line, but was completed in 1920 as Friesland. The UK Shipping Controller seized her that same year, and in 1922 sold her to the Federal Steam Navigation Co Ltd, who renamed her Hertford.
This was the first of two ships in the Federal Steam fleet to be called Hertford. The second was a motor ship that was built in England in 1948, transferred to P&O in 1973, sold and renamed in 1976 and scrapped in 1985.[1]
Bremer Vulkan built Rheinland at Bremen-Vegesack, launching her in October 1917. Bremer Vulkan then built her sister ships Sauerland in 1918,[2] Wendland in 1919[3] and Münsterland in 1920.[4]
The First World War delayed Rheinlands completion until June 1920, when HAPAG renamed her Friesland. Her registered length was, her beam was and her depth was . As built, her tonnages were and .[5] Her holds had of refrigerated cargo space.[6] Rheinland had two screws, each driven by a triple expansion engine.
In 1920 the UK Government seized Friesland and her three sisters under Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles. Friesland was given the UK official number 145104 and code letters KGFB and registered in London. The Shipping Controller placed her under the management of Glen Line of London.[7]
Federal Steam operated a cargo liner service between New Zealand, Australia and the UK, bringing refrigerated produce to the UK and general cargo to Australia and New Zealand. The company lost three cargo ships to enemy action in the First World War.
The UK Government supplied Friesland and her three sisters to Federal Steam as reparations. Federal Steam named its ships after English counties or county towns. Friesland became Hertford, Sauerland became Norfolk, Wendland became Cumberland and Münsterland became Huntingdon.
By 1930 Bremer Vulkan had supplied Hertford with a pair of Bauer-Wach exhaust turbines. Each turbine was powered by the exhaust steam from the low-pressure cylinder of one of her piston engines, and drove the same propeller shaft as that piston engine via a Föttinger fluid coupling. The turbines increased Huntingdons fuel efficiency, raised her total power to 1,290 NHP[5] and gave her a speed of 14kn.[8]
Also by 1930 Hertfords navigation equipment included wireless direction finding.[5]
In 1934 the call sign GDKB superseded Hertfords code letters.[9] From 1937 her net register tonnage was repeatedly revised. By 1941 it was finally assessed as 6,776 tons.[10]
In the Second World War Hertford continued her trade between Australasia and Britain. Occasionally she sailed in convoys, but mostly she sailed unescorted. In December 1939, May 1940 and March 1942 she passed through the Panama Canal. In August 1940 she called at Cape Town and Freetown en route from Fremantle to Liverpool.[11]
In November 1940 the planted three rows of mines across the mouth of the Spencer Gulf in South Australia. On 3 December Hertford left Fremantle[11] carrying 6,000 tons of general cargo. On 7 December she struck one of Pinguins mines off Liguanea Island,[8] about 25nmi west-southwest of the Neptune Islands.[12]
The mine blew a 40feetby20feetft (byft) hole in Hertfords side, ruptured her fuel oil bunkers and damaged her frame, but she remained afloat. She was towed to Port Lincoln for initial repairs. She was then towed to Outer Harbor, where divers made temporary repairs strong enough for her to steam to Sydney to be dry docked and permanently repaired.[13]
Hertford returned to service on 20 January 1942,[8] loaded general cargo, and left Sydney two days later. She spent eight days in Brisbane loading further general cargo, followed by six days in Wellington loading lamb, pork and beef. She passed through the Panama Canal on 18–19 March[11] and then set course for Halifax, Nova Scotia to join a convoy to Britain.[8]
On 29 March 1942 Hertford was zigzagging at 12kn when fired two torpedoes at her about 200nmi south of Halifax.[8] One hit her number four hold near her engine room bulkhead, killing her seventh engineer, a stoker and a greaser who were on watch, and destroying one of her four lifeboats.
Hertford settled rapidly by her stern, and her surviving crew abandoned ship in her remaining three lifeboats. At 2131 hrs a further torpedo from U-571 hit her, and she sank four minutes later.[8]
The lifeboats became separated. On 1 April the Glen Line cargo steamship Glenstrae, en route from New York to Halifax, found one of the boats and rescued its 21 occupants. Two days later another lifeboat, commanded by Hertfords Master, John Tuckett, and carrying 18 other members of her crew, reached land at Liverpool, Nova Scotia. One of its occupants, Chief Steward Benjamin McMahon, had caught pneumonia and died in hospital.
Five days later the Furness Red Cross coastal passenger liner Fort Townshend found the remaining boat and rescued its 18 occupants, who included two DEMS gunners. Fort Townshend landed the survivors at Halifax, where some of them were hospitalised with frostbite. One of the Second Engineer's legs was amputated, and both of the second refrigerating engineer's legs were amputated below the knee.