Herbert Rollwage Explained

Herbert Rollwage
Birth Date:24 September 1916
Birth Place:Gielde
Death Place:Gielde
Allegiance: (to 1945)
Branch:
German Air Force
Serviceyears:1936–1945
Rank:Oberleutnant (Wehrmacht)
Hauptmann (Bundeswehr)
Unit:JG 53
Battles:World War II
Awards:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Herbert Rollwage (24 September 1916 – 4 January 1980) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and fighter ace during World War II. Depending on source, he is credited between 71 and 102 aerial victories achieved in 664 combat missions. This figure includes 11 aerial victories on the Eastern Front, and at least 61 victories over the Western Allies, including up to 44 four-engine heavy bombers.

Career

Rollwage was born on 24 September 1916 in Gielde, at the time in the Province of Hanover within the German Empire, present-day part of the Schladen-Werla municipality. He was the son of a shunter who joined the military service of the Luftwaffe as an Unteroffizier (non-commissioned officer) candidate in 1936. Following flight training, Rollwage was posted to 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) in 1941 holding the rank of Feldwebel (platoon sergeant).

Operation Barbarossa

On 8 June 1941, the bulk of JG 53's air elements moved via Jever, in northern Germany, to Mannheim-Sandhofen. There the aircraft were given a maintenance overhaul prior to moving east. The II. Gruppe was transferred to Neusiedel in East Prussia, present-day Malomožaiskojė in Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia, between 12–14 June. On 22 June, the Geschwader crossed into Soviet airspace in support of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union which opened the Eastern Front. That day, Rollwage claimed his first aerial victory when he shot down a Soviet Tupolev SB-2 bomber. On 5 July 1941, he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (German: Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse) followed by the Iron Cross 1st Class (German: Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse) on 16 September.

On 5 October, Rollwage claimed his last aerial victory on the Eastern Front, his eleventh in total, when he shot down a Polikarpov I-16 fighter. That day, his unit flew its final missions in the area of Shlisselburg. The Gruppe then relocated to the Western Front where it arrived at Leeuwarden in the Netherlands on 12 October. On 2 December 1941, II. Gruppe moved to the Mediterranean theater and where then based at Comiso airfield during the siege of Malta.

Mediterranean theater

Rollwage was credited with his first aerial victory in the Mediterranean theater on 4 January 1942, claiming Royal Air Force (RAF) Hawker Hurricane fighter shot down. On 14 April, he claimed his 13th and 14th aerial victories when he shot down two Bristol Beaufort bombers south of Qrendi. Two Supermarine Spitfire fighters claimed on 10 May near Valletta took his total to 18 aerial victories. Three days later, he claimed another Spitfire shot down near Luqa. On 14 July, Rollwage participated in mission which escorted 15 Junkers Ju 88 bombers from Kampfgeschwader 54 (KG 54—54th Bomber Wing) to the RAF Luqa airfield. On this mission, he claimed a Spitfire fighter shot down.

On 8 August 1942, Rollwage flew his 300th combat mission and claimed a Spitfire fighter shot down. His opponent may have been the Canadian fighter pilot George Beurling who managed to land his damaged aircraft. For his achievements to date, Rollwage was awarded the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (German: Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 10 August followed by the German Cross in Gold (German: Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) two days later. Following the Allied invasion of French North Africa in Operation Torch, II. Gruppe relocated to Tunis on 9 November. On 30 December, a number of United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighters escorted twelve Douglas A-20 Havoc bombers on their bombing mission to Gabès. 5. Staffel intercepted the formation and Rollwage claimed one of the P-38 fighters shot down, his 35th aerial victory. His opponent may have been Virgil Smith of the 14th Fighter Group, who was killed in the crash landing.

On 8 July 1943, the USAAF attacked Ramacca with 24 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers. Elements of II. Gruppe intercepted the bombers. During this aerial battle, Rollwage claimed a B-17 bomber shot down approximately 10abbr=offNaNabbr=off southwest of Capo Scaramia. The next day, the USAAF attacked the Luftwaffe airfield at Trapani with a formation of Martin B-26 Marauder bombers escorted by Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighters. The formation was intercepted at 10:53. In this encounter, Luftwaffe pilots claimed seven aerial victories including a P-40 shot down by Rollwage 7abbr=offNaNabbr=off northwest of Cape San Vito. On 10 July during the Allied invasion of Sicily, Rollwage claimed two aerial victories, a P-38 fighter and a Ryan YO-51 Dragonfly observation aircraft. The YO-51 was likely misidentified and could have been a Vought OS2U Kingfisher observation floatplane launched form and piloted by Lieutenant McGuiness. Following this encounter, he was shot down and wounded in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 18242—factory number) near San Pietro.

Defense of the Reich

In mid-October 1943, II. Gruppe of JG 53 was withdrawn Italy and ordered to relocate to Wien-Seyring near Vienna for combat in defense of the Reich. In Wien-Seyring, the Gruppe received a full complement of factory new Bf 109 G-6 aircraft. Here, Rollwage returned to his unit in November after a period of convalescence following his injuries sustained on 10 July. On 7 January 1944, the USAAF targeted Vienna. The heavy bombers were escorted by P-38 fighters. II. Gruppe was scrambled at 10:41 and engaged the escorting P-38 fighters. In this 40 minute aerial battle, Luftwaffe pilots claimed 15 P-38s shot down, including two by Rollwage, taking his total to 49 aerial victories claimed. On 25 February during Operation Argument, also known as Big Week, the USAAF Fifteenth Air Force attacked the ball bearing factories at Steyr. Defending against this attack, Rollwage shot down a B-17 bomber near Gmunden.

On 5 April, Rollwage was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) for 53 aerial victories. He received the award from Generalleutnant Joseph Schmid, commanding 1. Jagdkorps. Rollwage was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 May 1944. On 27 May, the USAAF 3rd Bombardment Division sent 102 B-17 bombers to Strasbourg and further 98 B-17 bombers to the marshalling yard at Karlsruhe. Defending against attack, Rollwage claimed a B-17 bomber and an escorting North American P-51 Mustang fighter shot down. On 15 August, Rollwage was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 5. Staffel of JG 53. He succeeded Oberleutnant Karl Paashaus who was transferred.

In December 1944, Rollwage was transferred to II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 106 (JG 106—106th Fighter Wing), a fighter pilot training unit, where he served as an instructor. On 21 January 1945, Rollwagen, who was en-route to the Führerbunker in Berlin to be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) by Adolf Hitler, visited II. Gruppe of JG 53 then based at Rutesheim. The Gruppenkommandeur (group commander), Major Julius Meimberg, advised Rollwage to be at his best behavior when meeting with Hitler. Apparently, Rollwage had a problem with military discipline. The Oak Leaves were awarded to him on 24 January, the 713th member of the German armed forces to be so honored. Rollwage claimed his last documented aerial victory on 5 April. At the time both II. Gruppe of JG 106 and II. Gruppe of JG 53 were both based at at Rißtissen, located approximately 10abbr=offNaNabbr=off southwest of Ulm. That day, Rollwage shot down a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighter.

Later life

Following World War II, Rollwage served in the newly established German Air Force of West Germany with the rank of Hauptmann (captain) until his retirement in 1968. He died on 4 January 1980 in his hometown Gielde.

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to Spick, Rollwage was credited with 102 aerial victories claimed in over 500 combat missions. Toliver and Constable also list him with 102 aerial victories, 11 on the Eastern Front, 20 in the Mediterranean theater and 71 on the Western Front, including 44 heavy bombers. Obermaier states that exact number of aerial victories remains unknown, likely to be in the range of 80 to 85, claimed in 664 combat missions. Scutts lists him with 71 aerial victories, including 12 on the Eastern Front. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 66 aerial victory claims, plus six further unconfirmed claims. This number includes ten claims on the Eastern Front and 56 over the Western Allies, including ten four-engined bombers. Stockert speculates that the figure of 102 aerial victories stated by some authors is likely liked to the confusion between aerial victories claimed and the Luftwaffe point system associated to shooting down a heavy bomber. In 1943, the Luftwaffe had introduced a point system which accounted for the difficulties in shooting down a heavy bomber. Although a single heavy bomber shot down or damaged still counted as one aerial victory, the pilot was however credited with three points. These accumulated points earned a fighter pilot awards, medals and promotions.

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 15 Ost S/JA". The Luftwaffe grid map (German: Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360sqmi. These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3x in size.

Chronicle of aerial victories
ClaimDateTimeTypeLocationClaimDateTimeTypeLocation
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 4 October 1941
122 June 194105:57SB-2north of Raseiniai627 August 194113:49unspecified flying boatnorthwest of Szaltzo
211 July 194105:45SB-3east of Slavkovichi727 August 194117:14unspecified passenger aircraft?north of Ivanskoye
16 July 1941SB-28?30 August 194105:09I-16southwest of Solugubovka
321 July 194121:03SB-3northeast of Dno916 September 194110:31Li-2northeast of Babino
425 August 194116:40I-18 (MiG-1)south of Njetschanje1030 September 194113:08I-180 (Yak-7)east of Taksowo
527 August 194113:48unspecified flying boatnorthwest of Szaltzo115 October 194106:32I-16northwest of Shlisselburg
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –
Mediterranean Theater — 25 November 1941 – 31 December 1942
124 January 194210:31Hurricanenorthwest of Maltas Point248 July 194211:32Spitfire1km (01miles) south of Birżebbuġa
1314 April 194217:05Beaufort3km (02miles) south of Qrendi259 July 194219:25Spitfire7km (04miles) southwest of Dingli
1414 April 194217:07Beaufort2km (01miles) south of Qrendi2614 July 194210:25Spitfire12km (07miles) west of Żonqor Point
1524 April 194207:43Spitfirewest of Ta' Vnezja2728 July 194208:54Spitfire2km (01miles) northwest of Żonqor Point
169 May 194211:05Spitfire1km (01miles) southeast of Luqa2829 July 194210:11Spitfire20km (10miles) east of Malta
1710 May 194211:05Spitfire3km (02miles) south of La Valletta298 August 194210:02Spitfire5km (03miles) north of La Valletta
1810 May 194219:04Spitfire2km (01miles) south of La Valetta3022 October 194216:28Spitfire1km (01miles) east of Malta
1913 May 194213:02Spitfire1km (01miles) northwest of Luqa3126 October 194212:14Spitfire15km (09miles) northeast of La Valletta
201 July 194214:04SpitfireSt. Paul's Bay3212 December 194215:11P-3815km (09miles) northeast of Limaguess
216 July 194207:37Spitfiresoutheast of Gozo3315 December 194208:41P-3820km (10miles) southeast of Skhira
226 July 194219:41Spitfire3km (02miles) northeast of La Valletta3417 December 194209:53P-3810km (10miles) southeast of Gafsa
237 July 194206:47Spitfire4km (02miles) northeast of Żonqor Point3530 December 194211:16P-3830km (20miles) northwest of Gabès
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –
Mediterranean Theater — 1 January – 10 July 1943
3623 February 194313:05Beaufort60km (40miles) west of Trapani424 July 194311:14Spitfire15km (09miles) east of Catania
3724 February 194312:10Spitfire10km (10miles) west of El Aroussa434 July 194314:18B-2660km (40miles) south of Gela
3822 May 194318:35Spitfire20km (10miles) south of Gela448 July 194312:28B-1710km (10miles) southwest of Ragusa
399 June 194312:58B-247km (04miles) northwest of La Valletta459 July 194311:02P-407km (04miles) northwest of Cape San Vito
4013 June 194312:05Spitfirenorth of Mineo4610 July 194310:37P-381km (01miles) southwest of Gela
4120 June 194310:47Spitfire25km (16miles) south of Cap Passero4710 July 194310:39YO-512km (01miles) south of Gela
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –
Defense of the Reich — 1 January – 6 June 1944
487 January 194412:29P-3835km (22miles) east-southeast of Graz5611 April 194411:56B-17*PQ 15 Ost S/JA, Goslar
497 January 194412:32P-3830km (20miles) southwest of Graz5713 April 194413:58B-17southeast of Aschaffenburg
50?22 February 194413:20B-24*Altötting5819 April 194410:35B-17PQ 05 Ost S/LU-5/6
south of Münden, east of Kassel
51?24 February 194413:05B-175km (03miles) north of Gmunden5912 May 194415:29B-1710km (10miles) southeast of Koblenz
5223 March 194410:31B-17*PQ 15 Ost S/HA-3, southwest of Braunschweig6027 May 194412:21P-51PQ 04 Ost S/CO/CN, south of Lunéville
270° from Rambervillers
53?2 April 194411:28B-175km (03miles) north of Zeltweg6127 May 194412:30B-17PQ 04 Ost S/BQ-9, Offenburg
54?8 April 194413:55B-2420km (10miles) north-northwest of Fallersleben6229 May 194412:05B-17PQ 15 Ost S/JE/JF
Dessau
5511 April 194411:08B-17PQ 15 Ost S/GC, Haldensleben
Halberstadt-Quedlinburg
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –
Invasion Front in France — 6 June – 31 December 1944
638 June 194410:43B-2615km (09miles) northeast of Cherbourg
off Barfleur
6728 September 194417:28?P-4740km (30miles) west of Haguenau
north of Sarrebourg
6417 June 194416:15P-474km (02miles) northeast of Carentan6828 September 194417:38P-47PQ 04 Ost N/AP-7, 10km (10miles) southeast of Nancy
St Nichlas southwest of Nancy
6522 August 194419:33P-3820km (10miles) northwest of Saint-Quentin
5km (03miles) south of Péronne
6920 October 194410:48P-47PQ 04 Ost N/CP-2, Schirmeck
southwest of Strasbourg
6623 August 194409:31P-4720km (10miles) southwest of Mantes-la-Jolie7025 November 194412:45Piper L-4PQ 04 Ost N/AQ-7, north of Mommenheim
Haguenau
– II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 –
Defense of the Reich — March – May 1945
715 April 194506:30P-47

Awards

References

Bibliography