Henry Sutton (inventor) explained

Henry Sutton
Birth Date:1855 9, df=y
Birth Place:Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
Death Place:Malvern, Victoria, Australia
Occupation:Inventor, music publisher
Relations:Hilda Rix Nicholas (niece)

Henry Sutton (4 September 1855, Ballarat, Victoria – 28 July 1912) was an Australian designer, engineer, and inventor credited with contributions to early developments in electricity, aviation, wireless communication, photography and telephony.[1] [2]

Early life

Family

Henry Sutton, the second of the eleven children of Richard Henry Sutton (1831 – 1876),[3] and Mary Sutton (1835 – 1894), née Johnson,[4] was born in a tent on the Ballarat goldfields on 4 September 1855. He had three brothers, with whom he was associated in the Sutton Brothers musical business originally centred on Ballarat,[5] and two sisters. He married Elizabeth Ellen Wyatt (1860-1901) in 1881,[6] and Annie May Tatti (1884-), on 17 September 1902,[7] who bore four and two sons, respectively.

Education

Up to the age of ten, Sutton was schooled by his mother, then attended a state school, and then Gracefield college between 1869 and 1872. Sutton was self taught in the field of science, having read all the available books inlibrary of the Ballarat Mechanics’ lnstitute by the age of 14.[8]

Sutton trained as a draftsman at the Ballarat School of Design where he won a silver medal and 30 other prizes for drawing.

Sutton studied at the Ballarat School of Mines.[9]

Ballarat

Sutton lectured at the Ballarat School of Mines from 1883 to 1886.[10] In 1883, as a consequence of his work on batteries, Sutton was admitted as an associate of the Society of Telegraph Engineers and of Electricians. M. Louis Adolphe Cochery minister of Post and Telegraph Office in France invited Sutton to membership of the Société Internationale des Electriciens. Sutton was also offered membership of Electrical societies from America, Belgium and Russia.In 1890 prior to leaving for England, a farewell dinner was held by the citizens of Ballarat, where Sutton was presented with an Illuminated address.[11]

London: 1890–1893

Sutton registered Sutton's Process Syndicate in November 1891 at an address in London to exploit his Suttontype printing process. The process was not considered particularly innovative and it was reported to be unreliable. He abandoned the business to return to Australia.[12] [13]

In 1892, he was introduced to Nikola Tesla by Lord Rayleigh and William Preece.

On the return voyage to Australia in 1893, Sutton used his printing process to contribute pictures to a shipboard newspaper called the Red Sea Scorcher.[14]

Melbourne

Sutton travelled with Alexander Graham Bell from Melbourne to Ballarat on 15 August 1910 where they discussed their respective discoveries.

Sutton died suddenly, at his residence ("Waltham", 9 Erskine Street, Malvern), on 28 July 1912, at the age of 56[15] [16] and was buried in the Brighton Cemetery.[17]

Inventions

Printing

Sutton's Suttontype process for converting photographs into a printing surface was patented in 1887.[18] [19] [20] [21]

Wireless telegraphy

Sutton discovered, and patented, a galena "detector"[22] that had superior performance over other devices used to that time.[23] [24] [25] [26] [27]

Sutton had also built the world's first portable radio and held a number of other patents relating to wireless transmission and reception.[28] [29] [30] [31]

Other endeavours

Aviation

Sutton built a clockwork-driven ornithopter operating on a fixed arm and presented two papers on flight to the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain, in 1878, entitled "On the Flight of Birds and Aërial Navigation"[32] [33] and "Second Paper on the Flight of Birds".[34]

Batteries

In 1881, Sutton had developed a new rechargeable battery[35] [36] [37] which was patented the following year. He also wrote of a four-volt cell compound battery invention which was described as impossible by the English Mechanic and World of Science in 1890.

Lighting

Sutton demonstrated a light globe sixteen days after Edison's demonstration on 31 December 1879.

Subsequently Sutton's vacuum pump design which overcame deficiencies in the Sprengel pump, was used for the production of light globes by the Edison Swan company.[38]

Telephony

After reading of Bell's 1876 announcement of the invention of the telephone, Sutton had designed about twenty different telephones within a year. Sutton was said to have "believed in the free flow of information as a gift to science ... patented little, although sixteen of his twenty original telephone designs were patented by others overseas".[39]

The first Australian telephone connection was made in Ballarat and Ballarat East, linking fire stations in the two towns. The exact location of one of the telephone sets can be seen in the Ballarat East Fire Station. The device once allowed communication between the two fire brigades in Ballarat so that they could more accurately locate fires from their watch towers.[40] Sutton had also wired up Sutton's Music Stores,[41] his family business warehouses and offices, with a telephone network two years before an official Australian telephone system.[42] Sutton devised a method for using gas and water pipes as part of a telephone circuit.[43] [44]

Microscopy

In 1885 after cholera outbreak on a ship in Queensland, Sutton obtained a slide and managed to photograph the cholera germ at 1000 times magnification. A letter to this effect, from Sutton, was published in The Argus on 28 December 1885.[45]

Photography

In the 1880s Sutton also devised a colour photography process but, although examples of this work exist, he did not commercialize it.

Television

In 1885, Sutton designed, but did not construct, a mechanical television apparatus to see the Melbourne Cup in Ballarat.Sutton had published his Telephane designs in 1890.[46] [47] [48] According to historian Ann Moyal, the concept was never successfully demonstrated: "Sutton's 'TV system', which he called 'telephany', used all the latest technology, such as the recently-invented Kerr effect, the Nipkow disc (which Baird was to use in the 'twenties) and the selenium photocell. But its weak link in the 1870s was that the signal had to be transferred by telegraph lines, as radio had yet to arrive, and these were too slow to transmit the dashing horses of the Melbourne Cup successfully."[49]

Facsimile

Sutton used his telephane system to demonstrate facsimile transmission with the help of Nicola Tesla in England. An account of his invention was later published in Washington in 1896, noting that the first patents for long-distance transmission of images dated back to 1867.[50]

Lifts

For the benefit of his mother, who had been paralyzed by a stroke, a new hydraulic lift had been installed in the newly built Suttons Music Emporium. As Ballarat's low water pressure and lack of an efficient drainage system were incompatible, Sutton designed and built a new hydraulic mechanism to drive the lift.[41] This design was subsequently used by the Austral Otis company and exported for use in America.

Automotive

"Henry Sutton can be classed as an automobile inventor and designer rather than a manufacturer whose achievements were considerable and internationally recognized. As an inventor he produced a number of automobiles of his own design in an evolutionary process (somewhere between six and eight)."[51] [52] In 1897, a tricycle fitted with a Sutton designed and built engine was driven from Melbourne to Ballarat.[53] [54] [55] Despite atrocious road conditions the trip was completed in eleven and a half hours, and the vehicle arrived in Ballarat to a crowd of thousands.From 1898 Sutton held patents for improvements in combustion engine carburettors;[56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] and, by 1899, he had built and driven the Sutton Autocar, one of the first motor cars in Australia.[10]

Automobile Club of Victoria

Sutton was a founding member of the Automobile Club of Victoria;[2] and, at its inaugural meeting, on 10 December 1903, Sutton's proposed "objects of the club" were unanimously accepted by all present:

"that the objects of the club should be the promotion of a social organisation and club, composed mainly of persons owning self-propelled vehicles or motor cycles; to afford a means of recording the experiences of members and others using motor cars and motor cycles; to promote investigation in their development; to co-operate in securing rational legislation and the formation of proper rules and regulations governing the use of motor cars and motor cycles in cities, towns and country districts; to maintain the lawful rights and privileges and protect the interests of owners and users of all forms of self-propelled vehicles whenever and wherever such interests, rights and privileges are menaced; to promote and encourage the improvement, construction and maintenance of roads and highways and the development generally in this State of motoring, and to maintain a club to be devoted to the interests and advancement of automobilism."[62]

Legacy

Henry Sutton Circuit

On 20 January 2004, several streets in the new Canberra suburb of Dunlop were named after "inventors, inventions, and artists"; and one of these new streets was called "Henry Sutton Circuit".[63]

The Henry Sutton Oration

In 2014, the Telecommunications Association (formerly known as the Telecommunications Society of Australia, which had its origins in the Telegraph Electrical Society, founded in Melbourne in 1874), inaugurated its annual Henry Sutton Oration.[64]

Poetry

Les Murray referred to Sutton and television in his 1990 poem "The Tube".[65]

The Science Show

Science journalist Robyn Williams has featured Sutton in episodes of his long-running radio program.[66]

References

Patents

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Branch . Lorayne . Henry Sutton the Innovative Man - Australian inventor, scientist and engineer. 2018 . Tried and Trusted Indie Publishing . Victoria Australia . 978-1-925332-34-6. Branch is Sutton's great-granddaughter
  2. Book: McCallum, Austin. Sutton, Henry (1856–1912). 226–227. Bede Nairn . Geoffrey Serle . Russel Ward. 6:1851-1890 R-Z Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. Melbourne. 1976.
  3. News: Deaths: Sutton. The Ballarat Star. 26 September 1876. 2.
  4. News: Deaths: Sutton. The Ballarat Star. 12 March 1894. 2,4.
  5. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/206969474 Sutton's Proprietary, Limited, The Ballarat Star, (Saturday, 29 December 1900), p.1
  6. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/139748949/11416079 Deaths: Sutton, The Australasian, (Saturday, 2 November 1901), p.60.
  7. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/196581738 Marriages: Sutton—Tatti, The Leader, (Saturday, 11 October 1902), p.44.
  8. Book: Withers, William Bramwell. The History of Ballarat, from the First Pastoral Settlement to the Present Time. 1887. 316–319. F.W. Niven And Co. Ballarat. William Bramwell Withers. 2nd. 9436501W.
  9. Web site: Beggs Sunter . Anne . Henry Sutton the Eureka man . Australian Heritage . 27 June 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170306082219/http://www.heritageaustralia.com.au/downloads/pdfs/Heritage1105_Henry%20Sutton.pdf . 6 March 2017 . dead .
  10. Web site: Gervasoni. Clare. Henry Sutton. 30 November 2018 . Federation University Australia Honour Roll.
  11. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/209579190 Farewell to Mr. H. Sutton, The Ballarat Star, (Tuesday, 4 February 1890), p.4.
  12. News: The Suttontype Printing Process . 31 December 2018 . p.4 . The Ballarat Star . 10 July 1890.
  13. Bibliographical Reply: The Suttontype Printing Process. Jackson. Philip. Script & Print. 37. 3. August 2013. 165–173.
  14. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/209786422 Return of a Ballarat Inventor: An Interesting Interview, The Ballarat Star, (Monday, 15 May 1893), p.3.
  15. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/196261061 Deaths: Sutton, The Age, (Monday, 29 July 1912), p.1.
  16. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/221719066 Mr. Henry Sutton: Death of a Well-Known Scientist, The Ballarat Star, (Monday, 29 July 1912), p.1.
  17. Web site: Henry Sutton (1856-1912), Inventor, Historic Interments: 150 Years: 150 Lives, brightoncemetry.com. . 7 December 2018 . 9 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181209125331/https://brightoncemetery.com/HistoricInterments/150Names/suttonh.htm . dead .
  18. Victoria Government Gazette 104, Friday, October 28th 1887, Victoria Government Gazette 108, Friday, November 11th 1887, Photography Patent 1887, October 20th. No. 5389, Ballaarat Mechanics' Institute, Branch (2018). p.283.
  19. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/7891328 "an improved process of converting a photographic image on a gelatine surface into a relief or intaglio printing surface"
  20. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/9146757/821603 Instantaneous Photo-Engraving, The Mercury, (Saturday, 2 June 1888), p.3.
  21. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/241372721 An Australian Invention, The (Melbourne) Herald, (Friday, 27 September 1889) p.4.
  22. Book: Erskine-Murray, James. A Handbook of Wireless Telegraphy: Its Theory and Practice: For the Use of Electrical Engineers, Students, and Operators. 4th. C. Lockwood and Son. London. 1913.
  23. News: Wireless Experiments. A Melbourne Inventor. A Sensitive Detector.. The Mercury (Hobart, Tas). 7 March 1912.
  24. Web site: Watt. Jarrod. Australian's forgotten radio pioneer: the amazing Henry Sutton. ABC radio. 12 February 2012.
  25. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/21383900 An Inventor (Mr. Henry Sutton) and His Invention, The Leader, (Saturday, 14 May 1910), p.36
  26. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/221999963 Wireless Experiments: A Melbourne Inventor, The (Sydney) Sun, (Saturday, 17 February 1912), p.12.
  27. An improved detector of electric oscillations for wireless telegraphy and like purposes, Australian Patent No. 2621/11, 29 September 1911, Branch (2018). p.297.
  28. Improved means of producing electric oscillations for wireless telegraphy and other purposes Branch (2018). p.299.
  29. Improvements relating to the production and transmission of hertzian waves, Branch (2018). p.297.
  30. Improved means for preventing 'arcing' of the gap in the production of high potential electrical oscillations, Branch (2018). p.297.
  31. Improved means for detecting acoustic electric, or like waves, Branch (2018). p.297.
  32. The first page of the article (p.30) does not display Sutton's name but it is to be found at the foot of the previous page
  33. 10.1017/S2397930500000631. On the Flight of Birds and Aërial Navigation. Annual Reports of the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain. 13. 30–52. 1878.
  34. 10.1017/S2397930500000643. Second Paper on the Flight of Birds. Annual Reports of the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain. 13. 53–69. 1878. Sutton. Henry.
  35. On a New Electrical Storage Battery. Sutton. Henry. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 33. 217. 15 December 1881. 187–190.
  36. On a New Electrical Storage Battery (Supplementary Note). Sutton. Henry. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 33. 218. 12 January 1882. 257–8. 1881RSPS...33..257S.
  37. Web site: Sutton. H. On a New Form of Secondary Cell for Electrical Storage. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 1882.
  38. Web site: Sutton. H. Description of Vacuum Apparatus. Review 13 Dec 1881. 26 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20140113103742/http://www.ieeeghn.com/wiki6/images/a/a8/Sutton_Vacuum_Invention.pdf. 13 January 2014. dead.
  39. Moyal, Ann, "Invention and Innovation in Australia: The Historian's Lens", Prometheus, Vol. 5, No. 1, (June 1987), pp. 92–110; p. 99.
  40. At the monthly meeting of the Ballarat Fire Brigade, held on Monday, 2 December 1889, it was noted that correspondence had been received "from [the] Post and Telegraph Department, intimating that the [Ballarat] brigade would be connected by telephone with the signal-box at Eastern station without delay": Ballarat Fire Brigade, The Ballarat Star, (Friday, 6 December 1889), p.4.
  41. Web site: Bentley . Prue . Treasures unearthed in Ballarat's Sutton building . ABC Ballarat . . 28 November 2018.
  42. Delacey . Lynda . On this day: Birth of Australia's electronics inventor . Australian Geographic . 2015-09-07 . 28 November 2018.
  43. Victoria Government Gazette 122, Friday, November 12th 1886, Improvements in electric circuits for telephonic purposes Patent 1886 October 26th. No.4784, Ballaarat Mechanics' Institute.
  44. "Mr Henry Sutton, music seller, of Sturt street, Ballarat, has applied for a patent for improvements in electric circuits for telephone purposes": The Ballarat Star, (Monday, 15 November 1886), p.2.
  45. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/6078258 Sutton, H., "Photographing the Cholera Germ (Letter to the Editor, dated 19 December 1885)", The Argus, (Monday, 28 December 1885), p.7.
  46. Sutton . Henry . Tele-photography . Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review . 7 November 1890 . 550.
  47. Web site: Henry Sutton. https://web.archive.org/web/20100505145544/http://www.ieeeghn.com/wiki/index.php/Henry_Sutton. dead. 5 May 2010. IEEE Global History Network. 17 May 2009.
  48. E.R. . Les problèmes de la téléphanie d'après M. Henri Sutton . Journal Universel d'Électricité . 13 Dec 1890 . La Lumière électrique . 50 . 538–541 .
  49. Moyal. Ann. Telecommunications in Australia: An Historical Perspective, 1854-1930. Prometheus. 1. 1. June 1983. 40. 10.1080/08109028308628914. free.
  50. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1896-10-17/ed-1/seq-17.pdf Pictures by Wire, The Evening Star, (Saturday, 16 October, 1896), p.3.
  51. Early Australian Automotive Design 1895 - 1953. Darwin. Norman Arthur. June 2018. (For a detailed account of Sutton's numerous early contributions to the development of automobiles in Australia, see pp.66-73)
  52. News: Mr. Sutton's Trim Built Australian Motor Car . . Victoria, Australia . 5 February 1903 . 1 January 2019 . 22 . National Library of Australia.
  53. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/9770582 Cycling: A Motor Car, The Argus, (Friday, 10 September 1897), p.3
  54. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/174627273/20431705 Cycling Notes, Melbourne Punch, (Thursday, 16 September 1897), p.18
  55. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/241853478 'Kuklos', "World of Sport: Cycling", The (Melbourne) Herald, (Friday, 25 November 1898), p.3.
  56. Web site: Explosive-engine. US 650736. Google patents. 7 December 1898. Branch (2018). p.286.
  57. Web site: Speed-regulator for explosive-engines. US 664689. Google patents. 10 July 1899. Branch (2018). p.286.
  58. Improvements in and relating to Internal Combustion Engines. Branch (2018). p.286.
  59. Improvements in and relating to Internal Combustion Engines Victoria Government Gazette 31, Friday, April 28th 1899. Branch (2018). p.286.
  60. Branch (2018). p.286.
  61. Improvements in and relating to Internal combustion engines: Patent No. 9327 Patents and Inventions, The (Sydney) Daily Telegraph, (Tuesday, 13 June 1899), p.3.
  62. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/246076996 Motoring: An Automobile Club, The (Melbourne) Herald, (Thursday, 10 December 1903), p.4.
  63. https://www.legislation.act.gov.au/DownloadFile/di/2004-12/current/RTF/2004-12.RTF Public Place Names (Dunlop) Determination 2004 (No 1): PN2004-1: Division of Dunlop: Inventors, Inventions and Artists, ACT Parliament.
  64. Web site: Henry Sutton Oration 14 May 2014 - Robyn Williams. TelSoc. Telecommunications Association, Inc.. 30 December 2018.
  65. [Les Murray (poet)|Les Murray]
  66. http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/scienceshow/henry-sutton---inventor-of-television/4441244 Henry Sutton – inventor of television

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