Henry Armstrong Explained

Henry Armstrong
Realname:	Henry Melody Jackson Jr.
Nickname:	Homicide Hank Hurricane Hank Hammerin' Hank
Weight:	Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight Middleweight
Height:	5 ft 5+1/2 in
Reach:	67 in
Birth Date:	December 12, 1912
Birth Place:	Columbus, Mississippi, U.S.
Death Place:	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Style:	Orthodox
Total:	181
Wins:	151
Ko:	101
Losses:	21
Draws:	9

Henry Jackson Jr. (December 12, 1912 – October 22, 1988) was an American professional boxer and a world boxing champion who fought under the name Henry Armstrong.

Armstrong was one of the few fighters to win in three or more different divisions: featherweight, lightweight, and welterweight. He defended his welterweight title a total of nineteen times.

The Ring magazine named him Fighter of the Year in 1937. The Boxing Writers Association of America (BWAA) named him Fighter of the Year in 1940. He is currently ranked by BoxRec as the 12th-greatest pound-for-pound fighter of all time.^[1] In 2007, The Ring ranked Armstrong as the second-greatest fighter of the last 80 years.^[2] Boxing coach and commentator Teddy Atlas considers Armstrong to be the greatest of all time.^[3] Historian Bert Sugar also ranked Armstrong as the second-greatest fighter of all time. ESPN ranked Armstrong as number 3 on their list of the 50 greatest boxers of all time.^[4] He was posthumously inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in the inaugural class of 1990.^[5] In 2019, the International Boxing Research Organization (IBRO) ranked him as the second best boxer of all time, pound for pound, as well as the second-best featherweight, third-best welterweight, and fifth-best lightweight of all time.^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[9]

Early life

He was born Henry Jackson Jr. on December 12, 1912, in Columbus, Mississippi. He was the son of Henry Jackson Sr., a sharecropper of African American descent and America Jackson, said to be a "full-blooded" Iroquois. As a child, Henry Jr. moved with his family to St. Louis, Missouri, during the early period of the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South to industrial cities of the Midwest and North. There he became involved in boxing. He graduated as an honor student from Vashon High School in St. Louis Later he took the surname Armstrong as his fighting name.

Early career

Armstrong began his professional career on July 28, 1931, in a fight with Al Iovino, in which Armstrong was knocked out in three rounds. His first win came later that year, beating Sammy Burns by a decision in six. In 1932, Armstrong moved to Los Angeles, where he lost two four-round decisions in a row to Eddie Trujillo and Al Greenfield. Following these two losses, however, he started a streak of 11 wins.^[10]

In 1936, Armstrong split his time among Los Angeles, Mexico City and St. Louis. A few notable opponents of that year include Ritchie Fontaine, Baby Arizmendi, former world champion Juan Zurita, and Mike Belloise. Early in his career, he fought some fights under the ring name Melody Jackson.^[11]

In 1937 alone, Armstrong went 27–0 (26KO). Aldo Spoldi was the only opponent to take him the full 10 rounds. He kayoed Baby Casanova in three rounds, Belloise in four, Joe Rivers in three, former world champion Frankie Klick in four, and former world champion Benny Bass in four. Armstrong was given his first world title fight, for the title in the 126-pound weight class against World Featherweight Champion Petey Sarron at Madison Square Garden. Armstrong knocked Sarron out in six rounds, becoming the World Featherweight Champion.^[12]

Armstrong's two nicknames were Hurricane Henry and Homicide' Hank.^[13]

In 1938, Armstrong started his season with seven more knockouts in a row, including one over Chalky Wright, a future world champion. The streak finally ended when Arizmendi lasted ten rounds before losing a decision to Armstrong in their fourth fight. Armstrong's streak of 27 knockout wins in a row qualifies as one of the longest knockout win streaks in the history of boxing, according to The Ring magazine.

Later in 1938, Armstrong, still the Featherweight division world champion, challenged Barney Ross for the title. Later a fellow member of the three division champions' club, Ross was then World Welterweight Champion. Armstrong, at pounds, beat Ross, at 142 pounds, by unanimous decision, adding the World Welterweight Championship to his belt. Armstrong lost weight in order to compete in the lower weight division, and beat World Lightweight Champion Lou Ambers by split decision. Armstrong was the first boxer ever to hold world championships in three different weight divisions at the same time. He decided not to maintain the required 126-pound weight anymore and left the featherweight crown vacant.

Welterweight defenses

Armstrong dedicated the next two years to defending the welterweight crown, beating, among others, Ceferino Garcia, a future World Middleweight Champion, and Bobby Pacho.

Armstrong defended his Lightweight belt in a rematch with Ambers, which he lost on a 15-round decision. After that, he concentrated once again on defending the world Welterweight title. He defended it in eight fights in a row, the last of which was a nine-round knockout win over Puerto Rico's Pedro Montañez.

Armstrong sought to become the first boxer to win world titles in four different categories in a rematch with Garcia, already the World Middleweight Champion, but the fight ended in a ten-round draw. Armstrong's attempt to win a world title in a fourth division was frustrated.^[14] According to boxing historian Bert Sugar, many commentators of the time said that Armstrong deserved the decision in this fight.^[15] Returning to the welterweight division, Armstrong successfully defended the title five more times, until Fritzie Zivic beat him to take the world title in a 15-round decision. This ended Armstrong's reign as Welterweight Champion. Armstrong's eighteen successful title defenses were the most in history in the Welterweight division.

In 1945, Armstrong retired from boxing. His official record was 152 wins, 21 losses and 9 draws, with 101 knockout wins.

After boxing

After retiring from boxing in 1946, Armstrong briefly opened a Harlem nightclub, the Melody Room (named after his first nickname).^[16] He returned to settle again in St. Louis, Missouri where, apart from the ceremonies and galas that he attended afterward, he led a quiet retirement. He became a born-again Christian and an ordained Baptist minister and youth advocate, helping to run the Herbert Hoover Boys Club. He also taught young fighters how to box. In February 1966, Rev. Armstrong appeared on the TV game show I've Got a Secret with his simultaneous triple championship as his secret.

Honors

1937, The Ring magazine named him as Fighter of the Year.
1940, the Boxing Writers Association of America (BWAA) named him as Fighter of the Year.
In 1954, Armstrong was inducted into The Ring magazine Boxing Hall of Fame the year it was established.
In 1987, he was among those inductees from The Ring list who were absorbed into the International Boxing Hall of Fame when it was established.
In 1995, Armstrong was posthumously honored for his boxing career by being inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame.^[17]
In 2007, The Ring magazine ranked Armstrong as the second-greatest fighter of the last 80 years.^[2]
In 2007, ESPN ranked Armstrong as number 3 on their list of the 50 greatest boxers of all time.^[4]

Professional boxing record

	Result	Record	Opponent	Type	Round, time	Date
183	Loss	151–22–10	Chester Slider	PTS	10	Feb 14, 1945
182	Win	151–21–10	Genaro Rojo	UD	10	Feb 6, 1945
181	Draw	150–21–10	Chester Slider	PTS	10	Jan 17, 1945
180	Win	150–21–9	Mike Belloise	KO	4 (10),	Nov 4, 1944
179	Win	149–21–9	Aldo Spoldi	KO	2 (10),	Sep 15, 1944
178	Win	148–21–9	Willie Joyce	PTS	10	Aug 21, 1944
177	Draw	147–21–9	Slugger White	PTS	10	Jul 14, 1944
176	Loss	147–21–8	John Thomas	UD	10	Jul 4, 1944
175	Win	147–20–8	Nick Latsios	UD	10	Jun 21, 1944
174	Win	146–20–8	Al 'Bummy' Davis	TKO	2 (10),	Jun 15, 1944
173	Loss	145–20–8	Willie Joyce	UD	10	Jun 2, 1944
172	Win	145–19–8	Aaron Perry	TKO	6 (10),	May 22, 1944
171	Win	144–19–8	Ralph Zannelli	UD	10	May 16, 1944
170	Win	143–19–8	John Thomas	SD	10	Apr 25, 1944
169	Win	142–19–8	Ralph Zannelli	UD	10	Mar 24, 1944
168	Win	141–19–8	Frankie Willis	UD	10	Mar 20, 1944
167	Win	140–19–8	Johnny Jones	KO	5 (10),	Mar 14, 1944
166	Win	139–19–8	Jackie Byrd	KO	4 (10),	Feb 29, 1944
165	Win	138–19–8	Jimmy Garrison	TKO	5 (10),	Feb 23, 1944
164	Win	137–19–8	Lew Hanbury	KO	3 (10),	Feb 7, 1944
163	Win	136–19–8	Saverio Turiello	KO	7 (12),	Jan 25, 1944
162	Win	135–19–8	Aldo Spoldi	KO	3 (10),	Jan 14, 1944
161	Loss	134–19–8	Sugar Ray Robinson	UD	10	Aug 27, 1943
160	Win	134–18–8	Joey Silva	PTS	10	Aug 14, 1943
159	Win	133–18–8	Jimmy Garrison	PTS	10	Aug 6, 1943
158	Win	132–18–8	Willie Joyce	UD	10	Jul 24, 1943
157	Win	131–18–8	Sammy Angott	UD	10	Jun 11, 1943
156	Win	130–18–8	Maxie Shapiro	TKO	7 (10),	May 24, 1943
155	Win	129–18–8	Tommy Jessup	KO	1 (10),	May 7, 1943
154	Win	128–18–8	Saverio Turiello	TKO	5 (10)	May 3, 1943
153	Loss	127–18–8	Beau Jack	UD	10	Apr 2, 1943
152	Win	127–17–8	Al Tribuani	UD	10	Mar 22, 1943
151	Win	126–17–8	Tippy Larkin	KO	2 (10)	Mar 8, 1943
150	Loss	125–17–8	Willie Joyce	MD	10	Mar 2, 1943
149	Win	125–16–8	Jimmy McDaniels	UD	10	Jan 5, 1943
148	Win	124–16–8	Saverio Turiello	TKO	4 (10),	Dec 14, 1942
147	Win	123–16–8	Lew Jenkins	TKO	8 (10),	Dec 4, 1942
146	Win	122–16–8	Fritzie Zivic	UD	10	Oct 26, 1942
145	Win	121–16–8	Juan Zurita	KO	2 (10),	Oct 13, 1942
144	Win	120–16–8	Earl Turner	KO	4 (10)	Sep 30, 1942
143	Win	119–16–8	Leo Rodak	TKO	8 (10),	Sep 14, 1942
142	Win	118–16–8	Johnny Taylor	TKO	3 (10)	Sep 7, 1942
141	Win	117–16–8	Rodolfo Ramirez	KO	8 (10),	Aug 26, 1942
140	Win	116–16–8	Jackie Burke	PTS	10	Aug 13, 1942
139	Win	115–16–8	Aldo Spoldi	TKO	7 (10),	Aug 3, 1942
138	Win	114–16–8	Joe Ybarra	TKO	3 (10)	Jul 20, 1942
137	Loss	113–16–8	Rueben Shank	UD	10	Jul 3, 1942
136	Win	113–15–8	Sheik Rangel	PTS	10	Jun 24, 1942
135	Win	112–15–8	Johnny Taylor	TKO	4 (10)	Jun 1, 1942
134	Loss	111–15–8	Fritzie Zivic	TKO	12 (15),	Jan 17, 1941
133	Loss	111–14–8	Fritzie Zivic	UD	15	Oct 4, 1940
132	Win	111–13–8	Phil Furr	KO	4 (15),	Sep 23, 1940
131	Win	110–13–8	Lew Jenkins	TKO	6 (12)	Jul 17, 1940
130	Win	109–13–8	Paul Junior	TKO	3 (15),	Jun 21, 1940
129	Win	108–13–8	Ralph Zannelli	TKO	5 (15),	May 24, 1940
128	Win	107–13–8	Paul Junior	TKO	7 (15),	Apr 26, 1940
127	Draw	106–13–8	Ceferino Garcia	PTS	10	Mar 1, 1940
126	Win	106–13–7	Pedro Montañez	TKO	9 (15),	Jan 24, 1940
125	Win	105–13–7	Joe Ghnouly	KO	5 (15),	Jan 4, 1940
124	Win	104–13–7	Jimmy Garrison	KO	7 (10),	Dec 11, 1939
123	Win	103–13–7	Bobby Pacho	TKO	4 (15)	Oct 30, 1939
122	Win	102–13–7	Jimmy Garrison	PTS	10	Oct 24, 1939
121	Win	101–13–7	Richie Fontaine	TKO	3 (15)	Oct 20, 1939
120	Win	100–13–7	Howard Scott	KO	2 (10),	Oct 13, 1939
119	Win	99–13–7	Al Manfredo	TKO	4 (10),	Oct 9, 1939
118	Loss	98–13–7	Lou Ambers	UD	15	Aug 22, 1939
117	Win	98–12–7	Ernie Roderick	PTS	15	May 25, 1939
116	Win	97–12–7	Davey Day	TKO	12 (15),	Mar 31, 1939
115	Win	96–12–7	Lew Feldman	KO	1 (15),	Mar 16, 1939
114	Win	95–12–7	Bobby Pacho	TKO	4 (15),	Mar 4, 1939
113	Win	94–12–7	Baby Arizmendi	PTS	10	Jan 10, 1939
112	Win	93–12–7	Al Manfredo	TKO	3 (15),	Dec 5, 1938
111	Win	92–12–7	Ceferino Garcia	UD	15	Nov 25, 1938
110	Win	91–12–7	Lou Ambers	SD	15	Aug 17, 1938
109	Win	90–12–7	Barney Ross	UD	15	May 31, 1938
108	Win	89–12–7	Lew Feldman	KO	5 (10),	Mar 30, 1938
107	Win	88–12–7	Eddie Zivic	TKO	4 (10),	Mar 25, 1938
106	Win	87–12–7	Baby Arizmendi	PTS	10	Mar 15, 1938
105	Win	86–12–7	Charley Burns	KO	2 (10),	Feb 28, 1938
104	Win	85–12–7	Everett Rightmire	TKO	3 (10),	Feb 25, 1938
103	Win	84–12–7	Al Citrino	TKO	4 (10)	Feb 9, 1938
102	Win	83–12–7	Chalky Wright	KO	3 (10),	Feb 1, 1938
101	Win	82–12–7	Tommy Brown	KO	2 (10),	Jan 22, 1938
100	Win	81–12–7	Frankie Castillo	TKO	3 (10)	Jan 21, 1938
99	Win	80–12–7	Enrico Venturi	KO	6 (10),	Jan 12, 1938
98	Win	79–12–7	Johnny Jones	KO	2 (10),	Dec 12, 1937
97	Win	78–12–7	Tony Chavez	TKO	1 (10),	Dec 6, 1937
96	Win	77–12–7	Joey Brown	KO	2 (10),	Nov 23, 1937
95	Win	76–12–7	Billy Beauhuld	TKO	5 (10)	Nov 19, 1937
94	Win	75–12–7	Petey Sarron	KO	6 (15),	Oct 29, 1937
93	Win	74–12–7	Joe Marciente	KO	3 (10),	Oct 18, 1937
92	Win	73–12–7	Bobby Dean	KO	1 (10),	Sep 21, 1937
91	Win	72–12–7	Johnny DeFoe	TKO	4 (10),	Sep 16, 1937
90	Win	71–12–7	Charley Burns	KO	4 (10),	Sep 9, 1937
89	Win	70–12–7	Orville Drouillard	TKO	5 (10)	Aug 31, 1937
88	Win	69–12–7	Johnny Cabello	RTD	1 (10)	Aug 16, 1937
87	Win	68–12–7	Eddie Brink	KO	3 (10),	Aug 13, 1937
86	Win	67–12–7	Benny Bass	KO	4 (10),	Jul 27, 1937
85	Win	66–12–7	Lew Massey	TKO	4 (10),	Jul 19, 1937
84	Win	65–12–7	Alf Blatch	TKO	3 (10),	Jul 8, 1937
83	Win	64–12–7	Jackie Carter	TKO	3 (10),	Jun 15, 1937
82	Win	63–12–7	Mark Diaz	KO	4 (10),	Jun 9, 1937
81	Win	62–12–7	Wally Hally	TKO	4 (10),	May 28, 1937
80	Win	61–12–7	Frankie Klick	TKO	4 (10),	May 4, 1937
79	Win	60–12–7	Pete DeGrasse	KO	10 (10),	Apr 6, 1937
78	Win	59–12–7	Aldo Spoldi	UD	10	Mar 19, 1937
77	Win	58–12–7	Mike Belloise	TKO	4 (10)	Mar 12, 1937
76	Win	57–12–7	'California' Joe Rivers	TKO	4 (10),	Mar 2, 1937
75	Win	56–12–7	Varias Milling	KO	4 (10),	Feb 19, 1937
74	Win	55–12–7	Moon Mullins	TKO	2 (10),	Feb 2, 1937
73	Win	54–12–7	Tony Chavez	KO	10 (10)	Jan 19, 1937
72	Win	53–12–7	Rodolfo Casanova	KO	3 (10)	Jan 1, 1937
71	Loss	52–12–7	Tony Chavez	DQ	8 (10)	Dec 3, 1936
70	Win	52–11–7	Joey Alcanter	RTD	5 (10)	Nov 17, 1936
69	Win	51–11–7	Gene Espinoza	KO	1 (10),	Nov 2, 1936
68	Win	50–11–7	Mike Belloise	PTS	10	Oct 27, 1936
67	Win	49–11–7	Dommy Ganzon	KO	1 (10),	Sep 8, 1936
66	Win	48–11–7	Elmer "Buzz" Brown	PTS	10	Sep 3, 1936
65	Win	47–11–7	Juan Zurita	KO	4 (10),	Aug 18, 1936
64	Win	46–11–7	Baby Arizmendi	PTS	10	Aug 4, 1936
63	Win	45–11–7	Johnny DeFoe	PTS	10	Jun 22, 1936
62	Win	44–11–7	Bobby Leyvas	TKO	4 (10),	May 19, 1936
61	Win	43–11–7	Richie Fontaine	PTS	10	Mar 31, 1936
60	Loss	42–11–7	Richie Fontaine	PTS	10	Feb 26, 1936
59	Loss	42–10–7	Joe Conde	PTS	10	Jan 1, 1936
58	Win	42–9–7	Alton Black	TKO	8 (15)	Dec 6, 1935
57	Win	41–9–7	Midget Wolgast	PTS	10	Nov 27, 1935
56	Win	40–9–7	Leo Lomelli	TKO	6 (8)	Nov 12, 1935
55	Win	39–9–7	Lester Marston	TKO	7 (10)	Oct 21, 1935
54	Draw	38–9–7	Perfecto Lopez	PTS	8	Sep 18, 1935
53	Win	38–9–6	Alton Black	TKO	8 (10)	Sep 13, 1935
52	Win	37–9–6	Varias Milling	PTS	10	Jun 25, 1935
51	Win	36–9–6	Davey Abad	PTS	10	May 28, 1935
50	Win	35–9–6	Mark Diaz	PTS	8	May 10, 1935
49	Win	34–9–6	Frankie Covelli	PTS	8	Apr 16, 1935
48	Win	33–9–6	Tully Corvo	TKO	5 (10)	Apr 6, 1935
47	Loss	32–9–6	Davey Abad	PTS	10	Mar 31, 1935
46	Win	32–8–6	Sal Hernandez	TKO	2 (10),	Mar 19, 1935
45	Loss	31–8–6	Rodolfo Casanova	DQ	5 (10)	Feb 16, 1935
44	Loss	31–7–6	Baby Arizmendi	UD	12	Jan 1, 1935
43	Win	31–6–6	Ventura Arana	TKO	5 (10)	Dec 15, 1934
42	Win	30–6–6	Joe Conde	TKO	7 (10)	Dec 1, 1934
41	Loss	29–6–6	Baby Arizmendi	PTS	10	Nov 4, 1934
40	Win	29–5–6	Perfecto Lopez	PTS	8	Sep 28, 1934
39	Win	28–5–6	Max Tarley	KO	3 (10)	Sep 13, 1934
38	Win	27–5–6	Joe Sanchez	TKO	4 (8)	Sep 7, 1934
37	Win	26–5–6	Perfecto Lopez	TKO	5 (6)	Aug 28, 1934
36	Win	25–5–6	Perfecto Lopez	PTS	6	Jul 17, 1934
35	Win	24–5–6	Davey Abad	PTS	10	Jun 14, 1934
34	Win	23–5–6	Vicente Torres	PTS	4	Jun 5, 1934
33	Win	22–5–6	Johnny DeFoe	TKO	6 (6),	May 22, 1934
32	Draw	21–5–6	Young Danny	PTS	10	May 4, 1934
31	Win	21–5–5	Young Danny	KO	1 (4)	Mar 27, 1934
30	Win	20–5–5	Perfecto Lopez	PTS	8	Mar 6, 1934
29	Win	19–5–5	Benny Pelz	PTS	6	Feb 13, 1934
28	Win	18–5–5	Baby Manuel	PTS	10	Jan 26, 1934
27	Win	17–5–5	Gene Espinoza	TKO	7 (10)	Dec 14, 1933
26	Draw	16–5–5	Kid Moro	PTS	10	Nov 23, 1933
25	Win	16–5–4	Kid Moro	PTS	10	Nov 3, 1933
24	Win	15–5–4	Johnny Granone	TKO	6 (6)	Oct 19, 1933
23	Draw	14–5–4	Perfecto Lopez	PTS	4	Oct 11, 1933
22	Draw	14–5–3	Perfecto Lopez	PTS	4	Sep 5, 1933
21	Draw	14–5–2	Hoyt Jones	PTS	4	Aug 30, 1933
20	Win	14–5–1	Bobby Calmes	KO	5 (6)	Aug 8, 1933
19	Win	13–5–1	Benny Pelz	PTS	4	Jul 29, 1933
18	Loss	12–5–1	Baby Manuel	PTS	6	Jul 11, 1933
17	Win	12–4–1	George Haberski	PTS	4	Jun 28, 1933
16	Win	11–4–1	Ricky Hall	KO	3 (4)	Jun 7, 1933
15	Draw	10–4–1	Max Tarley	PTS	6	May 31, 1933
14	Win	10–4	Young Bud Taylor	KO	2 (4)	May 24, 1933
13	Win	9–4	Perfecto Lopez	PTS	6	Apr 28, 1933
12	Win	8–4	Paul Wangley	KO	4 (4)	Mar 21, 1933
11	Win	7–4	George Dundee	PTS	6	Feb 17, 1933
10	Win	6–4	Johnny Ryan	PTS	6	Feb 3, 1933
9	Win	5–4	Young Corpuz	PTS	4	Dec 31, 1932
8	Win	4–4	Gene Espinoza	PTS	4	Dec 13, 1932
7	Win	3–4	Vince Trujillo	KO	2 (?)	Dec 1, 1932
6	Win	2–4	Max Tarley	PTS	4	Oct 1, 1932
5	Loss	1–4	Al Greenfield	PTS	4	Sep 27, 1932
4	Loss	1–3	Eddie Trujillo	PTS	4	Aug 30, 1932
3	Loss	1–2	Victor Kid Ponce	PTS	4	Dec 7, 1931
2	Win	1–1	Sammy Burns	PTS	6	Jul 31, 1931
1	Loss	0–1	Al Lovino	KO	3 (4),	Jul 27, 1931

External links

- The story of his life is retold in the 1949 radio drama "The Saga of Melody Jackson", a presentation from Destination Freedom, written by Richard Durham

Notes and References

Web site: BoxRec ratings: world, pound-for-pound, active and inactive. 13 July 2020. BoxRec.
Web site: Ring Magazine's 80 Best Fighters of the Last 80 Years. Andrew Eisele. About.com Sports. 2016-07-15. 2017-01-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20170108035508/http://boxing.about.com/od/history/a/ring_80_best.htm. dead.
Web site: The Greatest Boxer of All Time - Henry Armstrong, Says Teddy Atlas - Here's Why He's the GOAT . .
Web site: All-Time Greatest Boxers . Mulvaney. Kieran. 11 May 2007. ESPN. 2017-12-27.
Web site: Boxing Hall of Fame names first inductees. UPI.
Web site: 31 December 2019 . IBRO All-Time Ratings - Pound For Pound Results . 11 December 2022 . International Boxing Research Organization.
Web site: 31 March 2019 . IBRO All-Time Ratings - Featherweight Ratings . 11 December 2022 . International Boxing Research Organization.
Web site: 30 September 2019 . IBRO All-Time Ratings - Welterweight Ratings . 11 December 2022 . International Boxing Research Organization.
Web site: 30 June 2019 . IBRO All-Time Ratings - Lightweight Ratings . 11 December 2022 . International Boxing Research Organization.
Web site: BoxRec: Henry Armstrong. 16 April 2018.
News: Ryan. James. Boxer Henry Armstrong dead at 75. 16 April 2018. UPI. en.
Book: Grasso. John. Historical Dictionary of Boxing. 2014. The Scarecrow Press, Inc.. Lanham, Maryland. 978-0810878679. 44–45.
Web site: Biography of Henry Armstrong. Armstrong Family. 2009-04-16. 2009. Official Henry Armstrong website. https://web.archive.org/web/20090511003744/http://www.henryarmstrong.net/BIOGRAPHY.html. 2009-05-11. dead.
Web site: Henry Armstrong: Goes for Four Divisions. BoxingScene.com. 26 February 2008 . en-us.
Web site: Ceferino Garcia vs. Henry Armstrong (2nd meeting) – BoxRec.
Book: Haygood. Wil. Sweet thunder the life and times of Sugar Ray Robinson. 2011. Lawrence Hill Books. Chicago. 978-1569768648. 114.
Web site: St. Louis Walk of Fame Inductees. St. Louis Walk of Fame. stlouiswalkoffame.org. 25 April 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20181008105312/http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/?view=achievement. 8 October 2018. dead.