Helvetica Explained

Helvetica
Style:Sans-serif
Classifications:Neo-grotesque[1]
Based On:Akzidenz-Grotesk
Aka:Neue Haas Grotesk
Variations:Helvetica Inserat
Helvetica Compressed
Neue Helvetica
Helvetica Now
Others (see below)
Releasedate:1957
Creator:Max Miedinger
Eduard Hoffmann
Foundry:Haas'sche Schriftgiesserei (Basel)
Foundries:Mergenthaler Linotype Company
Shown Here:Neue Helvetica
Metrically Compatible With:

Helvetica, also known by its original name Neue Haas Grotesk, is a widely used sans-serif typeface developed in 1957 by Swiss typeface designer Max Miedinger and Eduard Hoffmann.

Helvetica is a neo-grotesque design, one influenced by the famous 19th-century (1890s) typeface Akzidenz-Grotesk and other German and Swiss designs.[2] Its use became a hallmark of the International Typographic Style that emerged from the work of Swiss designers in the 1950s and 1960s, becoming one of the most popular typefaces of the mid-20th century.[3] Over the years, a wide range of variants have been released in different weights, widths, and sizes, as well as matching designs for a range of non-Latin alphabets. Notable features of Helvetica as originally designed include a high x-height, the termination of strokes on horizontal or vertical lines and an unusually tight spacing between letters, which combine to give it a dense, solid appearance.

Developed by the Haas'sche Schriftgiesserei (Haas Type Foundry) of Münchenstein (Basel), Switzerland, its release was planned to match a trend: a resurgence of interest in turn-of-the-century "grotesque" sans-serifs among European graphic designers, that also saw the release of Univers by Adrian Frutiger the same year.[4] [5] [6] Hoffmann was the president of the Haas Type Foundry, while Miedinger was a freelance graphic designer who had formerly worked as a Haas salesman and designer.[7]

Miedinger and Hoffmann set out to create a neutral typeface that had great clarity, had no intrinsic meaning in its form, and could be used on a wide variety of signage.[7] Originally named Neue Haas Grotesk (New Haas Grotesque), it was rapidly licensed by Linotype and renamed Helvetica in 1960, which in Latin means "Swiss", from Helvetia, capitalising on Switzerland's reputation as a centre of ultra-modern graphic design.[8] A feature-length film directed by Gary Hustwit was released in 2007 to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the typeface's introduction in 1957.[9]

History

The first version of the typeface (which later became known as Helvetica) was created in by Swiss type designer Max Miedinger. His goal is to design a new sans serif font that can compete in the Swiss market, as a neutral font that should not be given any additional meaning. The main influence on Helvetica was Akzidenz-Grotesk from Berthold; Hoffman's scrapbook of proofs of the design shows careful comparison of test proofs with snippets of Akzidenz-Grotesk. Its 'R' with a curved tail resembles Schelter-Grotesk, another turn-of-the-century sans-serif sold by Haas.[10] Wolfgang Homola comments that in Helvetica "the weight of the stems of the capitals and the lower case is better balanced" than in its influences.[11]

Attracting considerable attention on its release as Neue Haas Grotesk (Nouvelle Antique Haas in French-speaking countries), Stempel and Linotype adopted Neue Haas Grotesk for release in hot metal composition, the standard typesetting method at the time for body text, and on the international market.[12]

In, its name was changed by Haas' German parent company Stempel to Helvetica in order to make it more marketable internationally; it comes from the Latin name for the pre-Roman tribes of what became Switzerland. Intending to match the success of Univers, Arthur Ritzel of Stempel redesigned Neue Haas Grotesk into a larger family.[13] [14] The design was popular: Paul Shaw suggests that Helvetica "began to muscle out" Akzidenz-Grotesk in New York City from around summer 1965, when Amsterdam Continental, which imported European typefaces, stopped pushing Akzidenz-Grotesk in its marketing and began to focus on Helvetica instead.[15] [16] It was also made available for phototypesetting systems, as well as in other formats such as Letraset dry transfers[17] and plastic letters,[18] and many phototypesetting imitations and knock-offs were rapidly created by competing phototypesetting companies.[19]

In the late 1970s and 1980s, Linotype licensed Helvetica to Xerox, Adobe and Apple, guaranteeing its importance in digital printing by making it one of the core fonts of the PostScript page description language.[20] This led to a version being included on Macintosh computers and a clone compatible metrically, Arial, on Windows computers. The rights to Helvetica are now held by Monotype Imaging, which acquired Linotype; the Neue Haas Grotesk digitisation (discussed below) was co-released with Font Bureau.

Characteristics

Like many neo-grotesque designs, Helvetica has narrow apertures, which limits its legibility onscreen and at small print sizes. It also has no visible difference between upper-case 'i' and lower-case 'L', although the number 1 is quite identifiable with its flag at top left.[21] [22] Its tight, display-oriented spacing may also pose problems for legibility.[23] Other fonts intended for legibility at small sizes such as Verdana, Meta, Trebuchet, or a monospace font such as Courier, which makes all letters quite wide, may be more appropriate than Helvetica.

Usage examples

Helvetica is among the most widely used sans-serif typefaces.[24] Versions exist for Latin, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Greek, Japanese, Korean, Hindi, Urdu, Khmer, and Vietnamese alphabets. Chinese faces have been developed to complement Helvetica.

Helvetica is a common choice for commercial wordmarks, including those for 3M (including Scotch Tape), Adult Swim, American Apparel, BASF, Behance, Blaupunkt, BMW, Diaspora, ECM, Funimation, General Motors (until 2021), J. C. Penney, Jeep, Kaiser Permanente, Kawasaki, Knoll, Kroger, LG (until 2015), Lufthansa, Motorola, Nestlé, Oath Inc., Panasonic, Parmalat, Philippine Airlines, Sears, Seiko Epson, Skype, Target, Texaco, Tupperware (until 2024), Viceland, Verizon, and Ziff Davis.[25] [26] Apple used Helvetica as the system typeface of iOS until 2015.[27] [28]

Helvetica has been widely used by the U.S. government; for example, federal income tax forms are set in Helvetica, and NASA used the type on the Space Shuttle orbiter.[29] Helvetica is also used in the United States television rating system. The Canadian government also uses Helvetica as its identifying typeface, with three variants being used in its corporate identity program, and encourages its use in all federal agencies and websites.[30]

Helvetica is commonly used in transportation settings.[31] New York City's Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) adopted Helvetica for use in signage in 1989. From 1970 to 1989, the standard font was Standard Medium, an American release of Akzidenz-Grotesk, as defined by Unimark's New York City Transit Authority Graphic Standards Manual. The MTA system is still rife with a proliferation of Helvetica-like fonts, including Arial, in addition to some old signs in Medium Standard, and a few anomalous signs in Helvetica Narrow.[32] [33] [34] Helvetica is also used in the Washington Metro, the Chicago 'L', Philadelphia's SEPTA, and the Madrid Metro.[35] Amtrak used the typeface on the "pointless arrow" logo, and it was adopted by Danish railway company DSB for a time period.[36] In addition, the former state-owned operator of the British railway system developed its own Helvetica-based Rail Alphabet font, which was also adopted by the National Health Service and the British Airports Authority.[37] The Helvetica 77 variation is used in street and house signage in Riga and other municipalities in Latvia, although common road signage in the country uses a version of DIN 1451.[38]

The typeface was displaced from some uses in the 1990s to the increased availability of other fonts on digital desktop publishing systems, and criticism from type designers including Erik Spiekermann and Martin Majoor, both of whom have criticised the design for its omnipresence and overuse.[39] Majoor has described Helvetica as 'rather cheap' for its failure to move on from the model of Akzidenz-Grotesk.[40]

Road signs in Japan and South Korea formerly used Helvetica.

IBM used Neue Helvetica as its corporate typeface until 2017, spending over $1m annually on licensing fees. It switched in 2017 to the custom IBM Plex family, concluding that a custom open-source typeface would be more distinctive and practical, as it could be freely distributed and installed without rights issues.[41] [42]

Helvetica has been used as the typeface of a logo of ABS-CBN/Kapamilya Channel's evening programming lineup Primetime Bida since 2007.

In 2019, the Switzerland national football team began using Helvetica for its kit, which it wore for the UEFA Euro 2020 tournament.[43]

Media coverage

An early essay on Helvetica's public image as a font used by business and government was written in 1976 by Leslie Savan, a writer on advertising at the Village Voice.[44] It was later republished in her book The Sponsored Life.[45]

In 2007, Linotype GmbH held the Helvetica NOW Poster Contest to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the typeface.[46] [47] Winners were announced in the January 2008 issue of the LinoLetter.

In 2007, director Gary Hustwit released a documentary film, Helvetica (Plexifilm, DVD), to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the typeface. In the film, graphic designer Wim Crouwel said, "Helvetica was a real step from the 19th century typeface... We were impressed by that because it was more neutral, and neutralism was a word that we loved. It should be neutral. It shouldn't have a meaning in itself. The meaning is in the content of the text and not in the typeface." The documentary also presented other designers who associated Helvetica with authority and corporate dominance, and whose rebellion from Helvetica's ubiquity created new styles.

From April 2007 to March 2008, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City displayed an exhibit called "50 Years of Helvetica".[48] In 2011 the Disseny Hub Barcelona displayed an exhibit called Helvetica. A New Typeface?. The exhibition included a timeline of Helvetica over the last fifty years, its antecedents and its subsequent influence, including in the local area.[49]

In 2011, one of Google's April Fools' Day jokes centered on the use of Helvetica. If a user attempted to search for the term "Helvetica" using the search engine, the results would be displayed in the font Comic Sans.[50]

Variants

A large number of variants of Helvetica were rapidly released to expand on its popularity, including new weights and languages. Linotype confessed by the time of a 1976 advertorial that things had become somewhat confused: "the series was not planned as a whole from its conception...the series is not as uniform as Univers".[51] [52]

Helvetica Light

Helvetica Light was designed by Stempel's artistic director Erich Schultz-Anker, in conjunction with Arthur Ritzel.[53]

Helvetica Inserat

Helvetica Inserat (German for advertisement) is a version designed primarily for use in the advertising industry: this is a narrow variant that is tighter than Helvetica Black Condensed. It gives the glyphs an even larger x-height and a more squared appearance, similar to Schmalfette Grotesk. Adobe's release notes date it to 1966 and state that it originated with Stempel.[54]

Helvetica Compressed (1966)

Designed by Matthew Carter and Hans-Jürg Hunziker for cold type.[55] It shares some design elements with Helvetica Inserat, but uses a curved tail in Q, downward pointing branch in r, and tilde bottom £. Carter has said that in practice it was designed to be similar to Schmalfette Grotesk and to compete in this role with British designs Impact and Compacta, as this style was popular at the time.[56] Carter, who also later designed Helvetica Greek, had designed a modernised version of Akzidenz-Grotesk for signage at Heathrow in 1961, and commented later "if we'd known about [Helvetica] I'm sure we would have used it, since it's a much better typeface than the one I drew. But the typesetting trade was very conservative then, and new type designs traveled slowly."[57] The family consists of Helvetica Compressed, Helvetica Extra Compressed and Helvetica Ultra Compressed fonts. It has been digitised, for instance in the Adobe Helvetica release.

Helvetica Rounded (1978)

Helvetica Rounded is a version containing rounded stroke terminators, released for bold weights. Linotype's release notes date it to 1978.[58]

Helvetica Narrow

Helvetica Narrow is a version where its width is between Helvetica Compressed and Helvetica Condensed. The font was developed when printer ROM space was very scarce, so it was created by mathematically squashing Helvetica to 82% of the original width, resulting in distorted letterforms, with vertical strokes narrowed but horizontals unchanged.[59] Because of the distortion problems, Adobe dropped Helvetica Narrow in its release of Helvetica in OpenType format, recommending users choose Helvetica Condensed instead.[60]

Helvetica Textbook

Helvetica Textbook is an alternate design of the typeface, which uses 'schoolbook' stylistic alternates to increase distinguishability: a seriffed capital 'i' and 'j' to increase distinguishability, a 'q' with a flick upwards and other differences, such as the digits '1' and '4' similar to how handwritten digits are. The letters 'a', 't', 'u', and the digits '6' and '9' are replaced with designs similar to those in geometric sans-serifs such as those found in Futura, Akzidenz-Grotesk Schulbuch, and Avant Garde (except for 'u').[61] FontShop's FF Schulbuch is similar.[62] [63]

Language variants

Helvetica Greek has gone through several versions. Letraset designed a semi-official version for their dry transfer lettering system, available by 1970, which sold well but was considered unidiomatic by Linotype.[64] Linotype published a 1971 version designed by Matthew Carter which was available for phototypesetting and so for general purpose printing such as extended text.[65] [66] [67] [68] Carter felt in 1974 that the Letraset version was "a poor thing" and Linotype's version was "the real one" but that Letraset's was well-enough accepted in Greece that he felt it had "caused resistance to our version". Linotype published a new version in 2001 designed by John Hudson at Tiro Typeworks.

The Cyrillic version was designed in-house in the 1970s at D Stempel AG, then critiqued and redesigned in 1992 under the advice of Jovica Veljović, although a pirated version had already been created in 1963 by Russian designers Maxim Zhukov and Yuri Kurbatov.[69] [70] [71]

Helvetica World

Helvetica World supports Arabic, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, and Vietnamese scripts.[72]

The family consists of four fonts in two weights and one width, with complementary italics.

The Arabic glyphs were based on a redesigned Yakout font family from Linotype. Latin kerning and spacing were redesigned to have consistent spacing.[73] John Hudson of Tiro Typeworks designed the Hebrew glyphs for the font family,[74] as well as the Cyrillic, and Greek letters.[75]

Neue Helvetica (1983)

Neue Helvetica (pronounced as /de/), sometimes Helvetica Neue in some digital files, is a reworking of the typeface with a more structurally unified set of heights and widths. Other changes include improved legibility, heavier punctuation marks, and increased spacing in the numbers.

Neue Helvetica uses a numerical design classification scheme, like Univers. The font family is made up of 51 fonts including nine weights in three widths (8 in normal width, 9 in condensed, and 8 in extended width variants) as well as an outline font based on Helvetica 75 Bold Outline (no Textbook or rounded fonts are available). Linotype distributes Neue Helvetica on CD.[76] Neue Helvetica also comes in variants for Central European and Cyrillic text.

It was developed at D. Stempel AG, a Linotype subsidiary. The studio manager was Wolfgang Schimpf, and his assistant was Reinhard Haus; the manager of the project was René Kerfante. Erik Spiekermann was the design consultant and designed the literature for the launch in 1983.[77] [78] Figures were widened and some condensed weights changed from having nearly flat-sided verticals to a more continuous curve throughout the entire height.

Designer Christian Schwartz, who would later release his own digitisation of the original Helvetica designs (see below), expressed disappointment with this and other digital releases of Helvetica: "digital Helvetica has always been one-size-fits-all, which leads to unfortunate compromises...the spacing has ended up much looser than Miedinger's wonderfully tight original at display sizes but much too tight for comfortable reading at text sizes."[79]

iOS used first Helvetica then Neue Helvetica[80] as its system font. All releases of macOS prior to OS X Yosemite (10.10) used Lucida Grande as the system font. The version of Neue Helvetica used as the system font in OS X 10.10 is specially optimised; Apple's intention is to provide a consistent experience for people who use both iOS and OS X.[81] [82] Apple replaced Neue Helvetica with the similarly looking San Francisco in iOS 9 and OS X El Capitan (10.11),[83] meaning OS X 10.10 was the only macOS version to use Neue Helvetica as the system font.

Neue Helvetica W1G (2009)

It is a version with Latin Extended, Greek, Cyrillic scripts support. Only OpenType CFF font format was released.

The family includes the fonts from the older Neue Helvetica counterparts, except Neue Helvetica 75 Bold Outline. Additional OpenType features include subscript/superscript.

Neue Helvetica Arabic (2009)

Designed by Lebanese designer Nadine Chahine,[84] it is a version with Arabic script support. Only OpenType TTF font format was released.[85]

The family includes three fonts in three weights and one width, without italics (45, 55, 65).

Neue Helvetica eText (2011)

It is a version of Neue Helvetica optimised for on-screen use, designed by Akira Kobayashi of Monotype Imaging. Changes from Neue Helvetica include more open spacing.[86] Unlike Helvetica, the capitals are reduced in size so the lower-case ascenders rise above them, a common feature associated with text typefaces.[87]

The family includes eight fonts in four weights and one width, with complementary italics (45, 46, 55, 56, 65, 66, 75, 76). OpenType features include numerators/denominators, fractions, ligatures, scientific inferiors, subscript/superscript.[88]

(Neue) Helvetica Thai (2012)

Thai font designer Anuthin Wongsunkakon of Cadson Demak Co. created Thai versions of Helvetica and Neue Helvetica fonts.[89] [90] The design uses loopless terminals in Thai glyphs,[91] [92] which had also been used by Wongsunkakon's previous design, Manop Mai (New Manop).[93]

Neue Helvetica Georgian (2015)

It is a version with Georgian script support. Designed by Akaki Razmadze at Monotype Bad Homburg.[94]

Only OpenType CFF and TTF font formats were released.

The family includes eight fonts in eight weights and one width, without italics (25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, 85, 95).

Neue Helvetica Armenian (2016)

Designed by Edik Ghabuzyan, it is a version of Neue Helvetica supporting Armenian language.[95]

The family includes 16 fonts in 8 weights (ultra light, thin, light, regular, medium, bold, heavy, black) with complementary italics.

Neue Helvetica World (2017)

Designed by Nadine Chahine, Linotype Design Studio, Monotype Design Studio and Edik Ghabuzyan, it is a version of Neue Helvetica with support of Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Thai, Armenian, Georgian and Vietnamese scripts for total 181 languages, and complete support of Unicode block u+0400.[96] [97] [98] [99] Published in November 2017 by Linotype, it was released in Truetype and OpenType CFF formats.

The family includes 6 fonts in 3 weights (45 Light, 55 Roman, 75 Bold), with complimentary italic. Roman fonts include 1,708 glyphs and 1,285 glyphs for italics.

For working with other languages, the publisher also recommended following complementary fonts:

Neue Haas Grotesk (2010)

Christian Schwartz's digitisation is based on original settings of the metal type and uses the typeface's original name.[100] [101] [102] [103] It was released by Linotype (later Monotype Imaging), Commercial Type, and Font Bureau with an article on the history of Helvetica by Professor Indra Kupferschmid.[104]

Unlike earlier digitisations, Schwartz created two different optical sizes (labelled Text and Display), which have different spacing metrics giving tighter spacing at display size and looser spacing to increase legibility in body text. The release includes a number of features not present on digitisations branded as Helvetica, stylistic alternates such as separate punctuation sets for upper- and lower-case text, "modernist" cedilla designs styled to match the comma and reduced-height numbers to blend into extended text.[105] Both optical sizes provide stylistic alternates for a straight-legged upper case "R", while the Display variant additionally provides stylistic alternates for a lower case "a" without tail.[106] [107] It originated from an abandoned redesign plan for The Guardian newspaper. Writing for Typographica, Matthew Butterick described the release as better than any previous digital release of Helvetica "it's never looked better".[108] Users include Bloomberg Businessweek, the Whitney Museum, and for the album Midnights, Taylor Swift.[109] [110] [111] Schwartz's company Commercial Type have additionally developed a companion monospaced version, agate version for small sizes and stencil font.[112] The release does not include condensed weights or support for Greek and Cyrillic.

Variable Font Version

The Text optical size of Neue Haas Grotesk is available on Windows 11 via "Pan-European Supplemental Fonts" optional feature. [113] This version is a variable font and provides weights ranging from Ultra Thin to Black. [114] [115] As of 2023, the variable font version of Neue Haas Grotesk is not yet otherwise available.

Neue Haas Grotesk Text is also available on Windows 10 via "Pan-European Supplemental Fonts", [116] but this release includes static fonts instead of variable fonts.

Helvetica Now (2019)

Helvetica Now
Style:Sans-serif
Classifications:Neo-grotesque sans-serif
Based On:Neue Helvetica
Releasedate:2019
Creator:Jan Hendrik Weber and Charles Nix
Foundry:Monotype

In April 2019, Monotype announced an update of Neue Helvetica called "Helvetica Now", designed by Jan Hendrik Weber and Charles Nix of Monotype Imaging.[117] [118] [119] The family has one width in three optical sizes, Text, Micro and Display in 8, 6, and 10 weights respectively.[120] The condensed version corresponding to these optical sizes and weights was published later in 2021, along with Helvetica Now Variable.[121]

A key difference between the three optical sizes is the terminal design: Display retains the horizontal terminals in previous digital releases of Helvetica; Micro features diagonal terminals for many characters (e.g., lowercase "e" and "c"); while the design of Text is somewhere in between Display and Micro.[122] [123]

Features include circled figures and redesigned arrow and @ glyphs.[124] It also includes a number of alternate characters including curled lower-case "L", spurless rounded "G", a straight-legged "R" (found in Neue Haas Grotesk), single-story "a" (found in Helvetica Textbook) and lowercase "u" without a spur.[125] [126]

Helvetica Now Variable (2021)

Helvetica Now was also released as a variable font, which has two styles (Regular and Italic) and three adjustable axes (weight, width, and optical size). Supported weight ranges include hairline to extra black, optical sizes include four point to infinity, widths include compressed and condensed.[127] [128] [129]

Helvetica clones

Derivative designs based on Helvetica were rapidly developed, taking advantage of the lack of copyright protection in the phototypesetting font market of the 1960s onward.[130] [131] Some of these were straight clones, simply intended to be direct substitutes.[132] Many of these are almost indistinguishable from Helvetica, while some add subtle differences.

Substitute Helvetica designs that have survived into or originated during the digital period have included Monotype's Arial, Compugraphic's CG Triumvirate, ParaType's Pragmatica, Bitstream's Swiss 721, URW++'s Nimbus Sans and Scangraphic's Europa Grotesk.[133] Berthold itself responded to Helvetica's popularity with Akzidenz-Grotesk Buch, effectively a Helvetica clone.[134] [135] [136] [137] Besides Helvetica imitations, Helvetica was available in custom derivatives with unusual special-order characters for many years, notably a straight-legged 'R' and round-topped 'A'. CNN uses a custom derivative, "CNN Sans", which has a '1' with a base and larger x-height.[138] [139] [140]

Nimbus Sans

URW (later URW++) under the leadership of Peter Karow produced a modification of Helvetica called Nimbus Sans. This is an extremely large font family with optical sizes spaced for different sizes of text and other variants such as stencil styles.[141] Florian Hardwig has described its display-oriented styles, with tight spacing, as more reminiscent of Helvetica as used in the 1970s from cold type than any official Helvetica digitisation.[142] [143]

Arial and MS Sans Serif

Monotype's Arial, created for IBM and also used by Microsoft, is indistinguishable by most non-specialists.[144] Matthew Carter, who was a consultant for IBM during its design process, describes it as "a Helvetica clone, based ostensibly on their Grots 215 and 216" (Monotype's old 1920s sans-serif family, popular in British trade printing in the metal type period, and itself based on the Bauer Venus-Grotesk family). Differences include:

The design was created to substitute for Helvetica: Arial (and many other clones of the period) are metrically identical to the PostScript version of Helvetica, so that a document designed in Helvetica could be displayed and printed correctly without IBM having to pay Linotype for a Helvetica license on its printers.[145] [146] [147]

Microsoft's "Helv" design, later known as "MS Sans Serif", is a sans-serif typeface that shares many key characteristics to Helvetica, including the horizontally and vertically aligned stroke terminators and more-uniform stroke widths within a glyph.[148]

Free Helvetica substitute fonts

Other such typefaces take creative liberties from Helvetica and its basic letter shapes.

Derivative designs

Some fonts based on Helvetica are intended for different purposes and have clearly different designs. Digital-period font designer Ray Larabie has commented that in the 1970s "everyone was modifying Helvetica with funky curls, mixed-case and effects".[160] Indeed, in one 1973 competition to design new fonts, three of the 20 winners were decorative designs inspired by Helvetica.

Zhukov and Kurbatov version

In 1963, two students at the Moscow Print Institute designed their own version of Helvetica, one of whom, Maxim Zhukov, would become one of the Soviet Union's most prominent typographers. Zhukov and his partner Yuri Kurbatov used upright cursive forms for several of the lowercase letters, which allowed for several of the Helvetica forms to be transferred more directly into Cyrillic.

Their version received widespread use in phototypesetting, especially among other students at the Moscow Print Institute, despite never being commercially released. Zhukov and Kurbatov attempted to publish the typeface in 1964 but were rejected due to the font's being too closely associated with capitalism; this was one of the major factors as to why an official Cyrillic Helvetica, Pragmatica, would not be released in the Soviet bloc until perestroika in 1989.[71] [161]

Forma (1968)

Created by Aldo Novarese at the Italian type foundry Nebiolo, Forma was a geometric-influenced derivative of Helvetica with a 'single-storey' 'a' and extremely tight spacing in the style of the period.[162] [163] [164] It was offered with 'request' stylistic alternates imitating Helvetica more closely.[165] Forma has been digitised by SoftMaker as "Formula" and (in a much more complete version with optical sizes) as Forma DJR by David Jonathan Ross at Font Bureau for Tatler magazine.[166]

Manoptica

Manoptica (1973) was an early effort to adapt Helvetica to the Thai script. It is named after and designed by Manop Srisomporn, who designed several typefaces for Thai using the same innovations he used for Manoptica (such as an adaptation of Eurostile). It was highly influential in Thai typography in that it popularized the removal of the small loops and other flourishes that had theretofore been distinguishing marks on Thai characters and adopted letter forms that bore strong resemblance to Latin letters. It became a widely popular style in advertising and influenced other simplified typefaces for Thai in the following decades.[167] The adoption of loopless typefaces remains a source of controversy in Thai typography.[168]

Helvetica Flair and others

Designed by Phil Martin at Alphabet Innovations, Helvetica Flair is an unauthorised phototype-period redesign of Helvetica adding swashes and unicase-inspired capitals with a lower-case design. Considered a hallmark of 1970s design, it has never been issued digitally. It is considered to be a highly conflicted design, as Helvetica is seen as a spare and rational typeface and swashes are ostentatious: font designer Mark Simonson described it as "almost sacrilegious". Martin would later claim to have been accused of "typographic incest" by one German writer for creating it.

Helvetica Flair was one of several derivative fonts created by Martin in the 1970s (and a particularly legally questionable one, since it was directly named 'Helvetica').[169] [170] Martin also drew 'Heldustry', a fusion of Helvetica with Eurostile,[171] and 'Helserif', a redesign of Helvetica with serifs,[172] and these have both been digitised.[173] [174]

Shatter LET (1973)

Designed by Vic Carless, Shatter assembles together slices of Helvetica to make a typeface that seems to be in motion, or broken and in pieces.[175] It was published by Letraset after jointly winning their 1973 competition to design new fonts.[176]

Writing in 2014, Tim Spencer praised the design for its ominous effect, writing that it offered "glitch-like mechanical aggression [and] cold, machine-induced paranoia. It attacked the Establishment's preferred information typography style with a sharp edge and recomposed it in a jarring manner that still makes your eyes skitter and your brain tick trying to recompose it. Shatter literally sliced up Swiss modernist authority."[177]

Unica

Unica by Team '77 (André Gürtler, Christian Mengelt and Erich Gschwind) is as a hybrid of Helvetica, Univers and Akzidenz-Grotesk. It was developed in the 1970s for electronic on-screen phototypesetting and released in 1980. As phototypesetting was soon replaced by desktop publishing and because of a legal dispute, the typeface rapidly disappeared from the market. In mid 2010s, two digital versions were released: the Swiss foundry Lineto released LL Unica77 with input from Christian Mengelt,[178] [179] while Linotype released Neue Haas Unica.[180]

Chalet

House Industries' Chalet family is a series of fonts based on Helvetica, inspired by its many derivatives and adaptations in post-war design, and organised by "date" to '1960' (conventional), '1970' and '1980' (both more radically altered and "science fiction" in feel).[181] House Industries, who are known for outlandish font marketing methods, promoted Chalet through presenting it as inspired by the branding and career progression of a fictitious Swiss haute couture designer, "René Chalet" (Chalet being French for a small wooden house, so a play on the design company's name).[182] [183] [184]

Coolvetica

In the digital period, Canadian type designer Ray Larabie has released several digital fonts based upon Helvetica. The most widely known and distributed of these is Coolvetica, which Larabie introduced in 1999; Larabie stated he was inspired by Helvetica Flair, Chalet, and similar variants in creating some of Coolvetica's distinguishing glyphs (most strikingly a swash on capital 'G', lowercase 'y' based on the letterforms of 'g' and 'u,' and a fully curled lowercase 't'), and chose to set a tight default spacing optimised for use in display type.[185] Larabie's company Typodermic offers Coolvetica in a wide variety of weights as a commercial release, with the semi-bold as freeware taster. As of 2017, the semi-bold remains Larabie's most popular font.[186] [187] [188] Larabie has also taken inspiration from Helvetica in some of his other designs, including Movatif and GGX88.[189] [190]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Kupferschmid. Indra. Combining Type With Helvetica. https://web.archive.org/web/20100430093419/http://www.fontshop.com/blog/?cat=92. dead. 30 April 2010. FontShop (archived). 29 April 2018.
  2. Web site: Berry. John. A Neo-Grotesque Heritage. Adobe Systems. 15 October 2015. 16 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151016002936/http://acumin.typekit.com/history/. live.
  3. Shinn . Nick . Nick Shinn . The Face of Uniformity . Graphic Exchange . 2003 . 18 July 2022 . 18 November 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161118134053/http://shinntype.com/wp-content/uploads/Uniformity.pdf . dead .
  4. Web site: Kupferschmid. Indra. I had never loved Helvetica. 14 October 2014. 5 October 2015. 25 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181025011820/http://kupferschrift.de/cms/2014/10/i-had-never-loved-helvetica/. live.
  5. Gerstner. Karl. Karl Gerstner. A new basis for the old Akzidenz-Grotesk (English translation by Forgotten Shapes). Der Druckspiegel. 1963. 15 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171015202441/http://forgotten-shapes.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/a-new-basis-for-akzidenz-grotesk-english-translation.pdf. 2017-10-15. dead.
  6. Gerstner. Karl. Karl Gerstner. Die alte Akzidenz-Grotesk auf neuer Basis. Der Druckspiegel. 1963. 15 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171015202204/http://forgotten-shapes.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/akzidenz-grotesk-auf-neuer-basis-german-original.pdf. 2017-10-15. dead.
  7. 2007-09-12 . . Documentary .
  8. Web site: Shaw. Paul. Helvetica and Univers addendum. Blue Pencil. 1 July 2015. 24 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065342/http://www.paulshawletterdesign.com/2011/12/from-the-archives-no-26%E2%80%94helvetica-and-univers-addendum/. live.
  9. Web site: Shaw. Paul. The Univers of Helvetica: A Tale of Two Typefaces. Print. 26 June 2016. 17 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190917020619/https://www.printmag.com/typography/univers-of-helvetica-history/. live.
  10. Web site: Langer. Axel. One Typeface, Two Fathers. Helvetica Forever. University of Applied Sciences Düsseldorf. 29 April 2018. 24 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171024171603/http://www.helveticaforever.com/en/html/1t2f.html. live.
  11. Web site: Homola. Wolfgang. Type design in the age of the machine. The 'Breite Grotesk' by J. G. Schelter & Giesecke. https://web.archive.org/web/20110112014111/http://www.typefacedesign.org/resources/dissertation/2004/WolfgangHomola_dissertation.pdf. dead. 12 January 2011. University of Reading (archived). 17 January 2018.
  12. Web site: Montrose-Helker. William. Post-War Type Marketing: A comparative study of three European type foundries during the 1950s and 1960s. University of Reading. 29 April 2018. 3 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220503150104/https://www.academia.edu/4624122. live.
  13. Web site: myfonts: Arthur Ritzel . https://archive.today/20120527052248/http://new.myfonts.com/person/ritzel/arthur/overview.html . dead . May 27, 2012 . New.myfonts.com . 1999-02-22 . 2009-06-08 .
  14. Web site: Shaw. Paul. Helvetica & Univers. Blue Pencil. 1 July 2015. 3 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210503071716/https://www.paulshawletterdesign.com/2011/11/from-the-archives-no-26%E2%80%94helvetica-and-univers/. live.
  15. Web site: Shaw. Paul. From the Archives no. 15—Helvetica and Standard. Paul Shaw Letter Design (blog). 27 December 2017. 22 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132348/https://www.paulshawletterdesign.com/2011/03/from-the-archives-no-15%E2%80%94helvetica-and-standard/. live.
  16. Web site: Shaw. Paul. From the Archives no. 17—More on Helvetica in the United States. Paul Shaw Letter Design. 29 April 2018. 5 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210605152649/https://www.paulshawletterdesign.com/2011/03/from-the-archives-no-17%e2%80%94more-on-helvetica-in-the-united-states/. live.
  17. Book: Müller. Lars. Malsy. Victor. Langer. Axel. Kupferschmid. Indra. Helvetica Forever: Story of a Typeface. 2009. Lars Müller. Baden, Switzerland. 978-3-03778-121-0.
  18. Web site: Shaw. Paul. Blue Pencil no. 19—Helvetica and the New York City Subway System. Paul Shaw Letter Design. 29 April 2018. 30 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180430114609/http://www.paulshawletterdesign.com/2012/03/blue-pencil-no-19%e2%80%94helvetica-and-the-new-york-city-subway-system/. live.
  19. Book: Craig. James. Malmstrom. Margit. Phototypesetting: a design manual.. 1978. Watson-Guptill. New York. 978-0-8230-4011-7. 35. Helvetica is, without a doubt, the most widely used sans serif typeface.. 1st.
  20. Web site: Simonson. Mark. Mark Simonson. Monotype's Other Arials. Mark Simonson Studio. 14 July 2015. 15 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150715015912/http://www.marksimonson.com/notebook/view/monotypes-other-arials. live.
  21. Web site: Spiekermann. Erik. Helvetica Sucks. Spiekermann blog. 15 July 2015. 5 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210605180335/https://spiekermann.com/en/helvetica-sucks/. live.
  22. Web site: Spiekermann. Erik. Distinct lettershapes are important. Or can you work out this code? 1, I or l?. Twitter. 14 June 2015. 5 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210605180327/https://twitter.com/espiekermann/status/608914001070845952. live.
  23. Web site: Spolsky. Joel. User Interface Design For Programmers. Joel On Software. 24 October 2001. 15 July 2015. 19 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161119025604/http://www.joelonsoftware.com/uibook/fog0000000249.html. live.
  24. Web site: Uses of Helvetica . Fonts In Use . 2014-02-18 . 2021-06-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063534/https://fontsinuse.com/typefaces/44/helvetica . live .
  25. News: BBC News - Helvetica at 50. 2009-02-20. 2007-05-09. 2013-09-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20130918230916/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6638423.stm. live.
  26. Web site: Ferguson. Brad. Helvetica: The Backlash. Print. 24 July 2015. 29 April 2018. 17 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190917134447/https://www.printmag.com/typography/helvetica-the-backlash/. live.
  27. News: Rawsthorn. Alice. Helvetica: The little typeface that leaves a big mark. The New York Times. April 2007. 11 January 2016. 5 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210605093723/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/30/style/30iht-design2.1.5085303.html. live.
  28. Web site: Prisco . Jacopo . The game-changing typeface made to go unnoticed . . 12 January 2024 . en . 15 August 2017 . 12 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112015613/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/helvetica-60-years/index.html . live .
  29. 2007-09-12. Helvetica. Documentary.
  30. Web site: Federal Identity Program Manual - 1.1 Design. Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. 2015-06-19. A consistent typography is fundamental to corporate identity, and three faces from the Helvetica type family have been adopted for purposes of the FIP. They were chosen for their versatility, excellent legibility and contemporary design.. 2015-06-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20150619195635/http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/fip-pcim/man_1_1-eng.asp#a1. live.
  31. Web site: A Brief History of Fonts in Transit. 2015-06-22. livewellcollaborative.org/. 2015-02-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20150226043500/http://www.livewellcollaborative.org/uc/images/stories/U10_Urban_Transportation_Studio/Branding/History%20of%20Fonts%20in%20Transit.pdf. dead.
  32. Web site: Shaw. Paul. Paul Shaw (design historian). The (Mostly) True Story of Helvetica and the New York City Subway. AIGA. 6 November 2016. 5 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140705150406/http://www.aiga.org/the-mostly-true-story-of-helvetica-and-the-new-york-city-subway/. dead.
  33. News: Bierut. Michael. Michael Bierut. When in Helvetica. Wall Street Journal. 26 March 2011. 6 November 2016. 6 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210606150003/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703858404576214492061190946. live.
  34. Web site: Lee. Jennifer. Jennifer 8. Lee. How Helvetica Took Over the Subway. New York Times. 4 December 2008. 6 November 2016. 24 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210224095313/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/04/how-helvetica-took-over-the-subway/?_r=0%C2%B1. live.
  35. Web site: Elementos Básicos de Identidad Corporativa de Metro de Madrid. 2015-06-23. metromadrid.es. Metro de Madrid. Basic Elements of the Corporate Identity of the Metro of Madrid. es. 2015-06-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20150623232317/https://www.metromadrid.es/export/sites/metro/comun/documentos/Identidad_corporativa/IdentidadMetroMadrid.pdf. dead.
  36. Web site: Eye blog » Rue Britanica.Typeface name changes after Eye magazine goes to press. Blog.eyemagazine.com. 2009-04-20. 2013-09-21. 2009-05-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20090502030604/http://blog.eyemagazine.com/?p=189. live.
  37. Web site: Walters. John. New Rail Alphabet. Eye Magazine. 29 April 2018.
  38. Web site: Par ielu un laukumu nosaukuma zīmju, ēku, telpu grupu numura zīmju un virziena rādītāju uz infrastruktūras, kultūras vai tūrisma objektiem izvietošanas kārtību Rīgas pilsētā. LIKUMI.LV. lv. 2019-06-18. 2019-06-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20190621063244/https://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=263350. live.
  39. Spiekermann. Erik. Post Mortem or how I once designed a typeface for Europe's biggest company. Baseline. 1987. 9. 6–9. 20 March 2016. 8 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308094136/https://spiekermann.com/en/wp-content/uploads/2005/05/baseline0785_meta3.pdf. live.
  40. Majoor. Martin. Inclined to be dull. Spring 2007. Eye. 3 August 2015. 16. 63. 33–7. 15 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121015235734/http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature/article/inclined-to-be-dull. live.
  41. Web site: Quito. Anne. IBM has freed itself from the tyranny of Helvetica. Quartz. 10 November 2017. 1 May 2018. 13 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200613074954/https://qz.com/1124664/ibm-plex-with-its-first-ever-custom-corporate-font-ibm-is-freeing-itself-from-the-tyranny-of-helvetica/. live.
  42. Web site: Czarnecki. Lucas. Can IBM Plex topple Helvetica?. Type. 1 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180501225301/https://www.typemag.org/home/2017/12/1/will-ibm-plex-topple-helvetica. 2018-05-01. dead.
  43. Web site: PUMA chose Helvetica font for Switzerland's new jersey. 2021-06-29. nss magazine. en.
  44. Web site: Lupton. Ellen. Forever Helvetica. Metropolis Magazine. 4 July 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20161007062611/http://www.metropolismag.com/June-2007/Forever-Helvetica/. 7 October 2016.
  45. Book: Savan. Leslie. The Sponsored Life: Ads, TV, and American Culture. registration. 1994. Temple University Press. Philadelphia. 978-1-4399-0490-9.
  46. Web site: Linotype Announces Helvetica NOW Poster Contest . 27 June 2007 . Creativepro.com . 2009-06-08 . 2009-09-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090918221810/http://www.creativepro.com/article/linotype-announces-helvetica-now-poster-contest . live .
  47. Web site: Helvetica NOW Poster Contest . Linotype.com . 2008-08-19 . 2009-06-08 . 2008-08-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080830002637/http://www.linotype.com/helveticanow . live .
  48. Web site: Exhibitions 2007: 50 Years of Helvetica. Museum of Modern Art, New York City. 2008-11-16. 2009-05-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20090524011114/http://www.moma.org/visit/calendar/exhibitions/38. live.
  49. http://dhub-bcn.cat/en/exhibition/helvetica-new-typeface Helvetica. A New Typeface?
  50. News: Pickel. Janet. April Fool's Day: Helvetica becomes Comic Sans and Gmail Motion is on the move. 1 April 2011. The (Harrisburg, PA) Patriot-News. 1 April 2011. 18 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181118100542/https://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2011/04/april_fools_day_joke_for_type.html. live.
  51. Web site: Shaw. Paul. From the Archives no. 26—Helvetica and Univers. Paul Shaw Letter Design. 28 April 2018. 3 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210503071716/https://www.paulshawletterdesign.com/2011/11/from-the-archives-no-26%E2%80%94helvetica-and-univers/. live.
  52. Everything you ever wanted to know about Helvetica – but were afraid to ask. Upper & Lower Case. 3. 1. 43–6. 28 April 2018. 21 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190621063236/https://issuu.com/csisson/docs/u_lc_vol.3-1. dead.
  53. Book: Creative Type: A Sourcebook of Classic and Contemporary Letterforms . Cees W . de Jong . Alston W . Purvis . Friedrich . Friedl . 2005 . Thames & Hudson . 978-0-500-51229-6 . 2009-06-08 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090422194033/http://www.thamesandhudson.com/books/Creative_Type/9780500512296.mxs/20/11/ . April 22, 2009 .
  54. Web site: Helvetica Inserat. MyFonts. Adobe. 29 April 2018. 9 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210609170745/https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/adobe/helvetica-inserat/. dead.
  55. Web site: Sherman. Nick. Carter. Matthew. Helvetica Compressed. Flickr. 26 April 2015. 30 April 2018. Helvetica Compressed was planned as a three-part family [to fit into] the Linofilm's unit system...I designed Helvetica Compressed and Helvetica Extra Compressed, on my own before Hans-Jürg joined the company. They were released in 1966. Hans-Jürg designed the Ultra Compressed under my eye. It was released in 1968...part of a craze for condensed grots in Europe in the '60s that encouraged me to propose to Mike Parker that I should design a series when I joined Merg[enthaler] in 1965. There was no client in mind for Helvetica Compressed when we did it.. 21 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190621063234/https://www.flickr.com/photos/nicksherman/16656369014/in/photolist-rnSfd7-7pDNRB-3yHxz-2a1L5E-78Bq7N-5CTt6h. live.
  56. Book: Drucker. Margaret . Re . Johanna. Mosley. James . Typographically Speaking: The Art of Matthew Carter. 2003. Princeton Architectural. New York. 978-1-56898-427-8. 41, 53 etc.. 2..
  57. Web site: Webster. Garrick. Matthew Carter. Computer Arts. Creative Bloq. 19 January 2011. We did a sans-serif typeface, which, if you look at it today, you'd think was a rip-off of Helvetica. But we'd never seen Helvetica in 1961 in London, although it had been produced in Switzerland near Basle at the Haas foundry in 1957. Even if we had seen it, and wanted to have it typeset in London, we'd have had to get on a plane and fly to Basle and have it typeset there, because the British typesetting trade was so conservative that typefaces like that were simply unobtainable.. 28 April 2018. 9 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210609170737/https://www.creativebloq.com/computer-arts/matthew-carter-1118715. live.
  58. Web site: Helvetica Rounded – Font of the Week . Linotype . 7 October 2018 . 9 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210609171227/https://www.linotype.com/8023/helvetica-rounded.html . live .
  59. Web site: Felici. James. The Call of the Wide. Creative Pro. 15 April 2010. 29 April 2018. 9 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210609170738/https://creativepro.com/call-wide/. live.
  60. Web site: Type 1 ("PostScript") to OpenType font conversion . Adobe . 2009-06-08 . 2009-01-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090123225325/http://www.adobe.com/type/opentype/T1_to_OTF_FAQ.htm . live .
  61. Web site: Helvetica Textbook. FontShop. 20 March 2016. 27 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160327211155/https://www.fontshop.com/families/helvetica-textbook. live.
  62. Web site: Coles. Stephen. Wikipedia Redefined. Fonts In Use. 26 August 2012. 13 July 2016. 20 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160820220653/http://fontsinuse.com/uses/2013/wikipedia-redefined. live.
  63. Web site: Coles. Stephen. Design Museum. Fonts In Use. 20 March 2016. 13 July 2016. 14 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190814170604/https://fontsinuse.com/uses/11997/design-museum-identity-2003-2016. live.
  64. Lekka . Helena . 2017 . Linotype's design of new Greek typefaces for photocomposition in the Greek printing market, 1970-1980 . . 2022-10-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221015201917/https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/79821/ . live .
  65. Web site: Lekka . Helena . The design of Helvetica Greek for photocomposition . Academia.edu . . 15 October 2022 . 6 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221206064732/https://www.academia.edu/11274479 . live .
  66. Re. Margaret. A Typographic Jubilee for Matthew Carter. Typo. 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20090319104747/http://storage.svettisku.cz/TYPO_2005_18.pdf. dead. 2009-03-19. 29 April 2018.
  67. Web site: TYPO.18 . magazine . December 2005 . Svettisku . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090319104747/http://storage.svettisku.cz/TYPO_2005_18.pdf . 2009-03-19 .
  68. Book: Carter. Matthew. Macrakis. Michael. Greek Letters: From Tablets to Pixels. 1996. Oak Knoll Press. New Castle, Del.. 978-1-884718-27-4. 175. 1st.
  69. Web site: Helvetica Cyrillic . Fonts . Adobe . 2009-06-08 . 2009-04-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090427075843/http://store1.adobe.com/cfusion/store/html/index.cfm?store=OLS-US&event=displayFontPackage&code=361 . live .
  70. Web site: Samarskaya . Ksenya . Soyuz Grotesk . Typographica . 18 November 2018 . 9 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210609170738/https://typographica.org/typeface-reviews/soyuz-grotesk/ . live .
  71. Web site: Gornitsky . Roman . Soyuz Grotesk: release notes . The Temporary State . 18 November 2018 . 8 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210308211535/https://letters.temporarystate.net/entry/1/ . live .
  72. Web site: The Language Whiz — Helvetica Linotype . Linotype.com . 2007-10-16 . 2009-06-08 . 2015-09-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150904125626/http://www.linotype.com/en/1824-18303/thelanguagewhizhelveticalinotype.html . live .
  73. Web site: Linotype Releases 1100+ OpenType Fonts: Release a Significant Step Towards Format's Acceptance . Typographica.org . August 6, 2003 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080704110031/http://typographica.org/000652.php . 2008-07-04 . 2009-06-08 . In the Comments Section: The biggest differences are the new Greek, Cyrillic and Hebrew designs, and the presence of Arabic support based on the radically redesigned Yakout Linotype (not a perfect match for the Helvetica, but the most appropriate in the Linotype Library; this is 'core font' Arabic support: not for fine typography). There is also a large maths and symbol set in each font (not complete maths typesetting support, but more than you'll get in most fonts). The only big change in the Latin is that the whole thing has been respaced. The old Helvetica Std Type 1 and TT fonts inherited, via phototype, the unit metrics of the original hot metal type. This led to all sorts of oddities in the sidebearings, which were cleaned up during development of Helvetica Linotype. It is still quite a tightly spaced typeface by today's standards, but the spacing is now consistent. It was also re-kerned. Helvetica Linotype has also been extensively hinted for screen. -- John Hudson .
  74. Web site: Experimental Arabic Type . https://archive.today/20070607201825/http://typographica.org/000484.php . dead . 2007-06-07 . Typographica.org . 2009-06-08.
  75. Macmillan, Neil. An A–Z of Type Designers. Yale University Press: 2006. .
  76. Web site: Linotype Library presents entire New Helvetica family on a single CD . Linotype.com . 2009-06-08 . 2015-07-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150716201641/http://www.linotype.com/en/2876/linotypepresentsentirenewhelveticafamilyonasinglecd.html . live .
  77. http://typophile.com/node/37855#comment-232223 "Who Made Helvetica Neue?"
  78. Web site: Kupferschmid. Indra. Neue Helvetica Entdeckung!. Kupferschrift. 29 August 2007. 29 April 2018. 30 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180430113944/http://kupferschrift.de/cms/2007/08/neue-helvetica-entdeckung/. live.
  79. Web site: Schwartz. Christian. Christian Schwartz. Neue Haas Grotesk. 28 November 2014. 20 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420025921/http://www.christianschwartz.com/haasgrotesk.shtml. live.
  80. Web site: Daring Fireball: 4 . John . Gruber . daringfireball.net . 29 June 2010 . May 25, 2015 . It's a subtle change, but Apple has changed the system font for the iPhone 4, from Helvetica to Helvetica Neue. The change is specific to the iPhone 4 hardware (or more specifically, the Retina Display), not iOS 4. . 4 September 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110904003755/http://daringfireball.net/2010/06/4 . live .
  81. Web site: OS X Human Interface Guidelines: Designing for Yosemite. Apple Developer. 18 October 2014. 2014-10-16. The use of Helvetica Neue also gives users a consistent experience when they switch between iOS and OS X.. 2016-09-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20160904072657/https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/UserExperience/Conceptual/OSXHIGuidelines/index.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/20000957-CH3-SW1. live.
  82. Web site: Bigelow . Charles . Holmes . Kris . What's the Difference between Lucida Grande and Helvetica Neue? . Bigelow & Holmes . 4 September 2018 . 29 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180829212027/http://bigelowandholmes.typepad.com/bigelow-holmes/2014/11/whats-the-difference-between-lucida-grande-and-helvetica-neue.html . live .
  83. Stinson. Liz. Wired. Condé Nast. Why Apple Abandoned the World's Most Beloved Typeface. 2015-06-09. 2015-07-24. 2015-06-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20150613012051/http://www.wired.com/2015/06/apple-abandoned-worlds-beloved-typeface/. live.
  84. Web site: Download Neue Helvetica® Arabic font family . Linotype.com . 2013-09-21 . 2015-03-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150315213320/http://www.linotype.com/670004/NeueHelveticaArabic-family.html . live .
  85. Web site: Linotype veröffentlicht Neue Helvetica Arabic - Design von Nadine Chahine übersetzt eine der populärsten Schriften ins Arabische . 2017-07-04 . 2017-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170704233600/https://www.linotype.com/6169/2009-12-03.html . live .
  86. Web site: Strizver. Ilene. Good Looking Helvetica at Any Size. Creative Pro. 25 November 2015. 1 May 2018. 5 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180905023034/https://creativepro.com/typetalk-good-looking-helvetica-size/. live.
  87. Web site: Strizver . Ilene . Helvetica vs. Neue Helvetica: The Same but Different . Creative Pro . 6 December 2017 . 4 September 2018 . 5 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180905023243/https://creativepro.com/helvetica-vs-neue-helvetica-same-but-different/ . live .
  88. Web site: Download Neue Helvetica® eText font family . Linotype.com . 2013-09-21 . 2013-09-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130921194321/http://www.linotype.com/903066/NeueHelveticaeText-family.html . live .
  89. Web site: Helvetica now available in Thai . Mar 2003 . Linotype . World Wide Web log . 2012-04-20 . 2012-03-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120327050709/http://blog.linotype.com/2012/03/helvetica-now-available-in-thai/ . dead .
  90. Web site: Helvetica jetzt auch in Thai – Eine der beliebtesten Schriften ab sofort in neuer Sprachversion bei Linotype erhältlich . de . 2012-03-20 . 2012-04-20 . 2015-09-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150904125626/http://www.linotype.com/en/6743/2012_03_20.html . live .
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