AGM-114 Hellfire explained

AGM-114 Hellfire
Origin:United States
Is Missile:yes
Wars:1991 Gulf War
War on Terror
Russian Invasion of Ukraine
Manufacturer:Lockheed Martin, Boeing (prior second source), and Northrop Grumman (seeker only for AGM-114L Longbow Hellfire)
Unit Cost:US$150,000[1] (FY 2021)
(FY2017)[2]
Propellant:APC/HTPB
Production Date:1974–present
Service:1984–present
Engine:Thiokol TX-657[3]
Solid-fuel rocket
Weight:100-[4]
Length:64inches
Diameter:7inches
Wingspan:13inches
Speed:Mach 1.3 (995abbr=onNaNabbr=on)
Vehicle Range:0.5to
Filling:
Launch Platform:Rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft, unmanned combat aerial vehicles, tripods, ships, ground vehicles

The AGM-114 Hellfire is an American missile developed for anti-armor use,[5] later developed for precision[6] drone strikes against other target types, especially high-value targets.[7] It was originally developed under the name "Heliborne laser, fire-and-forget missile", which led to the colloquial name "Hellfire" ultimately becoming the missile's formal name.[8] It has a multi-mission, multi-target precision-strike ability and can be launched from multiple air, sea, and ground platforms, including the MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper. The Hellfire missile is the primary 100lb class air-to-ground precision weapon for the armed forces of the United States and many other countries. It has also been fielded on surface platforms in the surface-to-surface and surface-to-air roles.[9]

Description

Most variants are laser-guided, with one variant, the AGM-114L "Longbow Hellfire", being radar-guided.[10] [11] Laser guidance can be provided either from the launcher, such as the nose-mounted opto-electronics of the AH-64 Apache attack helicopter, other airborne target designators or from ground-based observers, the latter two options allowing the launcher to break line of sight with the target and seek cover.[12]

The development of the Hellfire Missile System began in 1974 with the United States Army requirement for a "tank-buster", launched from helicopters to defeat armored fighting vehicles.[13] [14]

The Hellfire II, developed in the early 1990s is a modular missile system with several variants, and entered service with the U.S. Army in 1996.[15] Hellfire II's semi-active laser variants—AGM-114K high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT), AGM-114KII with external blast fragmentation sleeve, AGM-114M (blast fragmentation), and AGM-114N metal augmented charge (MAC)—achieve pinpoint accuracy by homing in on a reflected laser beam aimed at the target. The General Atomics MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) carry the Hellfire II, but the most common platform is the AH-1Z Viper helicopter gunship, which can carry up to 16 of them. The AGM-114L, or Longbow Hellfire, is a fire-and-forget weapon: equipped with millimeter-wave (MMW) active radar homing, it requires no further guidance after launch—even being able to lock on to its target after launch[16] —and can hit its target without the launcher or other friendly unit being in line of sight of the target. It also works in adverse weather and battlefield obscurants, such as smoke and fog, which can mask the position of a target or prevent a designating laser from forming a detectable reflection. Each Hellfire weighs 47kg (104lb), including the 9order=flipNaNorder=flip warhead, and has a range of 7.1- depending on trajectory.[17] The Hellfire has a Circular Error Probable (CEP) of less than 3feet.[18]

The AGM-114R "Romeo" Hellfire II entered service in late 2012. It uses a semi-active laser homing guidance system and a K-charge multipurpose warhead[19] [20] to engage targets that formerly needed multiple Hellfire variants. It will replace AGM-114K, M, N, and P variants in U.S. service.[21]

In October 2012, the U.S. ordered 24,000 Hellfire II missiles, for both the U.S. armed forces and foreign customers.[22]

A possible new JCM successor called the Joint Air to Ground Missile (JAGM) is under consideration. Due to budget reductions, JAGM development was separated into increments, with increment 1 focusing on adding a millimeter-wave radar to the Hellfire-R to give it a dual-mode seeker, enabling it to track moving targets in bad weather.[23] [24]

Operational history

See also: Drone strikes in Pakistan and Drone strikes in Yemen.

In 2009, the British Ministry of Defence (MoD) acknowledged that Army Air Corps (AAC) AgustaWestland Apaches had used AGM-114N Hellfire missiles against Taliban forces in Afghanistan. The MoD stated that 20 missiles were used in 2008 and a further 20 in 2009. In the British Parliament, Liberal Democrat politician Nick Harvey argued that the "Parliament must be reassured these are a weapon of last resort."[25]

AGM-114 Hellfire missiles were used to kill Hamas leader Ahmed Yassin by the Israeli Air Force (IAF) in 2004,[26] [27] and by the US military to kill American-born Islamic cleric Anwar al-Awlaki in Yemen in 2011,[28] Al-Qaeda operative Abu Yahya al-Libi in Pakistan in 2012, al-Shabaab militant Mukhtar Abu Zubair in Somalia in 2014,[29] and British ISIL executioner Mohammed Emwazi (also known as "Jihadi John") in Syria in 2015.[30] They were also used in the assassination of Qasem Soleimani as well as the killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri.[31]

The AGM-114 has occasionally been used as an air-to-air missile. The first operational air-to-air kill with a Hellfire took place on 24 May 2001, after a civilian Cessna 152 aircraft entered Israeli airspace from Lebanon, with unknown intentions and refusing to answer or comply with ATC repeated warnings to turn back. An Israeli Air Force AH-64A Apache helicopter fired on the Cessna, resulting in its complete disintegration.[32] [33] The second operational air-to-air kill with a Hellfire occurred on 10 February 2018, after an Iranian UAV entered Israeli airspace from Syria. An Israeli Air Force AH-64 launched a Hellfire missile at the UAV, successfully destroying it.[34]

In January 2016 The Wall Street Journal reported that one training missile without a warhead was accidentally shipped to Cuba in 2014 after a training mission in Europe;[35] it was later returned.[36] A US official said that this was an inert "dummy" version of the Lockheed system stripped of its warhead, fuse, guidance equipment and motor, known as a "Captive Air Training Missile".[37] [38]

Variants

AGM-114A[39] :
AGM-114B/C:
AGM-114F/FA Interim Hellfire:
AGM-114K/K2/K2A Hellfire II:
AGM-114L Hellfire LongBow:
AGM-114M Hellfire II (Blast Frag):
AGM-114N Hellfire (MAC)[45] :
AGM-114P/P+ Hellfire II (For UAS):
AGM-114R Hellfire II (Hellfire Romeo)[46] :
M36 Captive Flight Training Missile: The M36 is an inert device used for training in the handling of the Hellfire. It includes an operational laser seeker.[48]
AGM-114R-9X: The Hellfire R-9X is a Hellfire variant with a kinetic warhead with pop-out blades instead of explosives, used against specific human targets. Its lethality is due to 45kg (99lb) of dense material with six blades flying at high speed, to crush and cut the targeted person — the R-9X has also been referred to as the 'Ninja Missile'[49] and 'Flying Ginsu'.[50] It is intended to reduce collateral damage when targeting specific people.[51] Deployed in secret in 2017, its existence has been public since 2019. This variant was used in the killing in 2017 of Abu Khayr al-Masri, a member of Al-Qaeda's leadership, and in 2019 of Jamal Ahmad Mohammad Al Badawi, accused mastermind of the 2000 USS Cole bombing.[52] [53] The weapon has also been used in Syria,[54] and in Afghanistan against a Taliban commander.[55] [56] It was used twice in 2020 against senior al-Qaeda leaders in Syria; in September 2020 US officials estimated that it had been used in combat around six times.[57] [58] [59] [60] [61]

Hellfire missiles fired by a Reaper drone[62] were used on 31 July 2022 to kill Ayman al-Zawahiri,[6] the leader of Al-Qaeda, who had formerly been involved in planning the 9/11 and other attacks on US targets. It was reported that the missile hit him on a balcony, causing minimal collateral damage. Reports stress that avoiding other casualties was a priority for the mission, following drone attacks that killed several uninvolved people, attracting much criticism. It is widely thought that the Hellfires were the R-9X variant, but a United States Special Operations Command spokesman declined to comment, while confirming that the R9X was "in US Special Operations Command's munitions inventory".[63] [64]

Images of the aftermath of a US attack on a member of Kata'ib Hezbollah (claimed to be Abu Baqir al-Saadi by Hezbollah affiliated reports) suggests an R-9X was used. The nature and announcement of the attack has led Howard Altman to suggest the weapon system is made more widely available to US forces.[65]

Launch vehicles and systems

Manned helicopters

Fixed-wing aircraft

Vessels

Experimental platforms

The system has been tested for use on the Humvee and the Improved TOW Vehicle (ITV). Test shots have also been fired from a C-130 Hercules. Sweden and Norway use the Hellfire for coastal defense and have conducted tests with Hellfire launchers mounted on the Combat Boat 90 coastal assault boat.[74]

The US Navy evaluated the missile for use on the Freedom-class littoral combat ship and Independence-class littoral combat ship from 2014.[75] The missile was successfully fired from a LCS in early 2017.[76] This system is set to deploy by late 2019.[77]

In 2016 the Longbow Hellfire was tested by the US Army using a 15-tube Multi-Mission Launcher mounted on a Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) truck. The MML is an Army-developed weapon system capable of deploying both surface-to-surface and surface-to-air missiles.[78]

The Longbow Hellfire initially equipped the Maneuver Short-Range Air Defense (M-SHORAD) version of the Stryker to serve as a surface-to-air counter-drone missile,[9] but in 2024 the U.S. Army prohibited its use on the platform after discovering that prolonged placement of the missiles on a ground vehicle created wear and tear that lead to potential safety concerns.[79]

Operators

The following countries have used the Hellfire:[80]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Ultimate Guide on AGM-114 Hellfire Missile: Capabilities, Variants, and Cost . . The Defense Post . 22 March 2021 .
  2. Web site: United States Department Of Defense Fiscal Year 2017 Budget Request Program Acquisition Cost By Weapon System . 58 . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)/Chief Financial Officer . January 2016 . 18 November 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171201023648/http://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/documents/defbudget/FY2017/FY2017_Weapons.pdf#page=58 . 1 December 2017 . live.
  3. Web site: Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. The AGM-114B also introduced the Thiokol TX-657 (M120E1) reduced-smoke rocket motor.. Boeing/Lockheed Martin (Rockwell/Martin Marietta) AGM-114 Hellfire. Andreas. Parsch.
  4. Book: Weapon Systems . 1998 . Department of the Army, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Research, Development, and Acquisition . 978-0-16-049429-1 . 125, 215 . 19 September 2023 . en.
  5. Web site: AGM-114 Hellfire . 26 July 2020 . Military.com.
  6. News: . Aug 3, 2022 . Ayman al-Zawahiri: Taking down a terrorist . The Times of India . India . Aug 3, 2022.
  7. Book: Hallion, Richard P. . Olsen . John Andreas . Routledge Handbook of Air Power . Routledge . 2018 . 52 . Chapter 4: Science, Technology and Air Warfare . 978-1-315-20813-8.
  8. Web site: World Missile Yearbook . https://web.archive.org/web/20170216062205/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%200386.html . 16 February 2017. Flight International, 14 March 1974.
  9. Web site: J. FREEDBERG JR. . SYDNEY . Army Anti-Aircraft Stryker Can Kill Tanks Too . breakingdefense.com . 10 July 2018 . Breaking Defense . 1 July 2021.
  10. Book: Maini . Anil K. . Handbook of Defence Electronics and Optronics: Fundamentals, Technologies and Systems . 26 March 2018 . John Wiley & Sons . 978-1-119-18471-3 . 266–267 . en.
  11. Web site: AGM-114L Longbow Missile . 27 September 2011 . (shows that the L variant is called Longbow) . https://web.archive.org/web/20120320101743/http://www.es.northropgrumman.com/solutions/longbowmissile/ . 20 March 2012 . dead.
  12. Book: United States Congressional Budget Office . Hughes . G. Philip . U.S. Air and Ground Conventional Forces for NATO: Firepower Issues . 1978 . U.S. Government Printing Office . 28 . 19 September 2023 . en.
  13. United States Congress Senate Committee on Armed Services . Hearings, Reports and Prints of the Senate Committee on Armed Services . 1975 . U.S. Government Printing Office . 4660–4662 . 19 September 2023 . en.
  14. Web site: Introduction of the Hellfire – A Revolutionary Weapon to defeat the Soviet Armor Threat . https://web.archive.org/web/20090131222019/http://www.realmilitaryflix.com/public/748.cfm . 31 January 2009. . Official US Army video at Real Military Flix.
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  18. Web site: Price . Brian . 1998 . Surf Zone Obstacle Clearing by Use of Smart Weapons . 30 November 2023 . Defense Technical Information Center.
  19. Web site: Multi-Purpose Shaped Charge Warheads . General Dynamics Ordinance and Tactical Systems . 27 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180727085134/https://www.gd-ots.com/missiles-and-rockets/warheads-and-payloads/multi-purpose-shaped-charge-warheads/ . 27 July 2018 . live.
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  21. http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2012/04/hellfire-romeo-long-lead-items.html Army and Lockheed Martin prepare for production of advanced laser-guided Hellfire missile
  22. http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htairw/articles/20121019.aspx Hella Lotta Hellfires
  23. http://aviationweek.com/awin/army-reduces-scope-tri-mode-jagm Army Reduces Scope Of Tri-Mode JAGM
  24. Web site: Hellfire Replacement Step Closer With Draft JAGM RFP . https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160845/http://aviationweek.com/awin-only/hellfire-replacement-step-closer-draft-jagm-rfp . 26 August 2014 . Aviationweek.com.
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  29. News: Top Somali militant killed in U.S. operation, Pentagon says . CNN. 5 September 2014 . 5 September 2014 . Martinez, Michael . https://web.archive.org/web/20140905234940/http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/05/world/africa/somali-militant-killed/index.html . 5 September 2014 . live.
  30. News: How the US and UK tracked down and killed Jihadi John. 13 November 2015. The Telegraph. 4 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180213125535/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11993569/How-the-US-and-UK-tracked-down-and-killed-Jihadi-John.html. 13 February 2018.
  31. Web site: Killing Soleimani: How was the operation carried out? .
  32. News: מטוס ססנה לבנוני הופל מעל מכמורת. he. Lebanese Cessna shot down over Mikhmoret. Ynet. 6 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150206223627/http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/1,7340,L-761410,00.html. 6 February 2015. live.
  33. Web site: Israel shoots down Lebanese civilian plane . CNN. 1 July 2021.
  34. Web site: Iranian UAV Intercepted by an Israeli Helicopter. Israel Defense Forces. 10 February 2018. 10 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180210144107/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0Jt_Vy4Mj0. 10 February 2018. live.
  35. Devlin Barrett, Gordon Lubold. "Missing U.S. Missile Shows Up in Cuba". . The Wall Street Journal, 8 January 2016.
  36. Web site: Cuba Returns Dummy Hellfire Missile Mistakenly Received. https://web.archive.org/web/20160213215725/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/cuba-returns-dummy-hellfire-missile-mistakenly-received-36917908. 13 February 2016. dead. Klapper. Bradley. 13 February 2016. ABC News. 1 October 2017.
  37. News: Dummy US missile disappears, turns up in Cuba. 8 January 2016. Yahoo News. 14 January 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305115856/http://news.yahoo.com/us-missile-disappears-turns-cuba-wsj-060622406.html. 5 March 2016. live.
  38. News: Hellfire Missile Wrongly Sent To Cuba Was Inert, U.S. Official Says. 8 January 2016. NPR. 4 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180330231906/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/08/462391906/hellfire-missile-sent-to-cuba-was-inert-u-s-state-department-says. 30 March 2018. live.
  39. Web site: Hellfire Family of Missiles. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/wsh2011/128.pdf . 2022-10-09 . live .
  40. Book: 2013 US Army Weapon Systems Handbook . October 2012 . United States Department of Defense . 9780160914072 . 135 . English.
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  42. Book: Weapon Systems . 1998 . Department of the Army, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Research, Development, and Acquisition . 978-0-16-049429-1 . 215 . 19 September 2023 . en.
  43. Web site: Hellfire Family of Missiles - USAASC . 2023-01-15 . en-US.
  44. Web site: Warnick. David. Program Executive Office Missiles and Space. live. PEO Missiles and Space, US Army. https://web.archive.org/web/20210424094750/http://www.ndiagulfcoast.com/events/archive/42ndSymposium/RearViewWarnick.pdf . 24 April 2021.
  45. Web site: AGM-114N Hellfire . https://archive.today/20200805134232/https://www.navy.gov.au/weapon/agm-114n-hellfire . 5 August 2020 . live . 5 August 2020.
  46. Web site: Lockheed Martin Distribution Statement. US Army. 20 August 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150722083430/http://www.msl.army.mil/Documents/Briefings/JAMS/HF_Romeo_Public%20Release%20Briefingrev1.pdf. 22 July 2015. dead. dmy-all.
  47. Web site: AGM-114 Hellfire Missile. AeroWeb. 29 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151012214431/http://www.bga-aeroweb.com/Defense/AGM-114-Hellfire-Missile-System.html. 12 October 2015. live.
  48. Book: FM 1-140 Helicopter Gunnery . 29 March 1996 . Headquarters Department of the Army . Washington, D.C. . 73 . 19 September 2023.
  49. Web site: 2022-08-02 . Six-bladed 'ninja missile' US used to kill Bin Laden's deputy Ayman al-Zawahiri . 2022-08-02 . The Independent . en.
  50. Web site: US military increasingly using drone missile with flying blades in Syria . Beaumont . Peter . The Guardian . 25 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200925151132/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/25/us-military-syria-non-explosive-drone-missile-blades . 2020-09-25 . live.
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  52. News: Secret U.S. Missile Aims to Kill Only Terrorists, Not Nearby Civilians. Lubold. Gordon. 9 May 2019. The Wall Street Journal. 2019-05-10. Strobel. Warren P.. en-US. 0099-9660. https://web.archive.org/web/20190509125958/https://www.wsj.com/articles/secret-u-s-missile-aims-to-kill-only-terrorists-not-nearby-civilians-11557403411. 9 May 2019. live.
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  65. News: Altman . Howard . 7 February 2024 . Bladed Hellfire Missile Likely Killed Top Iran-Backed Militia Leader In Baghdad . The Warzone . 8 February 2024.
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