Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan Explained

Hell's Kitchen
Settlement Type:Neighborhood
Nickname:HK, Clinton
Coordinates:40.7642°N -73.9922°W
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name: United States
Subdivision Type1:State
Subdivision Type2:City
Subdivision Name2:New York City
Subdivision Type3:Borough
Subdivision Name3:Manhattan
Subdivision Type4:Community District
Subdivision Name4:Manhattan 4[1]
Unit Pref:US
Area Total Sq Mi:0.841
Population Total:49,758
Population As Of:2020
Population Density Sq Mi:auto
Demographics Type1:Ethnicity
Demographics1 Footnotes:[2]
Demographics1 Title1:White
Demographics1 Info1:56.4%
Demographics1 Title2:Asian or Pacific Islander
Demographics1 Info2:15.0%
Demographics1 Title3:Hispanic
Demographics1 Info3:19.3%
Demographics1 Title4:Black
Demographics1 Info4:6.3%
Demographics1 Title5:Other
Demographics1 Info5:3.0%
Demographics Type2:Economics
Demographics2 Title1:Median income
Demographics2 Info1:$98,727
Timezone1:Eastern
Utc Offset1:−05:00
Timezone1 Dst:EDT
Utc Offset1 Dst:−04:00
Postal Code Type:ZIP Codes
Postal Code:10018, 10019, 10036
Area Code Type:Area code
Area Code:212, 332, 646, and 917

Hell's Kitchen, formerly also known as Clinton, is a neighborhood on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, United States. It is considered to be bordered by 34th Street (or 41st Street) to the south, 59th Street to the north, Eighth Avenue to the east, and the Hudson River to the west.

Hell's Kitchen has long been a bastion of poor and working-class Irish Americans, and its gritty reputation has long held real-estate prices below those of most other areas of Manhattan. But by 1969, the City Planning Commission's Plan for New York City reported that development pressures related to its Midtown location were driving people of modest means from the area. Gentrification has accelerated since the early 1980s, and rents have risen rapidly.

In addition to its long-established Irish-American and Hispanic-American populations, Hell's Kitchen has a large LGBTQ population and is home to many LGBTQ bars and businesses.[3] The neighborhood has long been a home to fledgling and working actors; it is the home of the Actors Studio training school and sits near Broadway theatres.

Hell's Kitchen is part of Manhattan Community District 4.[1] It is patrolled by the 10th and Midtown North Precincts of the New York City Police Department. The area provides transport, medical, and warehouse-infrastructure support to the business district of Manhattan. It is known for its extensive selection of multiethnic, small, and relatively inexpensive restaurants, delicatessens, bodegas, bars, and associated nightlife.

Boundaries

The name "Hell's Kitchen" generally refers to the area between 34th to the south and 59th Street to the north. Starting west of Eighth Avenue and the north side of 43rd Street, city zoning regulations generally limit buildings to six stories. As a result, most of the buildings are older, and are often walk-up apartments. For the most part, the neighborhood encompasses the ZIP Codes 10019 and 10036. The post office for 10019 is called Radio City Station, the original name for Rockefeller Center on Sixth Avenue.[4] [5]

The neighborhood overlaps Times Square and the Theater District to the east at Eighth Avenue. On its southeast border, it overlaps the Garment District also on Eighth Avenue. Two landmarks are located here – the New Yorker Hotel at 481 Eighth Avenue, and the Manhattan Center building at the northwest corner of 34th Street and Eighth Avenue. Included in the transition area on Eighth Avenue are the Port Authority Bus Terminal at 42nd Street, the Pride of Midtown fire station (from which an entire shift, 15 firefighters, died at the World Trade Center), several theatres including Studio 54, the original soup stand of Seinfelds "The Soup Nazi", and the Hearst Tower.

The northern edge of Hell's Kitchen borders the southern edge of the Upper West Side, though the section west of Ninth Avenue and south of 57th Street is also part of the Columbus Circle neighborhood. 57th Street was traditionally the boundary between the Upper West Side and Hell's Kitchen, but another interpretation puts the northern border at 59th Street, where the names of the north–south avenues change. Included between 57th and 59th Streets the Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle; Hudson Hotel; Mount Sinai West, where John Lennon died in 1980 after being shot; and John Jay College.

Beyond the southern boundary is Chelsea. The Hudson Yards neighborhood overlaps with Hell's Kitchen, and the areas are often lumped together as "West Midtown", given their proximity to the Midtown Manhattan business district. The traditional dividing line with Chelsea is 34th Street. The area between the rail corridor at Pennsylvania Station and the West Side Yard and 42nd Street, and east of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, is also known as Hell's Kitchen South.[6] [7]

The western border of the neighborhood is the Hudson River at the Hudson River Park and West Side Highway.

Name

Several explanations exist for the origin of the neighborhood's current name. An early use of the phrase appears in a comment Davy Crockett made about another notorious Irish slum in Manhattan, Five Points. According to the Irish Cultural Society of the Garden City Area:

According to an article by Kirkley Greenwell, published online by the Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association:

Local historian Mary Clark explained the name thus:

The 1929 book Manna-Hatin: The Story of New York states that the Panic of 1857 led to the formation of gangs "in the notorious 'Gas House District' at Twenty-First Street and the East River, or in 'Hell's Kitchen', in the West Thirties."[8]

Hell's Kitchen has become the most frequently used name of the neighborhood, even though real estate developers have offered alternatives such as "Clinton" and "Midtown West", or even "the Mid-West". The "Clinton" name, used by the municipality of New York City, originated in 1959 in an attempt to change the image of the neighborhood by linking the area to DeWitt Clinton Park at 52nd and Eleventh Avenue, named after the 19th century New York governor, though The New York Times noted that those who live in the area "prefer Hell's Kitchen" as the name for the neighborhood.[9] [10]

History

Early history and development

On the island of Manhattan as it was when Europeans first saw it, the Great Kill formed from three small streams that united near present-day Tenth Avenue and 40th Street, and then wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, renowned for fish and waterfowl,[11] to empty into the Hudson River at a deep bay on the river at the present 42nd Street.[12] The name was retained in a tiny hamlet called Great Kill, which became a center for carriage-making, while the upland to the south and east became known as Longacre, the predecessor of Longacre Square (now Times Square).[13]

One of the large farms of the colonial era in this neighborhood was that of Andreas Hopper and his descendants, extending from today's 48th Street nearly to 59th Street and from the river east to what is now Sixth Avenue. One of the Hopper farmhouses, built in 1752 for John Hopper the younger, stood near 53rd Street and Eleventh Avenue; christened "Rosevale" for its extensive gardens, it was the home of the War of 1812 veteran, Gen. Garrit Hopper Striker, and lasted until 1896, when it was demolished. The site was purchased for the city and naturalistically landscaped by Samuel Parsons Jr. as DeWitt Clinton Park. In 1911, New York Hospital bought a full city block largely of the Hopper property, between 54th and 55th Streets, Eleventh and Twelfth Avenues.[14] Beyond the railroad track, projecting into the river at 54th Street, was Mott's Point, with an 18th-century Mott family house surrounded by gardens, that was inhabited by members of the family until 1884 and survived until 1895.[15]

A lone surviving structure that dates from the time this area was open farmland and suburban villas is a pre-1800s carriage house that once belonged to a villa owned by former Vice President and New York State governor George Clinton, now in a narrow court behind 422 West 46th Street.[16] From 1811 until it was officially de-mapped in 1857, the diminutive Bloomingdale Square was part of the city's intended future; it extended from 53rd to 57th Streets between Eighth and Ninth Avenues. It was eliminated after the establishment of Central Park,[17] and the name shifted to the junction of Broadway, West End Avenue, and 106th Street, now Straus Park. In 1825, the City purchased for $10 clear title to a right-of-way through John Leake Norton's farm, "The Hermitage", to lay out 42nd Street clear to the river. Before long, cattle ferried from Weehawken were being driven along the unpaved route to slaughterhouses on the East Side.[18] Seventy acres of the Leakes' (later the Nortons') property, extending north from 42nd to 46th Street and from Broadway to the river, had been purchased before 1807 by John Jacob Astor and William Cutting, who held it before dividing it into building lots as the district became more suburban.

The West Side later had its own slaughterhouses, which went out of business in the middle 20th century.[19]

Unity with the city and deterioration

There were multiple changes that helped Hell's Kitchen integrate with New York City proper. The first was construction of the Hudson River Railroad, whose initial leg – the to Peekskill – was completed on September 29, 1849, By the end of 1849, it stretched to Poughkeepsie and in 1851 it extended to Albany. The track ran at a steep grade up Eleventh Avenue, as far as 60th Street.[20]

The formerly rural riverfront was industrialized by businesses, such as tanneries, that used the river for shipping products and dumping waste.The neighborhood that would later be known as Hell's Kitchen started forming in the southern part of the 22nd Ward in the mid-19th century. Irish immigrants – mostly refugees from the Great Famine – found work on the docks and railroad along the Hudson River and established shantytowns there.

After the American Civil War, there was an influx of people who moved to New York City. The tenements that were built became overcrowded quickly. Many who lived in this congested, poverty-stricken area turned to gang life. Following Prohibition, implemented in 1919, the district's many warehouses were ideal locations for bootleg distilleries for the rumrunners who controlled illicit liquor. At the start of the 20th century, the neighborhood was controlled by gangs, including the violent Gopher Gang led by One Lung Curran and later by Owney Madden.[21]

Early gangs, like the Hell's Kitchen Gang, transformed into organized crime entities, around the same time that Owney Madden became one of the most powerful mobsters in New York. It became known as the "most dangerous area on the American Continent".

By the 1930s, when the McGraw-Hill Building was constructed in Hell's Kitchen, the surrounding area was still largely tenements.[22] After the repeal of Prohibition, many of the organized crime elements moved into other rackets, such as illegal gambling and union shakedowns. The postwar era was characterized by a flourishing waterfront, and longshoreman work was plentiful. By the end of the 1970s, however, the implementation of containerized shipping led to the decline of the West Side piers and many longshoremen found themselves out of work. In addition, construction of the Lincoln Tunnel in the 1930s, Lincoln Tunnel access roads, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal and ramps starting in 1950 destroyed much of Hell's Kitchen south of 41st Street.[23]

In 1959, an aborted rumble between rival Irish and Puerto Rican gangs led to the notorious "Capeman" murders in which two innocent teenagers, mistaken for rival gang members, were killed.[24] By 1965, Hell's Kitchen was the home base of the Westies, an Irish mob aligned with the Gambino crime family. It was not until the early 1980s that widespread gentrification began to alter the demographics of the longtime working-class Irish American neighborhood. The 1980s also saw an end to the Westies' reign of terror, when the gang lost all of its power after the RICO convictions of most of its principals in 1986.

First wave of gentrification

Special Clinton zoning district

Although the neighborhood is immediately west of New York's main business district, large-scale redevelopment has been kept in check for more than 40 years by strict zoning rules in a Special Clinton District[25] designed to protect the neighborhood's residents and its low-rise character.

In part to qualify for federal aid, New York developed a comprehensive Plan for New York City in 1969–70. While for almost all neighborhoods, the master plan contained few proposals, it was very explicit about the bright future of Hell's Kitchen. The plan called for 2,000 to 3,000 new hotel rooms, 25,000 apartments, of office space, a new super liner terminal, a subway along 48th Street, and a convention center to replace what the plan described as "blocks of antiquated and deteriorating structures of every sort."[26] [27] However, outrage at the massive residential displacement that this development project would have caused,[28] and the failure of the City to complete any replacement housing, led to opposition to the first project – a new convention center to replace the New York Coliseum.[29]

To prevent the convention center from sparking a development boom that would beget the rest of the master plan with its consequent displacement, the Clinton Planning Council and Daniel Gutman, their environmental planner, proposed that the convention center and all major development be located south of 42nd Street where public policy had already left tracts of vacant land.[30]

Nevertheless, in 1973 the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center was approved for a 44th Street site that would replace piers 84 and 86. But in exchange, and after the defeat of a bond issue that would have funded a 48th Street "people mover",[31] the City first abandoned the rest of the 1969–70 master plan[32] and then gave the neighborhood a special zoning district to restrict further redevelopment.[33] Since then, limited new development has filled in the many empty lots and rejuvenated existing buildings. Later, in 1978, when the city could not afford the higher cost of constructing the 44th Street convention center over water, the Mayor and Governor chose the rail yard site originally proposed by the local community.[34]

The SCD was originally split into four areas:

Special permits are required for all demolition and construction in the SCD, including demolition of "any sound housing in the District" and any rehabilitation that increases the number of dwellings in a structure. In the original provisions, no building could be demolished unless it was unsound. New developments, conversions, or alterations that create new units or zero bedroom units must contain at least 20% two bedroom apartments with a minimum room size of . Alterations that reduce the percentage of two-bedroom units are not permitted unless the resulting building meets the 20% two-bedroom requirement. Finally, building height in the Preservation Area cannot exceed or seven stories, whichever is less.

Windermere

As the gentrification pace increased, there were numerous reports of problems between landlords and tenants. The most extreme example was the eight-story Windermere Apartments complex at the southwest corner of Ninth Avenue and 57th Street. Built in 1881, it is the second-oldest large apartment house in Manhattan.[35]

In 1980, the owner, Alan B. Weissman, tried to empty the building of its tenants. According to former tenants and court papers, rooms were ransacked, doors were ripped out, prostitutes were moved in, and tenants received death threats in the campaign to empty the building. All the major New York newspapers covered the trials that sent the Windermere's managers to jail. Although Weissman was never linked to the harassment, he and his wife made top billing in the 1985 edition of The Village Voice annual list, "The Dirty Dozen: New York's Worst Landlords."[36] Most of the tenants eventually settled and moved out of the building. As of May 2006, seven tenants remained[37] and court orders protecting the tenants and the building allowed it to remain in derelict condition even as the surrounding neighborhood was experiencing a dramatic burst of demolition and redevelopment. Finally, in September 2007, the fire department evacuated those remaining seven residents from the building, citing dangerous conditions, and padlocked the front door.[38] In 2008 the New York Supreme Court ruled that the owners of the building, who include the TOA Construction Corporation of Japan, must repair it.[39]

Failed rezoning attempts

By the 1980s the area south of 42nd Street was in decline. Both the state and the city hoped that the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center would renew the area.[40] Hotels, restaurants, apartment buildings, and television studios were proposed.[41] One proposal included apartments and hotels on a pier jutting out onto Hudson River, which also included a marina, ferry slip, stores, restaurants, and a performing arts center.[42] At Ninth Avenue and 33rd Street, a 32-story office tower would be built.[43] Hotels, apartment buildings, and a Madison Square Garden would be built over the tracks west of Pennsylvania Station.[44] [45] North of the Javits Center, a "Television City" would be developed by Larry Silverstein in conjunction with NBC.[41]

One impediment to development was the lack of mass transit in the area, which is far from Penn Station, and none of the proposals for a link to Penn Station was pursued successfully (for example, the ill-fated West Side Transitway[46]). No changes to the zoning policy happened until 1990, when the city rezoned a small segment of 11th Avenue near the Javits Center.[47] [48] In 1993, part of 9th Avenue between 35th and 41st Streets was also rezoned.[49] [50] However, neither of these rezonings was particularly significant, as most of the area was still zoned as a manufacturing district with low-rise apartment buildings.[51]

By the early 1990s, there was a recession, which scuttled plans for rezoning and severely reduced the amount of development in the area.[52] After the recession was over, developers invested in areas like Times Square, eastern Hell's Kitchen, and Chelsea, but mostly skipped the Far West Side.[53]

September 11, 2001

While most fire stations in Manhattan lost firefighters in the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the station with the greatest loss of firefighters was Engine Co. 54/Ladder Co. 4/Battalion 9 at 48th Street and Eighth Avenue, which lost 15 firefighters.[54] Given its proximity to Midtown, the station specializes in skyscraper fires and rescues; in 2007, it was the second-busiest firehouse in New York City, with 9,685 runs between the two companies.[55] Its patch reads "Pride of Midtown" and "Never Missed a Performance". Memorials dot the station's exterior walls and a granite memorial is in a park to its north. Ladder 21, the "Pride of Hell's Kitchen", located on 38th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, and stationed with Engine Co. 34, lost seven firefighters on September 11.[56] In addition, on September 11, Engine Co. 26 was temporarily stationed with Engine Co. 34/Ladder Co. 21 and lost many firefighters themselves.

Redevelopment and second wave of gentrification

Hell's Kitchen has become an increasingly upscale neighborhood of affluent young professionals as well as residents from the "old days",[57] [58] [59] with rents in the neighborhood having increased dramatically above the average in Manhattan.[60] It has also acquired a large and diverse community as residents have moved north from Chelsea. Zoning has long restricted the extension of Midtown Manhattan's skyscraper development into Hell's Kitchen, at least north of 42nd Street.[61] The David Childs- and Frank Williams-designed Worldwide Plaza established a beachhead when it was built in 1989 at the former Madison Square Garden site, a full city block between 49th and 50th Streets and between Eighth and Ninth Avenues that was exempt from special district zoning rules. This project led a real-estate building boom on Eighth Avenue, including the Hearst Tower at 56th Street and Eighth Avenue.

An indication of how fast real estate prices rose in the neighborhood was a 2004 transaction involving the Howard Johnson's Motel at 52nd Street and Eighth Avenue. In June, Vikram Chatwal's Hampshire Hotel Group bought the motel and adjoining Studio Instrument Rental building for $9 million. In August, they sold the property to Elad Properties for about $43 million. Elad, which formerly owned the Plaza Hotel, built The Link, a luxury 44-story building, at that location.[62]

Hudson Yards

See main article: article and Hudson Yards, Manhattan.

In 2003, the New York City Department of City Planning issued a master plan that envisioned the creation of of commercial and residential development, two corridors of open space.[63] Dubbed the Hudson Yards Master Plan, the area covered is bordered on the east by Seventh and Eighth Avenues, on the south by West 28th and 30th Streets, on the north by West 43rd Street, and on the west by Hudson River Park and the Hudson River. The City's plan was similar to a neighborhood plan produced by architect Meta Brunzema and environmental planner Daniel Gutman for the Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association (HKNA). The main concept of the HKNA plan was to allow major new development while protecting the existing residential core area between Ninth and Tenth avenues.[64] [65]

As plans developed, they included a mixed-use real estate development by Related Companies and Oxford Properties over the MTA's West Side Yard;[66] a renovation of the Javits Convention Center;[67] and the 7 Subway Extension to the 34th Street–Hudson Yards station at 34th Street and 11th Avenue, which opened on September 13, 2015. The first phase of the Related project, completed in March 2019, comprises The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards, a public space centered around the Vessel structure, the Shed arts center, and several skyscrapers.[68] By the 2010s, the neighborhood had become home to young Wall Street financiers.[69]

Demographics

Based on data from the 2020 United States census, the population of Hell's Kitchen (Clinton) was 49,758, an increase of 3,874 (8.4%) from the 45,884 counted in 2010. Covering an area of 0.841 sq mi (2.18 km2), the neighborhood had a population density of 59,165/sq. mi (22,825/sq. km).[70] The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 52.8% White, 5.5% African American, 21.1% Hispanic or Latino, 17.5% Asian, and 3.2% from other races.[70]

The entirety of Community District 4, which comprises Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, had 122,119 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 83.1 years.[71] This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.[72] [73] Most inhabitants are adults: a plurality (45%) are between the ages of 25–44, while 26% are between 45–64, and 13% are 65 or older. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents was lower, at 9% and 8% respectively.

As of 2017, the median household income in Community Districts 4 and 5 was $101,981.[74] In 2018, an estimated 11% of Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twenty residents (5%) was unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 41% in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation,, Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea are considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.

Culture

Entertainment industry

Hell's Kitchen's gritty reputation had made its housing prices lower than elsewhere in Manhattan. Given the lower costs in the past and its proximity to Broadway theatres, the neighborhood is a haven for aspiring actors.[75] [76] Many famous actors and entertainers have resided there, including Burt Reynolds, Rip Torn, Bob Hope, Charlton Heston, James Dean, Madonna, Jerry Seinfeld, Larry David, Alicia Keys, and Sylvester Stallone. This is due in large part to the Actors Studio on West 44th at which Lee Strasberg taught and developed method acting.[77]

With the opening of the original Improv by Budd Friedman in 1963, the club became a hangout for singers to perform but quickly attracted comedians, as well, turning it into the reigning comedy club of its time. Once located at 358 West 44th Street and Ninth Avenue, it has since closed.[78]

Manhattan Plaza at 43rd Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues was built in the 1970s to house artists. It consists of two 46-story towers with 70% of the apartments set aside for rent discounts for those who work in the arts.[79] The Actors' Temple and St. Malachy Roman Catholic Church with its Actors' Chapel also testify to the long-time presence of show business people.

The neighborhood is also home to a number of broadcast and music-recording studios, including the CBS Broadcast Center at 524 West 57th Street, where the CBS television network records many of its news and sports programs such as 60 Minutes and The NFL Today; the former Sony Music Studios at 460 West 54th Street, which closed in 2007; Manhattan Center Studios at 311 West 34th Street; and Right Track Recording's Studio A509 orchestral recording facility at West 38th Street and Tenth Avenue. The syndicated Montel Williams Show was also taped at the Unitel Studios, 433 West 53rd Street, between Ninth and Tenth Avenues. The Power Station recording studios are located near the intersection of 57th Street and Ninth Avenue in Hell's Kitchen. In 2016, singer and songwriter Sting recorded his album entitled 57th & 9th there.[80] The progressive metal band Dream Theater recorded their fourth studio album Falling into Infinity at the studio as well; their song "Hell's Kitchen" is named after this area.[81]

The Comedy Central satirical news program The Daily Show was taped in Hell's Kitchen since its debut until late 2021 when it moved to Times Square. In 2005, it moved from its quarters at 54th Street and Tenth Avenue to a new studio in the neighborhood, at 733 Eleventh Avenue, between 51st and 52nd Streets. The 54th and 10th location was used for The Colbert Report throughout its entire run from 2005 until 2014. Until its cancellation, the studio was used for The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore, following Stephen Colbert's departure from Comedy Central. The studio was later used for Tha God's Honest Truth, produced by Colbert. Next door at 511 West 54th Street is Ars Nova theater, home to emerging artists Joe Iconis and breakout star Jesse Eisenberg, among others.

The headquarters of Troma studios was located in Hell's Kitchen before their move to Long Island City in Queens. The Baryshnikov Arts Center opened at 37 Arts on 37th Street in 2005, the Orchestra of St. Luke's opened the DiMenna Center for Classical Music in the same building in 2011. The Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater opened at 55th Street and Ninth Avenue in 2006. The Metropolitan Community Church of New York, geared toward an LGBTQ membership, is located in Hell's Kitchen.

Food

Ninth Avenue is noted for its many ethnic restaurants. The Ninth Avenue Association's International Food Festival stretches through the Kitchen from 42nd to 57th Streets every May, usually on the third weekend of the month.[82] It has been going on since 1974 and is one of the oldest street fairs in the city. There are Caribbean, Chinese, French, German, Greek, Italian, Irish, Mexican, and Thai restaurants as well as multiple Afghan, Argentine, Ethiopian, Peruvian, Turkish, Indian, Pakistani, and Vietnamese restaurants. Restaurant Row, so-called because of the abundance of restaurants, is located on West 46th Street between Eighth and Ninth Avenues. Notable establishments on Ninth Avenue include Mickey Spillane's, part-owned by the mobster's son, who also owns Mr. Biggs on Tenth Avenue/43rd Street. There are more restaurants and food carts and trucks on Tenth Avenue between 43rd and 47th Streets.

USS Intrepid Museum

The Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum is located at Hudson River Pier 86, 46th Street. Besides the aircraft carrier, the museum exhibits the cruise missile submarine, a Concorde SST, a Lockheed A-12 supersonic reconnaissance plane, the Space Shuttle Enterprise, a Soyuz descent module, and other items.

Parks and recreation

Hell's Kitchen's side streets are mostly lined with trees. The neighborhood does not have many parks or recreational areas, though smaller plots have been converted into green spaces.

One such park is DeWitt Clinton Park on Eleventh Avenue between 52nd and 54th Streets.[83] It is across the West Side Highway from Clinton Cove Park. Another is Hell's Kitchen Park, built in the 1970s on a former parking lot on 10th Avenue between 47th and 48th Streets.[84]

A newer park in Hell's Kitchen is the Hudson Park and Boulevard, which is part of the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project.[85]

The Clinton Community Garden is located on West 48th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, and consists of 108 plots. Previously a haven for illegal activity, in 1978 the West 48th Street Block Association joined with the Green Guerillas to secure a lease for the site to renovate it for community use. When the city put it up for auction in 1981, residents formed the Committee to Save Clinton Community Garden, through both appeals to Mayor Ed Koch and unsuccessful efforts to purchase the site. In 1984, one month before the auction, the garden was transferred to the city's Parks Department, making it the first community garden to become parkland. It is open from dawn to dusk, and over 2,000 residents have keys to the park, which is used by an average of 500–600 people, including over 100 children, during the warm months. Recreational programs provide for events that include an annual Summer Solstice event, art shows, chamber music picnics, gardening seminars, and dance recitals. Residents have also held weddings in the park, and photographers have used it for photo shoots.[86]

Police and crime

Hell's Kitchen is patrolled by two precincts of the NYPD.[87] The area south of 42nd Street is patrolled by the 10th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 230 West 20th Street in Chelsea,[88] while the area north of 42nd Street is patrolled by the 18th (Midtown North) Precinct, located at 306 West 54th Street.[89] The 10th Precinct ranked 61st safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010,[90] while the Midtown North and Midtown South precincts ranked 69th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime.[91], with a non-fatal assault rate of 34 per 100,000 people, Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 313 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.

The 10th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 74.8% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 1 murder, 19 rapes, 81 robberies, 103 felony assaults, 78 burglaries, 744 grand larcenies, and 26 grand larcenies auto in 2018.[92] The 18th Precinct also has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 84.2% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 3 murders, 21 rapes, 130 robberies, 190 felony assaults, 175 burglaries, 1,875 grand larcenies, and 31 grand larcenies auto in 2018.[93]

Fire safety

Hell's Kitchen is served by four New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations:

Health

, preterm births in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea are the same as the city average, though births to teenage mothers are less common. In Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, there were 87 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 9.9 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea have a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 11%, slightly less than the citywide rate of 12%.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea is, more than the city average. Eleven percent of Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea residents are smokers, which is less than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, 10% of residents are obese, 5% are diabetic, and 18% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 14% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Ninety-one percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is higher than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 86% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", more than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, there are 7 bodegas.

The nearest major hospitals are Mount Sinai West in Hell's Kitchen, Bellevue Hospital Center and NYU Langone Medical Center in Kips Bay, and NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital in the Upper East Side.[98] [99]

Post offices and ZIP Codes

Hell's Kitchen is located within three primary ZIP Codes. From north to south they are 10018 between 34th and 41st Streets, 10036 between 41st and 48th Streets, and 10019 between 48th and 59th Streets.[100] The United States Postal Service operates three post offices in Hell's Kitchen:

In addition, the James A. Farley Station, the main post office for New York City, is located at 421 8th Avenue.[104]

Education

Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea generally have a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city . A majority of residents age 25 and older (78%) have a college education or higher, while 6% have less than a high school education and 17% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea students excelling in math rose from 61% in 2000 to 80% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 66% to 68% during the same time period.[105]

Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is lower than the rest of New York City. In Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, 16% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, less than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 81% of high school students in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.

Schools

The New York City Department of Education operates the following public elementary schools in Hell's Kitchen as part of Community School District 2:[106]

The following high schools are located in Hell's Kitchen, serving grades 9-12 unless otherwise indicated:[106]

The Success Academy Charter Schools group opened an elementary school,[121] Success Academy Hell's Kitchen,[122] in the High School of Graphic Communication Arts building in 2013.

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York operates Catholic schools in Manhattan. The Holy Cross School served the Hells Kitchen/Times Square area. it had about 300 students.[123] Some students originated from areas outside of New York City and outside New York State. In 2013 the archdiocese announced that the school was to close.[124] The school had the possibility of remaining open if $720,000 in pledges to the school were obtained, and the school community almost got to the number; however, the school was to be closed anyway.[125]

Library

The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates the Columbus branch at 742 10th Avenue. The Columbus branch was founded in 1901 as the Columbus Catholic Club's collection, and it became an NYPL branch four years later. The current Carnegie library building opened in 1909 and was renovated in 2004–2005.[126]

Transportation

Public transport

Hell's Kitchen is bounded on the east by the New York City Subway's IND Eighth Avenue Line . The MTA built the 7 Subway Extension for the aforementioned Hudson Yards development. The extension to 34th Street–Hudson Yards opened on September 13, 2015,[127] [128] making the IRT Flushing Line the westernmost New York City Subway line within Midtown.[129]

Several New York City Bus routes (namely the, as well as express bus routes) also service the area.

Ferry operations in the neighborhood include Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises at West 42nd Street.[130] NY Waterway service is available at the West Midtown Ferry Terminal at 38th Street.[131] Service on the St. George route of the NYC Ferry system will also begin serving 38th Street in 2020.[132] [133] [134]

Private transport

The Lincoln Tunnel connects New York City to New Jersey. The tunnel consists of three vehicular tubes of varying lengths, with two traffic lanes in each tube. The center tube contains reversible lanes.[135] [136]

Parking lots dot the neighborhood but are dwindling in quantity as developments are being built. Eleventh Avenue is lined with car dealerships, many of which claim to have the highest volume among all dealerships for their brands in the country.[137]

Many of the horse-drawn carriages from Central Park stay in stables just off the West Side Highway. It is not uncommon to hear the sound of horses in the neighborhood. There have been calls for banning horse-drawn carriages, especially from Mayor of New York City Bill de Blasio following a handful of collisions between cars and carriages.[138] [139] [140] The carriage horses live in stables originally built in the 19th century, but today contain modern design features such as fans, misting systems, box stalls, and sprinkler systems. The carriage horses live upstairs in their stables while the carriages are parked below on the ground floor.[141] [142]

Intercity and long-distance transport

The massive Port Authority Bus Terminal is between 40th and 42nd Streets and Eighth and Ninth Avenues. It serves numerous commuter and intercity routes, as well as airport shuttles and tour buses.[143]

Cruise ships frequently dock at the New York Passenger Ship Terminal in the 48th to 52nd Street piers, respectively numbered Piers 88, 90, and 92.[144] The piers originally built in 1930 are now considered small, and some cruise traffic uses other locations.[145]

Located just southeast of Hell's Kitchen is Penn Station. It is the busiest railroad station in North America,[146] [147] with 600,000 Long Island Rail Road, NJ Transit Rail, and Amtrak passengers using the station on an average weekday .[148] [149] One railroad line to Penn Station runs through the neighborhood, the Empire Connection, which is located in the sunken West Side Line west of Tenth Avenue. Parts of the trench have been covered over.[150]

In popular culture

Comics

Books

Television

Film

Video games

Music

Notable residents

Notable current and former residents of Hell's Kitchen include:

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: NYC Planning Community Profiles . communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov . New York City Department of City Planning . March 18, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024312/https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/manhattan/4 . live .
  2. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p3a_nta.pdf Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010
  3. https://www.nycgo.com/articles/hells-kitchen-dining-and-nightlife/ "Hell's Kitchen LGBTQ+ Nightlife and Dining"
  4. Benson, Michael R. "Clinton frets over that gleam in developers' eyes", The New York Times, December 22, 1985. Accessed May 23, 2020. "Hell's Kitchen, which stretched from 40th to 59th Streets and from Eighth Avenue to the Hudson, is now called Clinton. The modern district reaches south to 34th Street."
  5. Jacobson, Aileen. "Living In Hell's Kitchen: Where East Village Grit Meets the Artsy West Side", The New York Times, November 11, 2020. Accessed November 15, 2020. "Stretching from Eighth Avenue to the Hudson River (busy commercial thoroughfare to sublime park) and from West 59th to West 41st Streets (sleek Time Warner Center to scruffy Port Authority bus terminal), Hell's Kitchen is a jumble of contrasts."
  6. News: Jacobs . Andrew . Andrew Jacobs (journalist) . Stadium, Shops, Condos and Calamari: Development Fantasies for Hell's Kitchen South . . December 17, 2000 . May 23, 2020 . January 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210126045855/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/17/nyregion/stadium-shops-condos-calamari-development-fantasies-for-hell-s-kitchen-south.html . live .
  7. Web site: Hell's Kitchen South Coalition . May 23, 2020 . June 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200610044414/https://www.hkscnyc.org/ . dead .
  8. Book: Bank of the Manhattan Company . Brearley Service Organization . "Manna-hatin": the story of New York . . Henry Ford Estate collection . 1929 . October 16, 2018 . 160 . April 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195142/https://books.google.com/books?id=3wwMAAAAYAAJ . live .
  9. News: A Place of Contrasts, and Even an Alias – Living In Hell's Kitchen North . Gill . John Freeman . September 23, 2011 . The New York Times . March 31, 2017 . 0362-4331 . May 14, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190514100714/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/realestate/a-place-of-contrasts-and-even-an-alias-living-in-hells-kitchen-north.html . live .
  10. Jscobson, Aileen. "Hell’s Kitchen: Where East Village Grit Meets the Artsy West Side", The New York Times, November 11, 2020. Accessed March 10, 2024. "By the 1960s, civic leaders seeking to improve the area’s image began referring to it as Clinton, after a family that owned property there in the 19th century. Most residents, however, prefer Hell's Kitchen."
  11. [Gerard T. Koeppel]
  12. Eric W. Sanderson, Mannahatta: A Natural History of New York City, 2009: Appendix A, p. 253 ; refs. G.E. Hill and G.E. Waring Jr, "Old wells and water-courses on the isle of Manhattan", in Historic New York, M.W. Goodwin, A.C. Royce, and R. Putnam, 1897; and others.
  13. Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, 1999:721.
  14. News: New Hospital Home on Old Hopper Farm; Elegant Country Mansion for Over a Century on Block Bought by the New York Hospital. . The New York Times . March 12, 1911 . September 20, 2015 . April 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195145/https://www.nytimes.com/1911/03/12/archives/new-hospital-home-on-old-hopper-farm-elegant-country-mansion-for.html . live .
  15. News: New York's New Up-town Centre; Long Acre Square of To-day and Yesterday – Scenes Witnessed in the Neighborhood "During Revolutionary Times – Property Owners Whose Gardens and Farms Once Made the District Attractive – Washington's Connection with the Place – A Famous Road House and the Civil War. . The New York Times . September 21, 1902 . September 20, 2015 . April 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195144/https://www.nytimes.com/1902/09/21/archives/new-yorks-new-uptown-centre-long-acre-square-of-today-and-yesterday.html . live .
  16. Kevin Walsh, Forgotten New York: The Ultimate Urban Explorer's Guide to All Five Boroughs (2006), p. 176.
  17. http://www.oldstreets.com/index.asp?letter=B Gilbert Tauber, "Old Streets of New York": "B" Streets
  18. Ken Bloom, Broadway: Its History, People, and Places: An Encyclopedia, "Introduction", 2004, p. xiii.
  19. News: Cow Tunnels – 99% Invisible . 99% Invisible . 2021-07-08 . April 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195146/https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/cow-tunnels/ . live .
  20. Web site: Bradbury and Guild, The Hudson River and the Hudson River Railroad, 1851. . March 19, 2010 . April 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195142/http://www.catskillarchive.com/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi . live .
  21. Bayor, Ronald H. and Meagher, Timothy J. (1997). The New York Irish, pp. 217–18. JHU Press. .
  22. 580.
  23. English, T.J. (2006). The Westies: Inside New York's Irish Mob, p. 39. Macmillan. .
  24. Hinckley, David. "https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/cape-man-murders-shook-new-york-city-article-1.821121", New York Daily News, August 14, 2017. Accessed April 26, 2023. "There were 390 murders tallied by New York City police in 1959, and the Cape Man did only two of them. But these two shook loose the city's worst nightmares."
  25. Department of City Planning, Special Clinton District zoning text .
  26. News: New Exhibit Hall Planned Here . Edward C. . Burks . The New York Times . March 25, 1970 . July 26, 2018 . April 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195143/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/03/25/archives/new-exhibit-hall-planned-here.html . live .
  27. News: Stern . Michael . 6th And Last Part of Master Plan on City Released; Volume on Manhattan Urges Building of Offices Along 48th St. Transit Line Westward Pattern Set Condemnation of Big Tracts Intended to Insure Public Use of Some of Area . The New York Times . December 8, 1970 . September 20, 2015 . November 7, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171107114349/http://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/08/archives/6th-and-last-part-of-master-plan-on-city-released-volume-on.html . live .
  28. News: Blumenthal . Ralph . Elliott Assailed at Plan Hearing; Clinton-Chelsea Residents Denounce Proposals . The New York Times . March 7, 1972 . July 25, 2018 . April 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195143/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/07/archives/elliott-assailed-at-plan-hearing-clintonchelsea-residents-denounce.html . live .
  29. News: City Planning Convention Center . Edward C. . Burks . The New York Times . February 24, 1971 . February 8, 2017 . April 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195200/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/24/archives/city-planning-convention-center-city-is-planning-convention-area.html . live .
  30. News: Darnton . John . Convention Center Model Unveiled Here With Pride; A Dissenting View . The New York Times . February 14, 1973 . September 20, 2015 . November 7, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171107113931/http://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/14/archives/convention-center-model-unveiled-here-with-pride-a-4level-building.html . live .
  31. Richard Witkin, "State Will Cancel Some Road Projects," The New York Times, November 4, 1971.
  32. News: Tomasson . Robert E. . Developers Turning to West Midtown . The New York Times . February 18, 1973 . September 20, 2015 . October 2, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171002072601/http://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/18/archives/developers-turning-to-west-midtown-developers-turn-to-west-side.html . live .
  33. News: Fowler . Glenn . City Is Limiting Clinton Building; Board of Estimate Enacts Special Zoning Controls on Runaway Development . The New York Times . November 22, 1974 . September 20, 2015 . October 2, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171002072655/http://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/22/archives/city-is-limiting-clinton-building-board-of-estimate-enacts-special.html . live .
  34. News: Kaiser . Charles . Convention Site at West 34th St. Chosen by Koch; He and Carey Outline Plans for Center . The New York Times . April 29, 1978 . September 20, 2015 . October 2, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171002022829/http://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/29/archives/new-jersey-pages-convention-site-at-west-34th-st-chosen-by-koch-he.html . live .
  35. Web site: The Windermere . June 28, 2005 . . December 8, 2018 . April 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195147/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2171.pdf . live .
  36. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/nyregion/ninth-avenue-noir.html?pagewanted=all "Ninth Avenue Noir"
  37. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/22/nyregion/22windermere.html?_r=0&ref=nyregion&pagewanted=all "An Epic Landlord-Tenant Fight, Crossing Years and Continents"
  38. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9805E1D8123AF931A1575AC0A9619C8B63 "Fire Dept. Orders Windermere Tenants Out"
  39. News: Repairs Ordered at Windermere . Associated Press . May 10, 2008 . The New York Times . October 25, 2009 . January 7, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160107161436/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/10/nyregion/10windermere.html . live .
  40. Web site: How New York City Won the Olympics . . Rudin Center for Transportation Policy and Management, Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service . November 2011 . September 11, 2015 . Mitchell L. Moss . September 26, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150926234053/http://wagner.nyu.edu/files/faculty/publications/Olympics_in_NYC_2012_REPORT_110711.pdf . live .
  41. Lyons, Richard. "Glittering Javits Center Kindles Dreams For West Side." The New York Times. New York. April 6, 1986. Section B, page 7, column 1.
  42. Finder, Alan. "Developers Named For Hudson Complex." The New York Times. New York. February 11, 1987. Section B, page 1, column 2.
  43. Scardino, Albert. "Project Would Extend Office Towers To Ninth Avenue." The New York Times. New York. April 22, 1987. Section B, page 1, column 2.
  44. Gottlieb, Martin. "New Sports Arena Planned For Site West Of 10th Ave." The New York Times. New York. April 26, 1986. Section 1, page 1, column 1.
  45. Scardino, Albert. "12-Block Office-Entertainment Center Planned On West Side." The New York Times. New York. April 6, 1987. Section B, page 1, column 2.
  46. Gregory P. Benz, et al., "West Side Manhattan Transitway Study," Transportation Research Board, Special Report No. 221, May 8–11, 1988.
  47. Oser, Alan. "Perspectives: The West 30's; Land Uses Near the Convention Center." The New York Times. New York. February 4, 1990. Section 10, page 9, column 2.
  48. Buder, Leonard. "Area Near Javits Center Is Rezoned." The New York Times. New York. February 24, 1990. Section 1, page 29, column 2.
  49. Howe, Marvine. "Neighborhood Report: Midtown; After 30 Years It's Ciao, Giordano." The New York Times. New York. October 24, 1993. Section 13, page 6, column 1.
  50. Lambert, Bruce. "Neighborhood Report: Clinton; On Ninth Ave., A New Call For Help..." The New York Times. New York. July 10, 1994. Section 13, page 6, column 4.
  51. Lyons, Richard. "Postings: For Pioneers?; Housing Near Javits Center." The New York Times. New York. July 2, 1989. Section 10, page 1, column 4.
  52. Rozhon, Tracie. "80's Giant Dreams Facing 90's Economic Realities." The New York Times, June 9, 1996. Section 9, page 1, column 4.
  53. [David W. Dunlap|Dunlap, David]
  54. http://abc7ny.com/archive/8349429/ "Hardest Hit Firehouse Still Recovering 10 Years Later
  55. Web site: Runs and Workers – 2007 . www.fdnewyork.com . February 18, 2009 . December 5, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081205232445/http://www.fdnewyork.com/randw_07.asp . live .
  56. Fertig, Beth. "Firemen on September 11th", WNYC, September 12, 2002. Accessed June 6, 2016. "But all seven members of Ladder Company 21 who raced downtown on the big truck that morning perished. None of the bodies was ever recovered."
  57. Berger, Joseph."Hell's Kitchen, Swept Out and Remodeled", The New York Times, March 19, 2006. Accessed December 1, 2016.
  58. Web site: Hell's Kitchen: NYC's gentrified, yet homey neighborhood . Mercedeshouseny.com . May 6, 2014 . May 6, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140506172434/http://www.mercedeshouseny.com/blog/hells-kitchen-nycs-gentrified-yet-homey-neighborhood/ . live .
  59. Web site: Critchlow . Katharine . Hell's Kitchen – April 29, 2013 . NewYork.com . April 29, 2013 . May 6, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140506181402/https://www.newyork.com/articles/neighborhoods/hells-kitchen-44364/ . May 6, 2014 . dead.
  60. Web site: Manhattan Rental Market Report . April 2014 . May 29, 2014 . July 2, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140702160849/http://www.mns.com/manhattan_rental_market_report#midtown-west . live .
  61. Joseph J. Varga, Hell's Kitchen and the Battle for Urban Space: Class Struggle and Progressive Reform in New York City, 1894–1914. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2013.
  62. Web site: Developments . EL AD Group . 25 July 2020 . September 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200918104015/https://www.eladgroup.com/NewDevelopments.htm . live .
  63. Web site: Hudson Yards Master Plan: Preferred Direction . February 2003 . New York City Department of City Planning . August 10, 2009 . February 28, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170228022559/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/plans/hudson-yards/prefdir.pdf . live .
  64. Web site: HKNA plan summary . August 23, 2017 . February 8, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170208154051/http://www.nyc.gov/html/mancb4/downloads/pdf/hkna_plan_executive_summary_(3).pdf . live .
  65. https://web.archive.org/web/20160422042404/http://www.home.earthlink.net/~hkna2/ Full HKNA Plan
  66. Web site: New York's next big neighborhood is its smartest . Volpe, Joseph . May 7, 2014 . . May 9, 2014 . May 8, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140508005336/http://www.engadget.com/2014/05/07/hudson-yards-smart-neighborhood/ . live .
  67. News: Cuomo Announces $1 Billion Expansion for Javits Center . Bagli . Charles V. . January 7, 2016 . The New York Times . January 22, 2020 . July 13, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200713124338/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/08/nyregion/cuomo-announces-1-billion-expansion-for-javits-center.html . live .
  68. Web site: Highly-Anticipated Hudson Yards Development Officially Opens To The Public – CBS New York . CBS New York . March 15, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . April 2, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190402221701/https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2019/03/15/hudson-yards-grand-opening/ . live .
  69. Web site: Wall Street Comes to Hell's Kitchen With Ackman's Office Project . August 3, 2018 . Bloomberg.com . December 27, 2019 . April 16, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190416011746/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-03/wall-street-comes-to-hell-s-kitchen-with-ackman-s-office-project . live .
  70. https://www.nyc.gov/assets/dfta/downloads/pdf/reports/Demographics_by_NTA.pdf Demographics by Neighborhood Tabulation Area (NTA)
  71. Web site: Clinton and Chelsea (Including Chelsea, Clinton and Hudson Yards) – Community Health Profiles . . 2018 . nyc.gov . . March 2, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024312/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2018chp-mn4.pdf . live .
  72. Web site: 2016-2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020 . 2016 . . . September 8, 2017 . September 9, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170909004755/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/tcny/community-health-assessment-plan.pdf . live .
  73. Web site: New Yorkers are living longer, happier and healthier lives . New York Post . Short . Aaron . June 4, 2017 . March 1, 2019 . March 2, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190302024959/https://nypost.com/2017/06/04/new-yorkers-are-living-longer-happier-and-healthier-lives/ . live .
  74. Web site: NYC-Manhattan Community District 4 & 5--Chelsea, Clinton & Midtown Business District PUMA, NY . July 17, 2018 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024312/https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603807-nyc-manhattan-community-district-4-5-chelsea-clinton-midtown-business-district-puma-ny/ . live .
  75. https://liquidspace.com/us/ny/new-york/hells-kitchen "Hell's Kitchen at a Glance"
  76. https://www.actoraesthetic.com/blog/nyc-for-actors "Top 7 Best Neighborhoods In NYC to Live For Actors"
  77. Hirsch, Foster (1984) A Method to their Madness: The History of the Actors Studio. New York: W. W. Norton.
  78. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/19/nyregion/improv-in-chapter-11-protection-is-still-joking.html "Improv, in Chapter 11 Protection, Is Still Joking"
  79. Bagli, Charles V. "Developer Signs Deal For Complex", The New York Times, January 13, 2004. Accessed June 6, 2016. "The Department of Housing and Urban Development agreed to steep rent subsidies for about 70 percent of the apartments for tenants working as film or television actors, singers, dancers, stagehands or musicians, if they met certain income limits."
  80. News: With 57th and 9th, Sting Changes His Mind About Rock . . The New York Times . November 8, 2016 . November 13, 2016 . November 17, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161117215641/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/arts/music/sting-57th-and-9th-interview.html?contentCollection=weekendreads&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=c-column-middle-span-region&region=c-column-middle-span-region&WT.nav=c-column-middle-span-region . live .
  81. Web site: 2016-01-03 . What is Hell's Kitchen? . 2021-03-22 . The Dream Theater World . October 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211026021508/https://dreamtheater.club/questions/question/what-is-hells-kitchen/ . live .
  82. Web site: Ninth Avenue International Food Festival – The 9th Avenue International Food Festival . www.ninthavenuefoodfestival.com . March 8, 2017 . March 8, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170308223040/http://www.ninthavenuefoodfestival.com/home . live .
  83. http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/de-witt-clinton-park De Witt Clinton Park
  84. Web site: Hell's Kitchen Park Highlights . . October 23, 2011 . December 7, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141207072901/http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/hells-kitchen-park/history . live .
  85. Web site: Hogan . Gwynne . New Park Begins Transformation of Industrial Hudson Yards District . DNAinfo New York . August 13, 2015 . August 20, 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150816191648/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150813/hells-kitchen-clinton/new-park-begins-transformation-of-industrial-hudson-yards-district . August 16, 2015 . mdy-all.
  86. https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/community-gardens/greatness "Tales of Gardening Greatness: Hattie Carthan Community Garden"
  87. Web site: Find Your Precinct and Sector – NYPD . www.nyc.gov . March 3, 2019 . March 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210304213813/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/find-your-precinct.page . live .
  88. Web site: NYPD – 10th Precinct . www.nyc.gov . . October 3, 2016 . March 24, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170324105320/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/10th-precinct.page . live .
  89. Web site: NYPD – 18th Precinct . www.nyc.gov . . October 3, 2016 . May 20, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170520193229/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/midtown-north-precinct.page . live .
  90. Web site: Chelsea and Hell's Kitchen – DNAinfo.com Crime and Safety Report . www.dnainfo.com . October 6, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170415065149/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/crime-safety-report/manhattan/chelsea . April 15, 2017 . dead.
  91. Web site: Midtown Manhattan – DNAinfo.com Crime and Safety Report . www.dnainfo.com . October 6, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170415055338/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/crime-safety-report/manhattan/midtown . April 15, 2017 . dead.
  92. Web site: 10th Precinct CompStat Report . www.nyc.gov . . July 22, 2018 . April 13, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180413201333/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-010pct.pdf . live .
  93. Web site: 18th Precinct CompStat Report . www.nyc.gov . . July 22, 2018 . March 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180328191549/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-018pct.pdf . live .
  94. Web site: Rescue Company 1 . FDNYtrucks.com . March 14, 2019 . October 23, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181023063833/http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/r1.htm . live .
  95. Web site: Engine Company 26 . FDNYtrucks.com . March 14, 2019 . October 20, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181020100539/http://fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e26.htm . live .
  96. Web site: Engine Company 34/Ladder Company 21 . FDNYtrucks.com . March 14, 2019 . October 23, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181023073812/http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e34.htm . live .
  97. Web site: Engine Company 54/Ladder Company 4/Battalion 9 . FDNYtrucks.com . March 14, 2019 . October 20, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181020100629/http://fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e54.htm . live .
  98. Web site: Manhattan Hospital Listings . New York Hospitals . March 20, 2019 . November 15, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161115151717/http://www.allny.com/health/hosp-manhattan.html . live .
  99. Web site: Best Hospitals in New York, N.Y. . U.S. News & World Report . July 26, 2011 . March 20, 2019 . May 29, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190529091928/https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/new-york-ny . live .
  100. Web site: Clinton, New York City-Manhattan, New York Zip Code Boundary Map (NY) . United States Zip Code Boundary Map (USA) . March 23, 2019 . April 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210411152339/https://www.zipmap.net/New_York/New_York_County/Z_Clinton.htm . dead .
  101. Web site: Location Details: Radio City . USPS.com . March 7, 2019 . April 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195145/https://tools.usps.com/find-location.htm . live .
  102. Web site: Location Details: RCU Annex . USPS.com . March 7, 2019 . March 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220307053300/https://tools.usps.com/find-location.htm . live .
  103. Web site: Location Details: Midtown . USPS.com . March 7, 2019 . April 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195145/https://tools.usps.com/find-location.htm . live .
  104. Web site: Location Details: James A Farley . USPS.com . March 7, 2019 . March 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220307035840/https://tools.usps.com/find-location.htm . live .
  105. Web site: Clinton / Chelsea – MN 04 . 2011 . . October 5, 2016 . September 18, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130918163019/http://furmancenter.org/files/sotc/MN_04_11.pdf . live .
  106. Web site: Hell's Kitchen New York School Ratings and Reviews . Zillow . March 17, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024314/https://www.zillow.com/hells-kitchen-new-york-ny/schools/ . live .
  107. Web site: P.S. 035 . New York City Department of Education . December 19, 2018 . March 23, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024316/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M035 . dead .
  108. Web site: P.S. 051 Elias Howe . New York City Department of Education . December 19, 2018 . March 23, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024314/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M051 . dead .
  109. Web site: P.S. 111 Adolph S. Ochs . New York City Department of Education . December 19, 2018 . March 23, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024309/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M111 . dead .
  110. Web site: Business Of Sports School . New York City Department of Education . December 19, 2018 . March 23, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024316/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M393 . dead .
  111. Web site: Facing History School, The . New York City Department of Education . December 19, 2018 . March 23, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024318/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M303 . dead .
  112. Web site: Food and Finance High School . New York City Department of Education . December 19, 2018 . March 23, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024313/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M288 . dead .
  113. Web site: High School for Environmental Studies . New York City Department of Education . December 19, 2018 . March 23, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024313/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M400 . dead .
  114. Web site: High School of Hospitality Management . New York City Department of Education . December 19, 2018 . March 23, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024309/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M296 . dead .
  115. Web site: Independence High School . New York City Department of Education . December 19, 2018 . March 23, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024311/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M544 . dead .
  116. Web site: Manhattan Bridges High School . New York City Department of Education . December 19, 2018 . March 23, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024314/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M542 . dead .
  117. Web site: Professional Performing Arts High School . New York City Department of Education . December 19, 2018 . March 23, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024311/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M408 . dead .
  118. Web site: Urban Assembly Gateway School for Technology . New York City Department of Education . December 19, 2018 . March 23, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024313/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M507 . dead .
  119. Web site: Urban Assembly School of Design and Construction, The . New York City Department of Education . December 19, 2018 . March 23, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024311/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M300 . dead .
  120. Web site: Beacon High School . New York City Department of Education . June 19, 2022 . June 19, 2022 . June 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220615111625/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M479 . live .
  121. News: Fleisher . Lisa . 2012-07-16 . New Charters Proposed for Manhattan . . 2021-03-23 . May 17, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130517173254/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303933704577529002194406824.html . live .
  122. Name: Success Academy Hell's Kitchen (Success Academy Charter Schools) (official website), as accessed December 2, 2012.
  123. Web site: Holy Cross School . Holy Cross Church . October 4, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111004082858/https://www.holycrossnyc.com/index.cfm?load=page&page=7 . May 5, 2020 . October 4, 2011.
  124. Web site: Otterman . Sharon . Catholic Schools Await More Closing Bells . . January 15, 2013 . May 5, 2020 . March 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210309200135/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/15/education/catholic-schools-in-new-york-await-more-closing-bells.html . live .
  125. Web site: Otterman . Sharon . New York Archdiocese to Close 24 Schools . . January 23, 2013 . January 25, 2014 . February 6, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130206132224/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/23/nyregion/new-york-archdiocese-to-close-24-schools.html . live .
  126. Web site: About the Columbus Library . The New York Public Library . March 14, 2019 . March 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024309/https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/columbus . live .
  127. Web site: Fitzsimmons . Emma G. . Subway Station for 7 Line Opens on Far West Side . The New York Times . September 10, 2015 . September 13, 2015 . September 14, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150914231924/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/14/nyregion/no-7-subway-station-far-west-side-manhattan.html . live .
  128. Web site: Tangel . Andrew . New Subway Station Opens on NYC's Far West Side . . September 13, 2015 . September 13, 2015 . December 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211216171800/https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-subway-station-opens-on-nycs-far-west-side-1442171470 . live .
  129. Web site: MTA's 469th Station is First Addition to Subway System in 26 Years . MTA . September 13, 2015 . September 13, 2015 . September 14, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150914203834/http://www.mta.info/news-hudson-yards-7-subway/2015/09/13/mta%E2%80%99s-469th-station-first-addition-subway-system-26-years . live .
  130. Web site: Pier 83 . Hudson River Park . October 16, 2019 . April 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195146/https://hudsonriverpark.org/locations/pier-83/ . live .
  131. News: New and Flashy, Big and Glassy . McGeehan . Patrick . October 21, 2005 . The New York Times . October 16, 2019 . October 16, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191016013250/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/21/nyregion/new-and-flashy-big-and-glassy.html . live .
  132. Web site: NYC Ferry is adding 2 new routes . January 10, 2019 . am New York . January 11, 2019 . January 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190111042323/https://www.amny.com/transit/nyc-ferry-routes-1.25782023 . live .
  133. Web site: NYC Ferry will launch service to Staten Island, Coney Island . Plitt . Amy . January 10, 2019 . Curbed NY . January 11, 2019 . January 12, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190112044224/https://ny.curbed.com/2019/1/10/18177078/nyc-ferry-transportation-staten-island-coney-island . live .
  134. Web site: 2020-2021 Expansion . New York City Ferry Service . January 11, 2019 . January 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190111232547/https://www.ferry.nyc/nycferry-2020-2021-service-route-expansion/ . live .
  135. Book: Berlow, L. . Reference Guide to Famous Engineering Landmarks of the World: Bridges, Tunnels, Dams, Roads and Other Structures . Taylor & Francis . 2015 . 978-1-135-93261-9 . 168 . April 12, 2018 . . April 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195652/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jox4CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT168 . live .
  136. Web site: Facts & Info: Lincoln Tunnel . . March 27, 2018 . March 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180328041645/https://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/lincoln-tunnel-facts-info.html . live .
  137. News: On 11th Avenue, an Car Dealer Boomtown . Sederstrom . Jotham . April 22, 2011 . The New York Times . October 16, 2019 . October 16, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191016013248/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/24/automobiles/24LOTS.html . live .
  138. Michael M. Grynbaum, "For de Blasio, Carriage Horse Ban Is No Walk in the Park", The New York Times, April 4, 2014
  139. News: Bill de Blasio: Central Park's horse-drawn carriages should ride into history . Malloy . Allie . January 1, 2014 . CNN . December 31, 2013 . December 31, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131231214022/http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/30/us/new-york-horse-drawn-carriage-ban/ . live .
  140. News: Liam Neeson blasts Mayor de Blasio for skipping carriage horse stable tour: 'He should have manned up and come' . March 9, 2014 . New York Daily News . May 26, 2014 . June 29, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140629134330/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/liam-neeson-blasts-mayor-de-blasio-skipping-horse-stable-tour-article-1.1716111 . live .
  141. Web site: Behind the Scenes in the Clinton Park Horse Stables for the Central Park Carriages . April 28, 2014 . Untapped Cities . May 6, 2014 . May 6, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140506165602/http://untappedcities.com/2014/01/16/behind-the-scenes-in-the-clinton-park-horse-stables-for-the-central-park-carriages/ . live .
  142. Web site: The Stables Where Central Park Carriage Horses Live . April 6, 2012 . Business Insider . May 6, 2014 . May 6, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140506170019/http://www.businessinsider.com/the-stables-where-central-park-carriage-horses-live-2012-4#!Jw . live .
  143. Web site: Carriers & Routes – Port Authority Bus Terminal . The Port Authority of NY & NJ . July 28, 2018 . October 16, 2019 . December 11, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171211213826/http://www.panynj.gov/bus-terminals/pabt-carriers-routes.html . live .
  144. Book: A maritime history of New York . Brouwer . Norman . La Rocco . Barbara . 2004 . Going Coastal . 978-0972980319 . Brooklyn, N.Y. . 262–295 . Epilogue . May 25, 2016 . June 15, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160615070835/http://www.goingcoastal.org/img/mhpdf/Ch%2012%20Epilogue%201941-Present.pdf . live .
  145. News: Sailing Away . Maxtone-Graham . John . John Maxtone-Graham . March 12, 2006 . The New York Times . September 19, 2017 . September 20, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170920100516/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/12/nyregion/thecity/sailing-away.html . live .
  146. News: When the Old Penn Station Was Demolished, New York Lost Its Faith . Michael Kimmelman . Michael Kimmelman . The New York Times . April 24, 2019 . April 24, 2019 . April 30, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190430025213/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/24/nyregion/old-penn-station-pictures-new-york.html . live .
  147. Web site: The Most Awful Transit Center in America Could Get Unimaginably Worse . Devin Leonard . Bloomberg L.P . January 10, 2018 . November 14, 2018 . February 15, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180215044304/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-01-10/the-most-awful-transit-center-in-america-could-get-unimaginably-worse . live .
  148. Web site: Randolph . Eleanor . Transplanting Madison Square Garden . Taking Note . March 28, 2013 . January 8, 2016 . January 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210125032120/http://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/28/transplanting-madison-square-garden/ . live .
  149. Web site: Robert Sciarrino . How to squeeze 1,200 trains a day into America's busiest transit hub . The Star-Ledger . December 26, 2013 . January 8, 2016 . ...a transit hub that handles 650,000 people a day – twice as busy as America's most-used airport in Atlanta and busier than Newark, LaGuardia and JFK airports combined. . December 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191228114059/http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/11/how_to_squeeze_1200_trains_a_day_into_americas_busiest_transit_hub.html . live .
  150. News: Secret Gardens Grow in Hell's Kitchen . Barbanel . Josh . April 30, 2010 . . October 16, 2019 . October 16, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191016013248/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303411604575168253383408586 . live .
  151. Web site: 'The Kitchen' revisits 1970s 'gangster Wild West' . . May 8, 2018 . May 8, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180508191207/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2014/11/10/the-kitchen-comic-book-exclusive-preview/18785841/ . live .
  152. Web site: Cavanaugh . Patrick . January 8, 2016 . Return to Hell's Kitchen in Exclusive Marvel's Daredevil Poster & Photos . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160113232704/http://marvel.com/news/tv/25608/return_to_hells_kitchen_in_exclusive_marvels_daredevil_poster_photos . January 13, 2016 . June 28, 2016 . Marvel Comics . mdy.
  153. https://www.libraryjournal.com/review/the-seven-husbands-of-evelyn-hugo "Review: The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo"
  154. Thomas-Kennedy, Jackie. "Review: City of Girls, by Elizabeth Gilbert; Fiction: Elizabeth Gilbert's chatty, freewheeling narrator overcomes most obstacles easily in this love song to Manhattan.", Star Tribune, June 7, 2019. Accessed August 10, 2020. "She begins in 1940, when, after being 'excused' from Vassar 'on account of never having attended classes,' she moves to Hell's Kitchen and into the Lily Playhouse with her Aunt Peg and Peg's partner, Olive, a woman billed in public and in fact as Peg's 'secretary'."
  155. Book: Antonson, Rick . Route 66 Still Kicks: Driving America's Main Street . 273 . . 2012 . 9781459704374.
  156. , intertitle at 1m10s
  157. Book: New York Times Book of New York: Stories of the People, the Streets, and the Life of the City Past and Present . May 20, 2009 . Running Press . 9781603763691 . May 8, 2018 . April 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195653/https://books.google.com/books?id=abTfAgAAQBAJ . live .
  158. Web site: Taxi Driver Movie Review & Film Summary (1976) . May 8, 2018 . Roger . Ebert . Roger Ebert . December 30, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181230080324/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-taxi-driver-1976 . live .
  159. https://www.sbs.com.au/movies/review/wild-irish-bloodbath-hells-kitchen "A wild Irish bloodbath in Hell's Kitchen"
  160. Web site: Sleepers Debate Renewed: How True Is a 'True Story'? . . The New York Times . October 22, 1996 . January 7, 2022 . May 4, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190504032951/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/22/movies/sleepers-debate-renewed-how-true-is-a-true-story.html . live .
  161. McGarrity . Maria . Hell's Kitchen as Contact Zone: The Essentialized African in Jim Sheridan's In America . CLA Journal . 51 . 3 . March 2008 . 304–323 . 44325430.
  162. Web site: Ash Wednesday (2002) . Rotten Tomatoes . May 8, 2018 . December 2, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171202235532/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1119133_ash_wednesday . live .
  163. Web site: Revisiting Deus Ex, Ion Storm's classic cyberpunk RPG . Kelly . Andy . June 22, 2020 . . . February 1, 2022 . A great example of the game's reactivity can be found in the Hell's Kitchen level. . February 15, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180215143712/https://www.pcgamer.com/revisiting-deus-ex-ion-storms-classic-cyberpunk-rpg/ . live .
  164. Web site: Falling into Infinity . June 10, 2022 . May 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220523231543/https://dreamtheater.net/discography/falling-into-infinity/ . live .
  165. Web site: The Smoking Gun . Longhand Of The Law: Club Kids Kill An Angel (Handwritten confession of Robert Riggs) . 1 . December 1996 . Riggs, Robert . February 21, 2017 . April 26, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190426160204/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/file/club-kids-kill-angel . live .
  166. News: . Alig . Michael . Club Kid killer relives bloody crime . May 12, 2014 . December 11, 2017 . December 5, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171205083807/https://nypost.com/2014/05/12/party-monster-relives-catfight-that-ended-in-murder/ . live .
  167. Barbara K. "La La Anthony dishes on her Hell's Kitchen crib", New York Post, April 19, 2012. Accessed July 4, 2016.
  168. Jamieson, Wendell. "City Lore; Hard-Boiled Tales, Told by a Gentleman", The New York Times, January 1, 2006. Accessed August 11, 2009. "Benjamin Appel was an author of more than 25 novels from 1934 to 1977, many of them set in New York. He was raised in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan and lived much of his life in Roosevelt, N.J., but after he moved he still came back to New York often."
  169. Friend, Tad. "Lewis Black, Playwright", The New Yorker, June 5, 2012. Accessed July 4, 2016. "In his living room high up in Hell's Kitchen, the comedian Lewis Black sat on a sofa with three throw pillows tucked around him, as if he'd had a bad breakup and needed a hug and some Häagen-Dazs."
  170. "Disappearing Manhattan." . Travel Channel. February 23, 2009.
  171. [Manohla Dargis|Dargis, Manohla]
  172. Eldridge, David. American Culture in the 1930s, p. 74. Edinburgh University Press, 2008. . Accessed July 8, 2016. "Born in New York City's Hell's Kitchen, Cagney brought something 'fresh' to the movie, a machismo that was natural, uncontrolled and seemingly spontaneous (as when he spits beer into someone's face), and imbued with a wise-guy wit."
  173. Grimes, William. "George Cain, Writer of Blueschild Baby, Dies at 66", The New York Times, October 29, 2010. Accessed October 31, 2010.
  174. Gilbey, Ryan. A Shot in the Arm", Mount Sinair, March 2, 2021. Accessed October 25, 2022. "A Shot in the Arm."
  175. Lambert, Bruce. "Neighborhood Report: Point-Counterpoint; A Church vs. Sleepers", The New York Times, October 15, 1995. Accessed July 8, 2016. "Sacred Heart of Jesus Church and its elementary school on West 51st Street are focal elements in the current best seller Sleepers, which the author, Lorenzo Carcaterra, presents as a true story drawn from his Hell's Kitchen boyhood."
  176. Staff. "Second Cup Cafe: Vanessa Carlton", CBS News, November 17, 2007. Accessed August 10, 2009. "A few years ago, this three-time Grammy nominee was living in New York's Hell's Kitchen and working as a waitress in Lower Manhattan between performances at open mic nights in the city's clubs."
  177. Book: Ward, Jack . Television Guest Stars: An Illustrated Career Chronicle for 678 Performers of the Sixties and Seventies . April 26, 1993 . McFarland & Company . 9780899508078 . Google Books . April 26, 2019 . April 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195653/https://books.google.com/books?id=GRQbAQAAIAAJ&q=%22paul+cavonis%22+%22born%22+%22hell%27s+kitchen%22 . live .
  178. Web site: Prodigal Son Playwright John Patrick Shanley & Star Timothee Chalamet on the Pain, Poetry & Pride of Revisiting 15 . . Kathy . Henderson . March 7, 2016 . August 21, 2017 . August 22, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170822012725/http://www.broadway.com/buzz/184066/prodigal-son-playwright-john-patrick-shanley-star-timothee-chalamet-on-the-pain-poetry-pride-of-revisiting-15/ . live .
  179. Krawitz, Alan. "Richard Christy: Queens' quirky caller", Queens Chronicle, January 21, 2010. Accessed July 8, 2016. "Formerly a resident of Hell's Kitchen, Christy moved to LIC in 2008 and says he's been pleasantly surprised."
  180. [James Traub|Traub, James]
  181. Marantz, Andrew. "Marlon Craft's Halal-Craft Listening Party", The New Yorker, July 29, 2019. Accessed January 4, 2024. "Marlon Craft, who is twenty-six, lives with his parents and his sister in Manhattan Plaza, the Section 8 apartment complex in Hell’s Kitchen."
  182. McShane, Larry. "The real Kramer says actor no racist: But Richards is 'paranoid,' 'very wound-up'", Chicago Sun-Times, November 26, 2006. Accessed August 11, 2009. "The real Kramer lived for 10 years in a Hell's Kitchen apartment across the hall from Seinfeld co-creator Larry David, and his life became the framework for Richards' quirky, bumbling Seinfeld sidekick."
  183. Kaufman, Joanne. "Marcelo Gomes, the Dancer at Home in Hell's Kitchen", The New York Times, April 11, 2014. Accessed July 4, 2016. "Not long after Marcelo Gomes moved with his dachshund, Lua, into a subcompact (475 square feet) condo in Hell's Kitchen two and a half years ago, he gave a housewarming party."
  184. [Ira Berkow|Berkow, Ira]
  185. Web site: Charlton Heston . 2021-03-23 . www.hollywoodsgoldenage.com . October 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211025015352/http://www.hollywoodsgoldenage.com/actors/charlton-heston.html . live .
  186. Mervis, Scott. "Music Preview: Through her first several records, Alicia Keys has a golden touch", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 17, 2008. Accessed August 10, 2009. "Keys, a classically trained pianist raised in Hell's Kitchen by her Italian-Scottish mother, spent a few years after she dropped out of Columbia University trying to launch her pop career with songs on soundtracks."
  187. https://nypost.com/2021/11/15/japans-former-princess-mako-arrives-at-nyc-apartment/ "Princess Mako, new husband move into one-bedroom in Hell's Kitchen"
  188. Lyman, Rick. "Stanley Kramer, Filmmaker With Social Bent, Dies at 87", The New York Times, February 21, 2001. Accessed July 9, 2016. "Stanley Earl Kramer was born in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan, the only child of a divorced mother who worked as a secretary for Paramount."
  189. News: The City Life; Recalling a Complicated Man . Francis X. . Clines . The New York Times . March 15, 2004 . April 6, 2018 . April 7, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180407054254/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/opinion/the-city-life-recalling-a-complicated-man.html . live .
  190. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/16/realestate/a-daily-show-correspondent-adjusts-to-life-new-york.html "A Daily Show Correspondent Adjusts to Life in New York"
  191. Allen, Kevin. "Mullen brothers come long way from Hell's Kitchen", USA Today, February 7, 1989. Accessed August 11, 2009.
  192. Kussoy, Howie. "You can't understand Joakim Noah until you know where he came from", New York Post, October 28, 2016. Accessed March 3, 2017. "A life set up to be overshadowed started in Manhattan, but Noah grew up in one of Paris' wealthiest suburbs, splitting time between his divorced parents. When he was 12, he moved to New York, living with his mother – who had moved to New York as a teenager – and younger sister, Yelena, near the corner of 51st Street and 10th Avenue. In Hell's Kitchen, he was no longer the child of France's favorite son."
  193. Staff. "Trevor Noah Bought a $10 Million New York City Penthouse; The comedian upgraded to the best apartment in his building", Architectural Digest, March 1, 2017. Accessed March 3, 2017. "After taking the helm of The Daily Show, Trevor Noah's hard work has clearly paid off. The comedian just purchased a $10 million penthouse apartment in the same building where he's been renting for the past six months, reports StreetEasy. The duplex is located in Manhattan's Hell's Kitchen, which is conveniently close to where The Daily Show films."
  194. Mervis, Scott. "Music Preview: Trans-Siberian Orchestra tour leans on old special and new album", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 24, 2015. Accessed March 3, 2017. I've always been fascinated by night', Mr. O'Neill says. 'Night is where the fringes of society can feel safe. At one point of my life I used to live in Hell's Kitchen, when I was younger, and at night you would see the winos, the schizophrenics, the drug addicts.
  195. [Ben Brantley|Brantley, Ben]
  196. Van Matre, Lynn. "Tony Orlando: Fame dawns the second time around", Chicago Tribune, July 2, 1975. Accessed March 3, 2017. "Raised in Manhattan's tough 'Hells' Kitchen' area (most of the people he grew up with, Orlando says, 'are either dead or in jail'), Tony attended high school only one week before dropping out."
  197. Mason, Kiki. "The Lady Is a Champ; Actress/Lawyer/Activist Ilka Tanya Payán fights for the glamorous life" POZ (magazine), August 1, 1995. Accessed March 3, 2017. "A homecare worker with a ring through her nose greets me at the door to Ilka Tanya Payán's high-rise apartment in Manhattan's West Fifties."
  198. via Associated Press. "Josh Peck leaves Drake & Josh behind", Today, July 7, 2008. Accessed March 3, 2017. "A shy, overweight kid growing up in New York's Hell's Kitchen, Peck says he got into standup comedy as young as he did simply because it was the only thing he was good at."
  199. Homberger, Eric. "Mario Puzo: The author of the Godfather, the book the Mafia loved", The Guardian, July 5, 1999. Accessed August 10, 2009. "Born the son of illiterate Neapolitan immigrants, and one of 12 children, Puzo grew up in Hell's Kitchen on the west side of Manhattan."
  200. [Mel Gussow|Gussow, Mel]
  201. via Associated Press, "'Tough guy' George raft dies of emphysema at 85", The Milwaukee Sentinel, November 25, 1980. Accessed August 10, 2009. "After growing up in New York's tough Hell's Kitchen area, Raft was a boxer, electrician and baseball player before landing a job as a dancer in nightclubs in the 1920s."
  202. http://www.penparentis.org/portfolio/john-reed/ John Reed
  203. Frankel, Bruce. "Rourke sits in on trial of pal Gotti", USA Today, March 17, 1992. Accessed August 10, 2009. "The bad-boy actor, who grew up in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan, spent the morning in court on a 'family' – the Gotti family – pass, following transcripts of conversations between Gotti, Salvatore 'Sammy Bull' Gravano and others."
  204. https://www.interviewmagazine.com/music/max-hells-kitchen-angel "MAX"
  205. , The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, May 2, 2014
  206. Web site: 'You Could See Forever': WWII Veteran Parachutes to Coronado During Force-Con . September 25, 2022 .
  207. [James Traub|Traub, James]
  208. Gilbey, Ryan. " Sylvester Stallone: the wacky people's champ who battled his own ego; Leading the race for best supporting actor Oscar for his comeback in Creed, this self-made star's creative fortunes have been inseparably bound to his most famous creation, Rocky Balboa", The Guardian, February 24, 2016. Accessed March 3, 2017. "He was born in Hell's Kitchen, New York City, to an astrologer mother and a father whom Stallone claimed ate raw sparrows and rabbit entrails."
  209. Hunt, Denis. "Lisa Lisa Is Cookin' In Hell's Kitchen", Los Angeles Times, July 5, 1987. Accessed March 3, 2017. "To hear Lisa Velez talk, you'd think New York City's infamous Hell's Kitchen—a dangerous, drug-infested slum—was paradise.... Usually kids grow up in Hell's Kitchen with one thought: escaping as soon as they are able. But Velez, the youngest of 10 children, had a different goal. She wanted to be a singer."
  210. [Kenneth Turan|Turan, Kenneth]
  211. Web site: Balk. Tim. March 30, 2021. Mayoral candidate Andrew Yang says woman attacked in Hell's Kitchen 'could easily have been my mother'. . May 23, 2021.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.