| Hebrew alphabet | |
| Type: | Abjad |
| Languages: | Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, Mozarabic, Levantine Arabic, Aramaic, other Jewish languages |
| Time: | 2nd–1st century BCE to present[1] |
| Fam1: | Egyptian hieroglyphs |
| Fam2: | Proto-Sinaitic script |
| Fam3: | Phoenician alphabet |
| Fam4: | Aramaic alphabet |
| Sample: | Alefbet ivri.svg |
| Official Script: | Israel |
| Iso15924: | Hebr |
The Hebrew alphabet (Hebrew: [[wikt:אלפבית|אָלֶף־בֵּית]] עִבְרִי,), known variously by scholars as the Ktav Ashuri, Jewish script, square script and block script, is traditionally an abjad script used in the writing of the Hebrew language and other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic, and Judeo-Persian. In modern Hebrew, vowels are increasingly introduced. It is also used informally in Israel to write Levantine Arabic, especially among Druze.[2] [3] [4] It is an offshoot of the Imperial Aramaic alphabet, which flourished during the Achaemenid Empire and which itself derives from the Phoenician alphabet.
Historically, two separate abjad scripts have been used to write Hebrew. The original, old Hebrew script, known as the paleo-Hebrew alphabet, has been largely preserved in a variant form as the Samaritan alphabet. The present "Jewish script" or "square script", on the contrary, is a stylized form of the Aramaic alphabet and was technically known by Jewish sages as Ashurit (lit. "Assyrian script"), since its origins were alleged to be from Assyria.[5]
Various "styles" (in current terms, "fonts") of representation of the Jewish script letters described in this article also exist, including a variety of cursive Hebrew styles. In the remainder of this article, the term "Hebrew alphabet" refers to the square script unless otherwise indicated.
The Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters. It does not have case. Five letters have different forms when used at the end of a word. Hebrew is written from right to left. Originally, the alphabet was an abjad consisting only of consonants, but is now considered an "impure abjad". As with other abjads, such as the Arabic alphabet, during its centuries-long use scribes devised means of indicating vowel sounds by separate vowel points, known in Hebrew as niqqud. In both biblical and rabbinic Hebrew, the letters Hebrew: [[Yodh|י]] Hebrew: [[Waw (letter)|ו]] Hebrew: [[He (letter)|ה]] Hebrew: [[Aleph|א]] can also function as matres lectionis, which is when certain consonants are used to indicate vowels. There is a trend in Modern Hebrew towards the use of matres lectionis to indicate vowels that have traditionally gone unwritten, a practice known as "full spelling".
The Yiddish alphabet, a modified version of the Hebrew alphabet used to write Yiddish, is a true alphabet, with all vowels rendered in the spelling, except in the case of inherited Hebrew words, which typically retain their Hebrew consonant-only spellings.
The Arabic and Hebrew alphabets have similarities because they are both derived from the Aramaic alphabet, which in turn derives either from paleo-Hebrew or the Phoenician alphabet, both being slight regional variations of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet used in ancient times to write the various Canaanite languages (including Hebrew, Moabite, Phoenician, Punic, et cetera).
See main article: History of the Hebrew alphabet. The Canaanite dialects were largely indistinguishable before around 1000 BCE.[6] An example of related early Semitic inscriptions from the area include the tenth-century Gezer calendar over which scholars are divided as to whether its language is Hebrew or Phoenician and whether the script is Proto-Canaanite or paleo-Hebrew.[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]
A Hebrew variant of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, called the paleo-Hebrew alphabet by scholars, began to emerge around 800 BCE. An example is the Siloam inscription .
The paleo-Hebrew alphabet was used in the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Following the Babylonian exile of the Kingdom of Judah in the 6th century BCE, Jews began using a form of the Imperial Aramaic alphabet, another offshoot of the same family of scripts, which flourished during the Achaemenid Empire. The Samaritans, who remained in the Land of Israel, continued to use the paleo-Hebrew alphabet. During the 3rd century BCE, Jews began to use a stylized, "square" form of the Aramaic alphabet that was used by the Persian Empire (and which in turn had been adopted from the Assyrians), while the Samaritans continued to use a form of the paleo-Hebrew script called the Samaritan alphabet. After the fall of the Persian Empire in 330 BCE, Jews used both scripts before settling on the square Assyrian form.
The square Hebrew alphabet was later adapted and used for writing languages of the Jewish diaspora – such as Karaim, the Judeo-Arabic languages, Judaeo-Spanish, and Yiddish. The Hebrew alphabet continued in use for scholarly writing in Hebrew and came again into everyday use with the rebirth of the Hebrew language as a spoken language in the 18th and 19th centuries, especially in Israel.
In the traditional form, the Hebrew alphabet is an abjad consisting only of consonants, written from right to left. It has 22 letters, five of which use different forms at the end of a word.
In the traditional form, vowels are indicated by the weak consonants Aleph, He, Waw/Vav, or Yodh serving as vowel letters, or matres lectionis: the letter is combined with a previous vowel and becomes silent, or by imitation of such cases in the spelling of other forms. Also, a system of vowel points to indicate vowels (diacritics), called niqqud, was developed. In modern forms of the alphabet, as in the case of Yiddish and to some extent Modern Hebrew, vowels may be indicated. Today, the trend is toward full spelling with the weak letters acting as true vowels.
When used to write Yiddish, vowels are indicated, using certain letters, either with niqqud diacritics (e.g. or) or without (e.g. or), except for Hebrew words, which in Yiddish are written in their Hebrew spelling.
To preserve the proper vowel sounds, scholars developed several different sets of vocalization and diacritical symbols called nequdot (literally "points"). One of these, the Tiberian system, eventually prevailed. Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, and his family for several generations, are credited for refining and maintaining the system. These points are normally used only for special purposes, such as Biblical books intended for study, in poetry or when teaching the language to children. The Tiberian system also includes a set of cantillation marks, called trope or, used to indicate how scriptural passages should be chanted in synagogue recitations of scripture (although these marks do not appear in the scrolls). In everyday writing of modern Hebrew, niqqud are absent; however, patterns of how words are derived from Hebrew roots (called shorashim or "triliterals") allow Hebrew speakers to determine the vowel-structure of a given word from its consonants based on the word's context and part of speech.
Unlike the Paleo-Hebrew writing script, the modern Hebrew script has five letters that have special final forms, called sofit (Hebrew: סופית, meaning in this context "final" or "ending") form, used only at the end of a word, somewhat as in the Greek or in the Arabic and Mandaic alphabets. These are shown below the normal form in the following table (letter names are Unicode standard[13] [14]). Although Hebrew is read and written from right to left, the following table shows the letters in order from left to right:
| --> | Alef | Gimel | Dalet | Zayin | Chet | Tet | Yod | Kaf | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lamed | Mem | Samech | Ayin | Tsadi | Qof | Resh | Tav | ||||
A reversal to can be clearly seen in the Book of Lamentations, whose first four chapters are ordered as alphabetical acrostics. While the first chapter has the now usual ordering, the second, third and fourth chapters exhibit . The fact that these chapters follows the pre-exilic order is evidence for them being written shortly after the events described, rather than being later, post-exilic compositions.
See main article: Modern Hebrew phonology and Yiddish phonology. The descriptions that follow are based on the pronunciation of modern standard Israeli Hebrew.
| letter | IPA | Name of letter | Pronunciation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode | Hebrew[18] | Modern Hebrew pronunciation | Yiddish / Ashkenazi pronunciation | Sephardi pronunciation | Yemenitepronunciation | Approximate western European equivalent[19] | |||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | Alef | pronounced as //alɛf// | pronounced as //ʔaləf// | pronounced as //ʔalɛf// | pronounced as //ˈɔlæf// | When ʔ, as in button [ˈbʌʔn̩] or clipboard [ˌklɪʔˈbɔɹd] | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Bet | pronounced as //bet// | pronounced as //bɛɪs//, pronounced as //bɛɪz// | pronounced as //bɛt// | pronounced as //be̞θ// | b as in black | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //vet// | pronounced as //vɛɪs//, pronounced as //vɛɪz// | pronounced as //vɛt// | pronounced as //ve̞θ// | v as in vogue | |||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Gimel | pronounced as //ˈɡimel// | pronounced as //ˈɡɪməl// | pronounced as //ˈɡimɛl// | pronounced as //ˈdʒime̞l// | g as in gourd | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | [<nowiki/>[[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]] | pronounced as //ˈɣɪmεl// | pronounced as //ˈɣime̞l// | gh as in Arabic ghoul | |||||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Dalet | pronounced as //ˈdalɛt//, pronounced as //ˈdalɛd// | pronounced as //ˈdaləd//, pronounced as //ˈdaləs// | pronounced as //ˈdalɛt// | pronounced as //ˈdɔle̞θ// | d as in doll | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //ˈðalεt// | pronounced as //ˈðɔle̞θ// | th as in that | |||||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | He | pronounced as //he//, pronounced as //hej// | pronounced as //hɛɪ// | pronounced as //he// | pronounced as //he̞// | h as in hold | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Vav | pronounced as //vav// | pronounced as //vɔv// | pronounced as //vav// | pronounced as //wɔw// | v as in vogue | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Zayin | pronounced as //ˈzajin//, pronounced as //ˈza.in// | pronounced as //ˈzajɪn// | pronounced as //ˈzajin// | pronounced as //ˈzajin// | z as in zoo | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]] | Chet | pronounced as //χet// | pronounced as //χɛs// | pronounced as //ħɛt// | pronounced as //ħe̞θ// | ch as in Bach | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Tet | pronounced as //tet// | pronounced as //tɛs// | pronounced as //tɛt// | pronounced as //tˤe̞θ// | t as in tool | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Yod | pronounced as //jod//, pronounced as //jud// | pronounced as //jʊd// | pronounced as //jud// | pronounced as //jœð// | y as in yolk | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Kaf | pronounced as //kaf// | pronounced as //kɔf// | pronounced as //kaf// | pronounced as //kaf// | k as in king | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //χaf// | pronounced as //χɔf// | pronounced as //χaf// | pronounced as //xaf// | ch as in bach | |||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //kaf sofit// | pronounced as //ˈlaŋɡə kɔf// | pronounced as //kaf sofit// | pronounced as //kaf sœˈfiθ// | k as in king | |||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/~pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //χaf sofit// | pronounced as //ˈlaŋɡə χɔf// | pronounced as //χaf sofit// | pronounced as //xaf sœˈfiθ// | ch as in bach | |||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Lamed | pronounced as //ˈlamɛd// | pronounced as //ˈlaməd// | pronounced as //ˈlamɛd// | pronounced as //ˈlɔme̞ð// | l as in luck | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Mem | pronounced as //mem// | pronounced as //mɛm// | pronounced as //mɛm// | pronounced as //me̞m// | m as in mother | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as //mem sofit// | pronounced as //ˈʃlɔs mɛm// | pronounced as //mɛm sofit// | pronounced as //me̞m sœˈfiθ// | |||||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Nun | pronounced as //nun// | pronounced as //nʊn// | pronounced as //nun// | pronounced as //nun// | n as in night | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as //nun sofit// | pronounced as //ˈlaŋɡə nʊn// | pronounced as //nun sofit// | pronounced as //nun sœˈfiθ// | |||||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Samekh | ְ | pronounced as //ˈsamɛχ// | pronounced as //ˈsaməχ// | pronounced as //ˈsamɛχ// | pronounced as //ˈsɔme̞x// | s as in sight | |
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/~pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | Ayin | pronounced as //ajin//, pronounced as //ʔa.in// | pronounced as //ajɪn// | pronounced as //ajin// | pronounced as //ˈʕajin// | When ʔ, as in button [ˈbʌʔn̩] or clipboard [ˌklɪʔˈbɔɹd]. When ʕ, no English equivalent. | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Pe | pronounced as //pe//, pronounced as //pej// | pronounced as //pɛɪ// | pronounced as //pe// | pronounced as //pe̞// | p as in pool | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //fe//, pronounced as //fej// | pronounced as //fɛɪ// | pronounced as //fe// | pronounced as //fe̞// | f as in full | |||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //pe sofit//, pronounced as //pej sofit// | pronounced as //ˈlaŋɡə pɛɪ// | pronounced as //pe sofit// | pronounced as //pe̞ sœˈfiθ// | p as in pool | |||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //fe sofit//, pronounced as //fej sofit// | pronounced as //ˈlaŋɡə fɛɪ// | pronounced as //fe sofit// | pronounced as //fe̞ sœˈfiθ// | f as in full | |||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Tsadi | pronounced as //ˈtsadi// | pronounced as //ˈtsadi//, pronounced as //ˈtsadɪk// | pronounced as //ˈtsadik// | pronounced as //ˈsˤɔði// | ts as in cats | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as //ˈtsadi sofit// | pronounced as //ˈlaŋɡə ˈtsadɪk//, pronounced as //ˈlaŋɡə ˈtsadək// | pronounced as //ˈtsadik sofit// | pronounced as //ˈsˤɔði sœˈfiθ// | |||||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Qof | pronounced as //kuf//, pronounced as //kof// | pronounced as //kʊf// | pronounced as //kuf// | pronounced as //gœf// | k as in king | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Resh | pronounced as //ʁeʃ// | pronounced as //ʁɛɪʃ// | pronounced as //reʃ// | pronounced as //re̞ʃ// | r as in French "r" | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Shin | pronounced as //ʃin// | pronounced as //ʃɪn// | pronounced as //ʃin// | pronounced as //ʃin// | sh as in shop | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //sin// | pronounced as //sɪn// | pronounced as //sin// | pronounced as //sin// | s as in sight | |||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | Tav | pronounced as //tav//, pronounced as //taf// | pronounced as //tɔv//, pronounced as //tɔf// | pronounced as //tav// | pronounced as //tɔw// | t as in tool | ||
| style=font-size:250%;" | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //sɔv//, pronounced as //sɔf// | pronounced as //θav// | pronounced as //θɔw// | th as in thin | ||||
Shin and sin are represented by the same letter,, but are two separate phonemes. When vowel diacritics are used, the two phonemes are differentiated with a shin-dot or sin-dot; the shin-dot is above the upper-right side of the letter, and the sin-dot is above the upper-left side of the letter.
| Symbol | Name | Transliteration | IPA | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (right dot) | shin | sh | pronounced as //ʃ// | shower | |
| (left dot) | sin | s | pronounced as //s// | sour |
Historically, left-dot-sin corresponds to Proto-Semitic *, which in biblical-Judaic-Hebrew corresponded to the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative pronounced as //ɬ// (or /ś/).[20]
See main article: Dagesh. Historically, the consonants bet, gimmel, daleth, kaf, pe and tav each had two sounds: one hard (plosive), and one soft (fricative), depending on the position of the letter and other factors. When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called dagesh, while the soft sounds lack a dagesh. In modern Hebrew, however, the dagesh only changes the pronunciation of bet, kaf, and pe, and does not affect the name of the letter. The differences are as follows:
| Name | With dagesh | Without dagesh | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symbol | Transliteration | IPA | Example | Symbol | Transliteration | IPA | Example | ||||
| bet/vet | align=center style="font-size:200%;" | b | /b/ | bun | align=center style="font-size:200%;" | v, ḇ | /v/ | van | |||
| kaf | align=center | [21] | k | /k/ | kangaroo | align=center style="font-size:200%;" | kh, ch, ḵ, x | /χ/ | loch | ||
| pe | align=center style="font-size:200%;" | p | /p/ | pass | align=center style="font-size:200%;" | f, p̄, ph | /f/ | find | |||
In other dialects (mainly liturgical) there are variations from this pattern.
See main article: Geresh and Hebraization of English.
The sounds pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, written ⟨⟩, ⟨⟩, ⟨⟩, and pronounced as /link/, non-standardly sometimes transliterated ⟨⟩, are often found in slang and loanwords that are part of the everyday Hebrew colloquial vocabulary. The symbol resembling an apostrophe after the Hebrew letter modifies the pronunciation of the letter and is called a geresh.
| Hebrew slang and loanwords | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Symbol | IPA | Transliteration | Example | ||||||
| align=center | Gimel with a geresh | align=center style="font-size:200%;" | pronounced as /link/ | ǧ | pronounced as /[ˈd͡ʒaχnun]/ | |||||
| align=center | Zayin with a geresh | align=center style="font-size:200%;" | pronounced as /link/ | ž | pronounced as /[koˈlaʒ]/ | |||||
| align=center | Tsadi with a geresh | align=center style="font-size:200%;" | pronounced as /link/ | č | čupár (treat) | pronounced as /[t͡ʃuˈpar]/ | ||||
| align=center | Vav with a geresh or double Vav | or (non standard) | pronounced as /link/ | w | awánta (boastful act) | pronounced as /[aˈwanta]/ | ||||
The pronunciation of the following letters can also be modified with the geresh diacritic. The represented sounds are however foreign to Hebrew phonology, i.e., these symbols mainly represent sounds in foreign words or names when transliterated with the Hebrew alphabet, and not loanwords.
| Transliteration of non-native sounds | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Symbol | IPA | Arabic letter | Example | Comment | |||||
| align=center | Dalet with a geresh | align=center style="font-size:200%;" | pronounced as /link/ | align=center | (Arabic: ذ) Voiced th | (Arabic: ذو الحجة) | ||||
| align=center | Tav with a geresh | align=center style="font-size:200%;" | pronounced as /link/ | (Arabic: ﺙ) Voiceless th | Thurston | |||||
| align=center | Chet with a geresh | align=center style="font-size:200%;" | pronounced as /link/ | align=center | Sheikh (Arabic: شيخ) | Hebrew: שייח׳ | Unlike the other sounds in this table, the sound pronounced as /link/ represented by is indeed a native sound in Hebrew; the geresh is however used only when transliteration must distinguish between pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/, in which case transliterates the former and ח the latter, whereas in everyday usage ח without geresh is pronounced pronounced as /link/ only dialectically but pronounced as /link/ commonly. | |||
| align=center | Ayin with a geresh or Resh with a geresh | align=center " | or | pronounced as /link/ | align=center | (Arabic: غ) | (Arabic: غجر); (Arabic: غالب) | The guidelines specified by the Academy of the Hebrew Language prefer Resh with a geresh ; however, this guideline is not universally followed | ||
Geresh is also used to denote an abbreviation consisting of a single Hebrew letter, while gershayim (a doubled geresh) are used to denote acronyms pronounced as a string of letters; geresh and gershayim are also used to denote Hebrew numerals consisting of a single Hebrew letter or of multiple Hebrew letters, respectively. Geresh is also the name of a cantillation mark used for Torah recitation, though its visual appearance and function are different in that context.
In much of Israel's general population, especially where Ashkenazic pronunciation is prevalent, many letters have the same pronunciation. They are as follows:
| Letters | Transliteration | Pronunciation (IPA) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alef* | Ayin* | not transliterated | align=center | Usually when in medial word position: pronounced as /link/ (separation of vowels in a hiatus) | |||||
| align=center | When in initial or final word position, sometimes also in medial word position: silent | ||||||||
| alternatingly | |||||||||
| align=center | ʼ | align=center | pronounced as /link/ (glottal plosive) | ||||||
| align=center | Bet (without dagesh) Vet | Vav | align=center | v | align=center | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| align=center | Chet* | Kaf (without dagesh) Khaf* | align=center | kh/ch/h | align=center | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| align=center | Tet | Tav | align=center | t | align=center | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| align=center | Kaf (with dagesh) | Qof | align=center | k | align=center | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| align=center | Samekh | Sin (with left dot) | align=center | s | align=center | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| align=center | Tsadi* | align=center | Tav-Samekh* | align=center | and | Tav-Sin* | ts/tz | pronounced as /link/ | |
| align=center | Tsadi (with geresh) | align=center | Tet-Shin* | align=center | and | Tav-Shin* | ch/tsh (chair) | pronounced as /link/ | |
Some of the variations in sound mentioned above are due to a systematic feature of Ancient Hebrew. The six consonants pronounced as //b ɡ d k p t// were pronounced differently depending on their position. These letters were also called BeGeD KeFeT letters . The full details are very complex; this summary omits some points. They were pronounced as plosives pronounced as /[b ɡ d k p t]/ at the beginning of a syllable, or when doubled. They were pronounced as fricatives pronounced as /[v ɣ ð x f θ]/ when preceded by a vowel (commonly indicated with a macron, ḇ ḡ ḏ ḵ p̄ ṯ). The plosive and double pronunciations were indicated by the dagesh. In Modern Hebrew the sounds ḏ and ḡ have reverted to pronounced as /[d]/ and pronounced as /[ɡ]/, respectively, and ṯ has become pronounced as /[t]/, so only the remaining three consonants pronounced as //b k p// show variation. resh may have also been a "doubled" letter, making the list BeGeD KePoReT. (Sefer Yetzirah, 4:1)
The following table contains the pronunciation of the Hebrew letters in reconstructed historical forms and dialects using the International Phonetic Alphabet. The apostrophe-looking symbol after some letters is not a yud but a geresh. It is used for loanwords with non-native Hebrew sounds. The dot in the middle of some of the letters, called a "dagesh kal", also modifies the sounds of the letters
, and in modern Hebrew (in some forms of Hebrew it modifies also the sounds of the letters , and/or ; the "dagesh chazak" – orthographically indistinguishable from the "dagesh kal" – designates gemination, which today is realized only rarely – e.g. in biblical recitations or when using Arabic loanwords).| Symbol | Pronunciation | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Israeli | Ashkenazi | Sephardi | Yemenite | Reconstructed | Arabic equivalent | ||||
| Biblical | |||||||||
| pronounced as /[ʔ, -]/ | [– ] | pronounced as /[ʔ, -]/ | pronounced as /[ʔ, -]/ | pronounced as /[ʔ, -]/ | pronounced as /[ʔ, -]/ | pronounced as /link/ | / | ||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[v~v̥]/ | pronounced as /[b~β~v]/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[ɡ~ɡ̊]/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /[ɡ~ɣ]/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[d~d̥]/ | pronounced as /[d̪]/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /[d̪~ð]/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| pronounced as /[h~ʔ, -]/ | pronounced as /[h, -]/ | pronounced as /[h, -]/ | pronounced as /[h, -]/ | pronounced as /[h, -]/ | pronounced as /[h, -]/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[v~v̥]/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[uː]/ | pronounced as /[uː]/ | pronounced as /[əw]/ | ? | ? | ? | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[əʊ, ɐʊ]/ | pronounced as /[oː]/ | pronounced as /[œː]/ | ? | ? | ? | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[z~z̥]/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /[x~χ]/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[ħ, χ]/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[t̪]/ | pronounced as /[t̴̪]/ (1) | pronounced as /[t̴̪]/ | pronounced as /[t̪ˤ]/ (2) | pronounced as /[t̪ʼ]/ (3) | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| ִ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ? | ? | ? | ||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /[x~χ]/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[l~ɫ]/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | / | ||
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]], - ] | [– ] | pronounced as /[ʕ, ŋ,]/ - ] | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[ʕ]/ | pronounced as /[ʕ, ʁ]/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[s̴]/ (1) | pronounced as /[s̴]/ | pronounced as /[sˤ]/ (2) | pronounced as /[sˤ]/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /[ɣ~ʁ]/ | pronounced as /link/~pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/~pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/~pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
See main article: Mater lectionis.
alef, ayin, waw/vav and yod are letters that can sometimes indicate a vowel instead of a consonant (which would be, respectively, pronounced as //ʔ/, /ʕ/, /v/ and /j//). When they do, and are considered to constitute part of the vowel designation in combination with a niqqud symbol – a vowel diacritic (whether or not the diacritic is marked), whereas and are considered to be mute, their role being purely indicative of the non-marked vowel.
| Letter | Name of letter | Consonant indicated when letter consonantal | Vowel designation! | Name of vowel designation | Indicated Vowel |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| alef | pronounced as //ʔ// | — | — | ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô | |
| ayin | pronounced as //ʔ// or pronounced as //ʕ// | — | — | ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô | |
| waw/vav | pronounced as //w// or pronounced as //v// | ḥolám malé | ô | ||
| shurúq | û | ||||
| yud | pronounced as //j// | ḥiríq malé | î | ||
| tseré malé | ê, ệ |
Niqqud is the system of dots that help determine vowels and consonants. In Hebrew, all forms of niqqud are often omitted in writing, except for children's books, prayer books, poetry, foreign words, and words which would be ambiguous to pronounce. Israeli Hebrew has five vowel phonemes, pronounced as //i e a o u//, but many more written symbols for them:
| Name | Symbol | Written Position | Israeli Hebrew | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Transliteration | English example | |||
| Hiriq | vowel written below consonant | pronounced as /link/ | i | meet | |
| Tsere | vowel written below consonant | pronounced as /link/, (pronounced as /[e̞j]/ with succeeding yod) | eh (precise pronunciation); ei (imprecise due to modern pronunciation, even if with succeeding yod – see Note 2) | bed, penguin | |
| Segol | vowel written below consonant | pronounced as /link/ | e | men | |
| Patach | vowel written below consonant | pronounced as /link/ | a | father | |
| Kamatz | vowel written below consonant | pronounced as /link/, (or pronounced as /link/) | ah, (or oh) | father, loɡin | |
| Holam Haser | vowel written above consonant | pronounced as /link/ | o | home | |
| Holam Male | isolated vowel written on its own | ||||
| Shuruk | isolated vowel written on its own | pronounced as /link/ | u | food | |
| Kubutz | vowel written below consonant | ||||
See main article: Meteg.
By adding a vertical line (called Meteg) underneath the letter and to the left of the vowel point, the vowel is made long. The meteg is only used in Biblical Hebrew, not Modern Hebrew.
See main article: Sh'va.
By adding two vertical dots (called Sh'va) underneath the letter, the vowel is made very short. When sh'va is placed on the first letter of the word, mostly it is "è" (but in some instances, it makes the first letter silent without a vowel (vowel-less): e.g. וְ wè to "w")
| Name | Symbol | Israeli Hebrew | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Transliteration | English example | |||
| Shva | pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | apostrophe, e, or silent | met or silent | ||
| Reduced Segol | pronounced as /link/ | e | met | ||
| Reduced Patach | pronounced as /link/ | a | cat | ||
| Reduced Kamatz | pronounced as /link/ | o | on | ||
| Vowel length (phonetically not manifested in Israeli Hebrew) | IPA | Transliteration | English example | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long | Short | Very Short | ||||
| pronounced as /link/ | a | fall | ||||
| pronounced as /link/ | e | men | ||||
| pronounced as /link/ | o | joke | ||||
| pronounced as /link/ | u | duty | ||||
| pronounced as /link/ | i | media | ||||
| Note I: | By adding two vertical dots (sh'va) the vowel is made very short. | |||||
| Note II: | The short o and long a have the same niqqud. | |||||
| Note III: | The short o is usually promoted to a long o in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation | |||||
| Note IV: | The short u is usually promoted to a long u in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation | |||||
See main article: Gershayim. The symbol is called a gershayim and is a punctuation mark used in the Hebrew language to denote acronyms. It is written before the last letter in the acronym, e.g. . Gershayim is also the name of a cantillation mark in the reading of the Torah, printed above the accented letter, e.g. .
The following table displays typographic and chirographic variants of each letter. For the five letters that have a different final form used at the end of words, the final forms are displayed beneath the regular form.
The block (square, or "print" type) and cursive ("handwritten" type) are the only variants in widespread contemporary use. Rashi is also used, for historical reasons, in a handful of standard texts.
| Symbol | Explanation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| align=center style="font-size:180%;" | These are intended for Yiddish. They are not used in Hebrew, aside from in loan words. They are possible to visually recreate using a sequence of letters,, except when a diacritic is inserted underneath that would not appear in the middle. | ||
| align=center style="font-size:180%;" | The rafe (Hebrew: rtl=yes|רפה) diacritic is no longer regularly used in Hebrew. In Masoretic Texts and some other older texts, lenited consonants and sometimes matres lectionis are indicated by a small line on top of the letter. Its use has been largely discontinued in modern printed texts. It is still used to mark fricative consonants in the YIVO orthography of Yiddish. |
See main article: Hebrew numerals.
Following the adoption of Greek Hellenistic alphabetic numeration practice, Hebrew letters started being used to denote numbers in the late 2nd century BC,[24] and performed this arithmetic function for about a thousand years. Nowadays alphanumeric notation is used only in specific contexts, e.g. denoting dates in the Hebrew calendar, denoting grades of school in Israel, other listings (e.g. Hebrew: rtl=yes|שלב א׳, Hebrew: rtl=yes|שלב ב׳ – "phase a, phase b"), commonly in Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism) in a practice known as gematria, and often in religious contexts.
| letter | numeric value | letter | numeric value | letter | numeric value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | 100 | |||
| 2 | 20 | 200 | |||
| 3 | 30 | 300 | |||
| 4 | 40 | 400 | |||
| 5 | 50 | ||||
| 6 | 60 | ||||
| 7 | 70 | ||||
| 8 | 80 | ||||
| 9 | 90 |
The numbers 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 are commonly represented by the juxtapositions,,,, and respectively.Adding a geresh ("") to a letter multiplies its value by one thousand, for example, the year 5778 is portrayed as, where represents 5000, and represents 778.
See main article: Romanization of Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew orthography, Yiddish and Yiddish orthography.
The following table lists transliterations and transcriptions of Hebrew letters used in Modern Hebrew.
Clarifications:
Note: SBL's transliteration system, recommended in its Handbook of Style,[25] differs slightly from the 2006 precise transliteration system of the Academy of the Hebrew Language; for "" SBL uses "ṣ" (≠ AHL "ẓ"), and for Hebrew: rtl=yes|[[Begadkefat|בג״ד כפ״ת]] with no dagesh, SBL uses the same symbols as for with dagesh (i.e. "b", "g", "d", "k", "f", "t").
| Click "show" to view extended table including examples. | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hebrew letter | example | Translation | Standard Israeli transliteration – regular[26] | example | standard Israeli transliteration – precise | example | IPA phonemic transcription | example | IPA phonetic transcription | example | ||||
consonantal, in | Hebrew: rtl=yes|אִם | if | none | im | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[ʔim]/ | ||||||||
consonantal, in | Hebrew: rtl=yes|שָׁאַל | asked | ' | sha'ál | ʾ | shaʾál | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //ʃaˈʔal// | ||||||
silent | Hebrew: rtl=yes|רִאשׁוֹן | first | none | rishón | ||||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|בֵּן | son | b | ben | |||||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|טוֹב | good | v | tov | |||||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|גַּג | roof | g | gag | g | gaḡ | |||||||||
| ḡ | ||||||||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|ג׳וּק | roach | ǧ[27] | ǧuk | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //d͡ʒuk// | |||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|דּוּד | boiler | d | dud | d | duḏ | |||||||||
| ḏ | ||||||||||||||
consonantal | Hebrew: rtl=yes|הֵד | echo | h | hed | ||||||||||
silent | Hebrew: rtl=yes|פֹּה | here | none | po | ||||||||||
consonantal | Hebrew: rtl=yes|וָו | hook | v | vav | w | waw | ||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|הוּא | he | u | hu | |||||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|לוֹ | to him | o | lo | pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[lo̞, lɔ̝]/ | |||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|זֶה | this | z | ze | |||||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|זָ׳רְגוֹן | jargon | ž | žargón | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //ʒarˈɡon// | |||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|חַם | hot | ẖ | ẖam | ḥ | ḥam | pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //xam// | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[χam]/ | |||||
| valign=bottom | dialectical pronounced as /link/ | valign=bottom | pronounced as /[ħam]/ | |||||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|קָט | tiny | t | kat | ṭ | kaṭ | |||||||||
consonantal | Hebrew: rtl=yes|יָם | sea | y | yam | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //jam// | ||||||||
part of hirik male | Hebrew: rtl=yes|בִּי | in me | i | bi | ||||||||||
part of tsere male | Hebrew: rtl=yes|מֵידָע | information | e | medá | é | médá | pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as //ej// | pronounced as //meˈda// or pronounced as //mejˈda// | pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as //e̞j// | pronounced as /[me̞ˈda]/ or pronounced as /[me̞jˈda]/ | ||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|כֹּה | so | k | ko | |||||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|סְכָךְ | branch-roofing | kh | skhakh | ḵ | sḵaḵ | pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //sxax// | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[sχaχ]/ | |||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|לִי | to me | l | li | |||||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|מוּם | defect | m | mum | |||||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|נִין | great-grandson | n | nin | |||||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|סוֹף | end | s | sof | |||||||||||
in initial or final | Hebrew: rtl=yes|עַדְלֹאיָדַע | Purim-parade | none | adloyáda | ʿ | ʿadloyádaʿ | only in initial word position pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[ˌʔadlo̞ˈjada]/ | ||||||
| dialectical pronounced as /link/ | valign=bottom | pronounced as //ˌʕadloˈjadaʕ// | ||||||||||||
in medial | Hebrew: rtl=yes|מוֹעִיל | useful | ' | mo'íl | ʿ | moʿíl | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //moˈʔil// | ||||||
| dialectical pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //moˈʕil// | |||||||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|טִיפּ | tip | p | tip | |||||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|פִסְפֵס | missed | f | fisfés | |||||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|צִיץ | bud | ts | tsits | ẓ | ẓiẓ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //t͡sit͡s// | |||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|ריצ׳רץ׳ | zip | č | ríčrač | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //ˈrit͡ʃrat͡ʃ// | |||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|קוֹל | sound | k | kol | q | qol | |||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|עִיר | city | r | ir | pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /[iʀ]/ or pronounced as /[iʁ]/ | |||||||||
| dialectical pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | valign=bottom | pronounced as /[ir]/ or pronounced as /[iɾ]/ | ||||||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|שָׁם | there | sh | sham | š | šam | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //ʃam// | |||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|שָׂם | put | s | sam | ś | śam | |||||||||
| Hebrew: rtl=yes|תּוּת | strawberry | t | tut | t | tuṯ | |||||||||
| valign=bottom | valign=bottom | ṯ |
| Hebrew letter | Standard Israeli transliteration – regular | standard Israeli transliteration – precise | IPA phonemic transcription | IPA phonetic transcription | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
consonantal, in | none | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
consonantal, in | ' | ʾ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
silent | none | |||||||
| b | ||||||||
| v | ||||||||
| g | g | |||||||
| ḡ | ||||||||
| ǧ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| d | d | |||||||
| ḏ | ||||||||
consonantal | h | |||||||
silent | none | |||||||
consonantal | v | w | ||||||
| u | ||||||||
| o | pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| z | ||||||||
| ž | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| ẖ | ḥ | pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| valign=bottom | dialectical pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| t | ṭ | |||||||
consonantal | y | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
part of hirik male | i | |||||||
part of tsere male | e | é | pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as //ej// | pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /[e̞j]// | ||||
| k | ||||||||
| kh | ḵ | pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| l | ||||||||
| m | ||||||||
| n | ||||||||
| s | ||||||||
in initial or final | none | ʿ | only in initial word position pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| dialectical pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
in medial | ' | ʿ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| dialectical pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
| p | ||||||||
| f | ||||||||
| ts | ẓ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| č | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| k | q | |||||||
| r | pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| dialectical pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
| sh | š | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| s | ś | |||||||
| t | t | |||||||
| valign=bottom | valign=bottom | ṯ |
B123The diacritic geresh – "" – is used with some other letters as well, but only to transliterate from other languages to Hebrew – never to spell Hebrew words; therefore they were not included in this table (correctly translating a Hebrew text with these letters would require using the spelling in the language from which the transliteration to Hebrew was originally made). The non-standard "" and "" are sometimes used to represent pronounced as /link/, which like pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/ appears in Hebrew slang and loanwords.
C12The Sound pronounced as /link/ (as "ch" in loch) is often transcribed "ch", inconsistently with the guidelines specified by the Academy of the Hebrew Language: Hebrew: rtl=yes|חם pronounced as //χam// → "cham"; Hebrew: rtl=yes|סכך pronounced as //sχaχ// → "schach".
DAlthough the Bible does include a single occurrence of a final pe with a dagesh (Book of Proverbs 30, 6: "Hebrew: rtl=yes|אַל-תּוֹסְףְּ עַל-דְּבָרָיו: פֶּן-יוֹכִיחַ בְּךָ וְנִכְזָבְתָּ."), in modern Hebrew pronounced as /link/ is always represented by pe in its regular, not final, form "", even when in final word position, which occurs with loanwords (e.g. Hebrew: rtl=yes|שׁוֹפּ pronounced as //ʃop// "shop"), foreign names (e.g. Hebrew: rtl=yes|פִילִיפּ pronounced as //ˈfilip// "Philip") and some slang (e.g. Hebrew: rtl=yes|חָרַפּ pronounced as //χaˈrap// "slept deeply").
The letters of the Hebrew alphabet have played varied roles in Jewish religious literature over the centuries, primarily in mystical texts. Some sources in classical rabbinical literature seem to acknowledge the historical provenance of the currently used Hebrew alphabet and deal with them as a mundane subject (the Jerusalem Talmud, for example, records that "the Israelites took for themselves square calligraphy", and that the letters "came with the Israelites from Ashur [Assyria]");[28] others attribute mystical significance to the letters, connecting them with the process of creation or the redemption. In mystical conceptions, the alphabet is considered eternal, pre-existent to the Earth, and the letters themselves are seen as having holiness and power, sometimes to such an extent that several stories from the Talmud illustrate the idea that they cannot be destroyed.[29]
The idea of the letters' creative power finds its greatest vehicle in the Sefer Yezirah, or Book of Creation, a mystical text of uncertain origin which describes a story of creation highly divergent from that in the Book of Genesis, largely through exposition on the powers of the letters of the alphabet. The supposed creative powers of the letters are also referenced in the Talmud and Zohar.[30] [31]
Another book, the 13th-century Kabbalistic text Sefer HaTemunah, holds that a single letter of unknown pronunciation, held by some to be the four-pronged shin on one side of the teffilin box, is missing from the current alphabet. The world's flaws, the book teaches, are related to the absence of this letter, the eventual revelation of which will repair the universe.[32] Another example of messianic significance attached to the letters is the teaching of Rabbi Eliezer that the five letters of the alphabet with final forms hold the "secret of redemption".[32]
In addition, the letters occasionally feature in aggadic portions of non-mystical rabbinic literature. In such aggada the letters are often given anthropomorphic qualities and depicted as speaking to God. Commonly their shapes are used in parables to illustrate points of ethics or theology. An example from the Babylonian Talmud (a parable intended to discourage speculation about the universe before creation):
Extensive instructions about the proper methods of forming the letters are found in Mishnat Soferim, within Mishna Berura of Yisrael Meir Kagan.
In set theory,
\aleph0
Z
\aleph\alpha
Less frequently used, the
\beth\alpha
\aleph0
\beth1
See main article: Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet and Hebrew keyboard. The Unicode Hebrew block extends from U+0590 to U+05FF and from U+FB1D to U+FB4F. It includes letters, ligatures, combining diacritical marks (Niqqud and cantillation marks) and punctuation. The Numeric Character References is included for HTML. These can be used in many markup languages, and they are often used in Wiki to create the Hebrew glyphs compatible with the majority of web browsers.
Standard Hebrew keyboards have a 101-key layout. Like the standard QWERTY layout, the Hebrew layout was derived from the order of letters on Hebrew typewriters.
a"Alef-bet" is commonly written in Israeli Hebrew without the (Hebrew: rtl=yes|מקף, "[Hebrew] hyphen"), Hebrew: rtl=yes|אלפבית עברי, as opposed to with the hyphen, Hebrew: rtl=yes|אלף־בית עברי.
bThe Arabic letters generally (as six of the primary letters can have only two variants) have four forms, according to their place in the word. The same goes with the Mandaic ones, except for three of the 22 letters, which have only one form.
cIn forms of Hebrew older than Modern Hebrew,, and can only be read b, k and p, respectively, at the beginning of a word, while they will have the sole value of v, kh and f in a sofit (final) position, with few exceptions.[21] In medial positions, both pronunciations are possible. In Modern Hebrew this restriction is not absolute, e.g. Hebrew: rtl=yes|פִיזִיקַאי pronounced as //fiziˈkaj// and never pronounced as //piziˈkaj// (= "physicist"), Hebrew: rtl=yes|סְנוֹבּ pronounced as //snob// and never pronounced as //snov// (= "snob"). A dagesh may be inserted to unambiguously denote the plosive variant: = pronounced as //b//, = pronounced as //k//, =pronounced as //p//; similarly (though today very rare in Hebrew and common only in Yiddish) a rafé placed above the letter unambiguously denotes the fricative variant: = pronounced as //v//, = pronounced as //χ// and = pronounced as //f//. In Modern Hebrew orthography, the sound pronounced as /link/ at the end of a word is denoted by the regular form "", as opposed to the final form "", which always denotes pronounced as /link/ (see table of transliterations and transcriptions, comment).
dHowever, (two separate vavs), used in Ktiv male, is to be distinguished from the Yiddish ligature (also two vavs but together as one character).
e1e2e3e4e5The Academy of the Hebrew Language states that both pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/ be indistinguishably represented in Hebrew using the letter vav.[26] Sometimes the vav is indeed doubled, however not to denote pronounced as /[w]/ as opposed to pronounced as /[v]/ but rather, when spelling without niqqud, to denote the phoneme /v/ at a non-initial and non-final position in the word, whereas a single vav at a non-initial and non-final position in the word in spelling without niqqud denotes one of the phonemes /u/ or /o/. To pronounce foreign words and loanwords containing the sound pronounced as /link/, Hebrew readers must therefore rely on former knowledge and context.
Explanatory footnotes