CD24 explained

Signal transducer CD24 also known as cluster of differentiation 24 or heat stable antigen CD24 (HSA) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD24 gene.^[1] CD24 is a cell adhesion molecule.

Function

CD24 is a sialoglycoprotein expressed at the surface of most B lymphocytes and differentiating neuroblasts. It is also expressed on neutrophils^[2] and neutrophil precursors from the myelocyte stage onwards. The encoded protein is anchored via a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) link to the cell surface. The protein also contributes to a wide range of downstream signaling networks and is crucial for neural development.^[3] Cross-linking of CD24 on the surface of neutrophils induces apoptosis,^[4] and this appears to be defective in sepsis. CD24 gene is found on chromosome 6 (6q21) An alignment of this gene's sequence finds genomic locations with similarity on chromosomes 1p36, 3p26, 15q21.3, 20q11.2 and Yq11.222. Whether transcription, and corresponding translation, occurs at each of these other genomic locations needs to be experimentally determined.

Researchers have identified CD24 as a novel cell surface marker that flags anastasis in melanoma cells, a process where cells that have initiated apoptosis can recover and survive1^[5] . This discovery highlights CD24’s role in marking apoptotic subpopulations that exhibit metabolic activity and proliferative capacities, contributing to melanoma’s resilience and potential metastasis.

References

Further reading

• Li D, Zheng L, Jin L, Zhou Y, Li H, Fu J, Shi M, Du P, Wang L, Wu H, Chen GY, Zheng P, Liu Y, Wang FS, Wang S . CD24 polymorphisms affect risk and progression of chronic hepatitis B virus infection . Hepatology . 50 . 3 . 735–42 . September 2009 . 19610054 . 10.1002/hep.23047 . 34010521 . free .
• Piotrowski P, Lianeri M, Wudarski M, Łacki JK, Jagodziński PP . CD24 Ala57Val gene polymorphism and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus . Tissue Antigens . 75 . 6 . 696–700 . June 2010 . 20230526 . 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2010.01447.x .
• Honeth G, Bendahl PO, Ringnér M, Saal LH, Gruvberger-Saal SK, Lövgren K, Grabau D, Fernö M, Borg A, Hegardt C . The CD44+/CD24- phenotype is enriched in basal-like breast tumors . Breast Cancer Research . 10 . 3 . R53 . 2008 . 18559090 . 2481503 . 10.1186/bcr2108 . free .
• Nagy B, Szendroi A, Romics I . Overexpression of CD24, c-myc and phospholipase 2A in prostate cancer tissue samples obtained by needle biopsy . Pathology & Oncology Research . 15 . 2 . 279–83 . June 2009 . 18752058 . 10.1007/s12253-008-9077-1 . 22572165 .
• Kim KH, Choi JS, Kim JM, Choi YL, Shin YK, Lee HC, Seong IO, Kim BK, Chae SW, Kim SH . Enhanced CD24 expression in endometrial carcinoma and its expression pattern in normal and hyperplastic endometrium . Histology and Histopathology . 24 . 3 . 309–16 . March 2009 . 19130400 . 10.14670/HH-24.309 .
• Buess M, Rajski M, Vogel-Durrer BM, Herrmann R, Rochlitz C . Tumor-endothelial interaction links the CD44(+)/CD24(-) phenotype with poor prognosis in early-stage breast cancer . Neoplasia . 11 . 10 . 987–1002 . October 2009 . 19794958 . 2745665 . 10.1593/neo.09670 .
• Pruszak J, Ludwig W, Blak A, Alavian K, Isacson O . CD15, CD24, and CD29 define a surface biomarker code for neural lineage differentiation of stem cells . Stem Cells . 27 . 12 . 2928–40 . December 2009 . 19725119 . 3322476 . 10.1002/stem.211 .
• Liu Y, Chen GY, Zheng P . CD24-Siglec G/10 discriminates danger- from pathogen-associated molecular patterns . Trends in Immunology . 30 . 12 . 557–61 . December 2009 . 19786366 . 2788100 . 10.1016/j.it.2009.09.006 .
• Vesuna F, Lisok A, Kimble B, Raman V . Twist modulates breast cancer stem cells by transcriptional regulation of CD24 expression . Neoplasia . 11 . 12 . 1318–28 . December 2009 . 20019840 . 2794513 . 10.1593/neo.91084 .
• Sagiv E, Arber N . The novel oncogene CD24 and its arising role in the carcinogenesis of the GI tract: from research to therapy . . 2 . 1 . 125–33 . February 2008 . 19072375 . 10.1586/17474124.2.1.125 . 22336532 .
• Bauerschmitz GJ, Ranki T, Kangasniemi L, Ribacka C, Eriksson M, Porten M, Herrmann I, Ristimäki A, Virkkunen P, Tarkkanen M, Hakkarainen T, Kanerva A, Rein D, Pesonen S, Hemminki A . Tissue-specific promoters active in CD44+CD24-/low breast cancer cells . Cancer Research . 68 . 14 . 5533–9 . July 2008 . 18632604 . 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-5288 .
• Carl JW, Liu JQ, Joshi PS, El-Omrani HY, Yin L, Zheng X, Whitacre CC, Liu Y, Bai XF . Autoreactive T cells escape clonal deletion in the thymus by a CD24-dependent pathway . Journal of Immunology . 181 . 1 . 320–8 . July 2008 . 18566397 . 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.320 . 10530971 . free .
• Baumhoer D, Riener MO, Zlobec I, Tornillo L, Vogetseder A, Kristiansen G, Dietmaier W, Hartmann A, Wuensch PH, Sessa F, Ruemmele P, Terracciano LM . Expression of CD24, P-cadherin and S100A4 in tumors of the ampulla of Vater . Modern Pathology . 22 . 2 . 306–13 . February 2009 . 19043399 . 10.1038/modpathol.2008.192 . 36610531 . free .
• Wang W, Wang X, Peng L, Deng Q, Liang Y, Qing H, Jiang B . CD24-dependent MAPK pathway activation is required for colorectal cancer cell proliferation . Cancer Science . 101 . 1 . 112–9 . January 2010 . 19860845 . 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01370.x . 205235492 . 11159715 .
• Sano A, Kato H, Sakurai S, Sakai M, Tanaka N, Inose T, Saito K, Sohda M, Nakajima M, Nakajima T, Kuwano H . CD24 expression is a novel prognostic factor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma . Annals of Surgical Oncology . 16 . 2 . 506–14 . February 2009 . 19050962 . 10.1245/s10434-008-0252-0 . 30259987 .
• Yang XR, Xu Y, Yu B, Zhou J, Li JC, Qiu SJ, Shi YH, Wang XY, Dai Z, Shi GM, Wu B, Wu LM, Yang GH, Zhang BH, Qin WX, Fan J . CD24 is a novel predictor for poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgery . Clinical Cancer Research . 15 . 17 . 5518–27 . September 2009 . 19706825 . 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0151 . 15611706 .
• Lee JH, Kim SH, Lee ES, Kim YS . CD24 overexpression in cancer development and progression: a meta-analysis . Oncology Reports . 22 . 5 . 1149–56 . November 2009 . 19787233 . 10.3892/or_00000548 . free .
• Gekara NO, Weiss S . Lipid rafts clustering and signalling by listeriolysin O . Biochemical Society Transactions . 32 . Pt 5 . 712–4 . November 2004 . 15493995 . 10.1042/BST0320712 .
• Athanassiadou P, Grapsa D, Gonidi M, Athanassiadou AM, Tsipis A, Patsouris E . CD24 expression has a prognostic impact in breast carcinoma . Pathology, Research and Practice . 205 . 8 . 524–33 . 2009 . 19243896 . 10.1016/j.prp.2009.01.008 .
• Ronaghi M, Vallian S, Etemadifar M . CD24 gene polymorphism is associated with the disease progression and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in the Iranian population . Psychiatry Research . 170 . 2–3 . 271–2 . December 2009 . 19896210 . 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.01.002 . 35984512 .
• van de Peppel J, Schaaf G, Matos A, Guo Y, Strini T, Verschoor W, Dudakovic A, van Wijnen A, van Leeuwen J . Cell Surface Glycoprotein CD24 Marks Bone Marrow-Derived Human Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells with Reduced Proliferative and Differentiation Capacity In Vitro . Stem Cells & Development . 325–336 . March 2021 . 30 . 6 . 33593128 . 10.1089/scd.2021.0027. 7984936 .

External links

• • Mouse CD Antigen Chart
• Human CD Antigen Chart
• www.copewithcytokines.de: description of CD24 expression

Notes and References

1. Hough MR, Rosten PM, Sexton TL, Kay R, Humphries RK . Mapping of CD24 and homologous sequences to multiple chromosomal loci . Genomics . 22 . 1 . 154–61 . July 1994 . 7959762 . 10.1006/geno.1994.1356 .
2. Elghetany MT, Patel J . Assessment of CD24 expression on bone marrow neutrophilic granulocytes: CD24 is a marker for the myelocytic stage of development . American Journal of Hematology . 71 . 4 . 348–9 . December 2002 . 12447971 . 10.1002/ajh.10176 . 39674808 . free .
3. Gilliam DT, Menon V, Bretz NP, Pruszak J . The CD24 surface antigen in neural development and disease . Neurobiology of Disease . 99 . 133–144 . March 2017 . 27993646 . 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.12.011 . 3492300 .
4. Parlato M, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Philippart F, Misset B, Adib-Conquy M, Cavaillon JM . CD24-triggered caspase-dependent apoptosis via mitochondrial membrane depolarization and reactive oxygen species production of human neutrophils is impaired in sepsis . Journal of Immunology . 192 . 5 . 2449–59 . March 2014 . 24501201 . 10.4049/jimmunol.1301055 . 45838206 . free .
5. Vasileva . Martina H. . Bennemann . Anette . Zachmann . Karolin . Schön . Michael P. . Frank . Jorge . Ulaganathan . Vijay Kumar . CD24 flags anastasis in melanoma cells . Apoptosis . 13 August 2024 . 10.1007/s10495-024-01990-1. free .