Hearing Voices Movement Explained

The Hearing Voices Movement (HVM) is the name used by organizations and individuals advocating the "hearing voices approach",^[1] an alternative way of understanding the experience of those people who "hear voices". In the medical professional literature, ‘voices’ are most often referred to as auditory verbal hallucinations. The movement uses the term ‘hearing voices’, which it feels is a more accurate and 'user-friendly' term.

The movement was instigated by Marius Romme, Sandra Escher and Patsy Hage^{[2] [3]} in 1987. It challenges the notion that to hear voices is necessarily a characteristic of mental illness.^{[4] [5] [6]} Instead it regards hearing voices as a meaningful and understandable, although unusual, human variation.^{[7] [8]} It therefore rejects the stigma and pathologisation of hearing voices and advocates human rights, social justice and support for people who hear voices that is empowering and recovery focused.^{[9] [10] [11]} The movement thus challenges the medical model of mental illness, specifically the validity of the schizophrenia construct.^[12]

History and tenets

The international Hearing Voices Movement is a prominent mental health service-user/survivor movement that promotes the needs and perspectives of experts by experience in the phenomenon of hearing voices (auditory verbal hallucinations). The main tenet of the Hearing Voices Movement is the notion that hearing voices is a meaningful human experience.^[13]

The Hearing Voices Movement regards itself and is regarded by others as being a post-psychiatric organisation.^{[14] [15] [16]} It positions itself outside of the mental health world in recognition that voices are an aspect of human difference, rather than a mental health problem. One of the main issues of concern for the Hearing Voices Movement is empowerment^[17] and human rights as outlined in its Melbourne Hearing Voices Declaration 2013^[18] and Thessaloniki Declaration 2014.^[19]

The Hearing Voices Movement also seeks holistic health solutions to problematic and overwhelming voices that cause mental distress. Based on their research,^[20] the movement espouses that many people successfully live with their voices. In themselves voices are not seen as the problem. Rather it is the relationship the person has with their voices that is regarded as the main issue.^{[9] [21]} Research indicates that mindfulness-based interventions can be beneficial for people distressed by hearing voices.^{[22] [23] [24]}

The Hearing Voices Movement has developed interventions for mental health practitioners to support people who hear voices and are overwhelmed by the experience.^{[25] [26] [27] [28] [29]}

Position

The position of the hearing voices movement can be summarised as follows:

• Hearing voices is not in itself a sign of mental illness.
• Hearing voices is part of the diversity of being a human, it is a faculty that is common (3-10% of the population will hear a voice or voices in their lifetime) and significant.
• Hearing voices is experienced by many people who do not have symptoms that would lead to diagnosis of mental illness.
• Hearing voices is often related to problems in life history.
• If hearing voices causes distress, the person who hears the voices can learn strategies to cope with the experience.
• Coping is often achieved by confronting the past problems that lie behind the experience.

Theoretical overview

The work of Marius Romme, Sandra Escher and other researchers^{[5] [30] [31] [32] [33]} provides a theoretical framework for the movement. They find that:

1. Not everyone who hears voices becomes a patient. Over a third of 400 voice hearers in the Netherlands they studied had not had any contact with psychiatric services. These people either described themselves as being able to cope with their voices and/or described their voices as life enhancing.^[34]
2. Demographic (epidemiological) research provides evidence that there are people who hear voices in the general population (2%-6%) who are not necessarily troubled by them^{[35] [36] [37] [38]}). Only a small minority fulfill the criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis and, of those, only a few seek psychiatric aid^[39] indicating that hearing voices in itself is not necessarily a symptom of an illness.^[40] Even more (about 8%) have peculiar delusions and do so without being ill.
3. People who cope well with their voices and those who did not, show clear differences in terms of the nature of the relationship they had with their voices.^[41]
4. People who live well with their voice experience use different strategies to manage their voices than those voice hearers who are overwhelmed by them.^[42]
5. 70% of voice hearers reported that their voices had begun after a severe traumatic or intensely emotional event^{[43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48]} such as an accident, divorce or bereavement, sexual or physical abuse, love affairs, or pregnancy.^[49] Romme and colleagues found that the onset of voice hearing amongst a patient group was preceded by either a traumatic event or an event that activated the memory of an earlier trauma.^{[50] [51]}
6. Specifically, there is a high correlation between voice hearing and abuse.^[52] These findings are being substantiated further in on-going studies with voice hearing amongst children.^[53]
7. Some people who hear voices have a deep need to construct a personal understanding for their experiences and to talk to others about it without being designated as mad.^[54]

Romme, colleagues and other researchers find that people who hear voices can be helped using methods such as voice dialoguing^[55] cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)^[56] and self-help methods.^[57]

Romme theorizes a three phase model of recovery:^[58]

• Startling Initial confusion; emotional chaos, fear, helplessness and psychological turmoil.
• Organization The need to find meaning, arrive at some understanding and acceptance. The development of ways of coping and accommodating voices in everyday living. This task may take months or years and is marked by the attempt to enter into active negotiation with the voice(s).
• Stabilisation The establishment of equilibrium, and accommodation, with the voice(s), and the consequent re-empowerment of the person.

Alternative to medical model of disability

The Hearing Voices Movement disavows the medical model of disability and disapproves of the practises of mental health services through much of the Western world, such as treatment solely with medication.^[59] For example, some service users have reported negative experiences of mental health services because they are discouraged from talking about their voices as these are seen solely as symptoms of psychiatric illness.^{[60] [61] [62] [63] [64]} Slade and Bentall conclude that the failure to attend to hallucinatory experiences and/or have the opportunity for dialogue about them is likely to have the effect of helping to maintain them.^[65]

In Voices of Reason, Voices of Insanity, Leudar and Thomas review nearly 3,000 years of voice-hearing history.^[66] They argue that the Western World has moved the experience of hearing voices from a socially valued context to a pathologised and denigrated one. Foucault has argued that this process can generally arise when a minority perspective is at odds with dominant social norms and beliefs.^[67]

Organisation

The Hearing Voices Movement^[68] was established in 1987 by Romme and Escher, both from the Netherlands, with the formation of Stichting Weerklank (Foundation Resonance), a peer led support organisation for people who hear voices. In 1988, the Hearing Voices Network was established in England with the active support of Romme.^[69] Since then, networks have been established in 35 countries.^[70]

INTERVOICE (The International Network for Training, Education and Research into Hearing Voices) is the organisation that provides coordination and support to the Hearing Voices Movement. It is supported by people who hear voices, relatives, friends and mental health professionals including therapists, social workers, nurses, psychiatrists and psychologists.

INTERVOICE was formed in 1997, at a meeting of voice hearers, family members and mental health workers was held in Maastricht, Netherlands to consider how to organise internationally further research and work about the subject of voice hearing. The meeting decided to create a formal organizational structure to provide administrative and coordinating support to the wide variety of initiatives in the different involved countries.

The organisation is structured as a network and was incorporated in 2007 as a non-profit company and charity under UK law. It operates under the name of International Hearing Voices Projects Ltd. The president is Marius Romme and the governing body is made up of people who hear voices and mental health practitioners.^[71]

Activities

Hearing Voices Groups

Hearing Voices Groups are based on an ethos of self-help, mutual respect and empathy. They provide a safe space for people to share their experiences and to support one another. They are peer support groups, involving social support and belonging, not necessarily therapy or treatment. Groups offer an opportunity for people to accept and live with their experiences in a way that helps them regain some power over their lives. There are hundreds of hearing voices groups and networks across the world.^[72] In 2014 there were more than 180 groups in the UK. These include groups for young people, people in prison, women and people from Black and Minority Ethnic communities.^{[73] [74] [75] [76] [77]}

World Hearing Voices Congress

INTERVOICE hosts the annual World Hearing Voices Congress. In 2015 the 7th Congress was held in Madrid, Spain, the 2016 Congress will be held in Paris, France. Previous conferences have been held in Maastricht, Netherlands, (2009); Nottingham, England (2010), Savona, Italy (2011), Cardiff, Wales (2012); Melbourne, Australia (2013); Thessaloniki, Greece (2014); Madrid, Spain (2015).

Annual World Hearing Voices Day

This is held on 14 September and celebrates hearing voices as part of the diversity of human experience, It seeks to increase awareness of the fact that you can hear voices and be healthy. It also challenges the negative attitudes towards people who hear voices and the assumption that hearing voices, in itself, is a sign of mental illness.

Research committee

INTERVOICE has an international research committee, that commissions research, encourages and supports exchanges and visits between member countries, the translation and publication of books and other literature on the subject of hearing voices and other related extraordinary experiences.^[78]

Criticism of the Hearing Voices Movement

The Hearing Voices Movement has been criticised for its stance on medication and schizophrenia and for promoting non-medical and non-evidence-based approaches to severe mental illnesses in articles by Susan Inman from the Huffington Post, such as "People Who Hear Voices Need Science-Based Advice" in 2013,^[79] and "What You're not Hearing About the Hearing Voices Movement" in 2015.^[80]

Specific criticisms of the hearing voices approach include:

• using ideas that don't support science-based ways of understanding illness
• undermines people's trust in medical help that might be crucial to their wellbeing
• encourages people to focus on their voices when they may be having a hard time differentiating between what's real and what's not real
• doesn't recognize the very different needs of people with severe mental illnesses
• by failing to differentiate between the needs of people who actually have psychotic disorders and those who don't, HVM poses serious risks
• poses real danger for the substantial number of people who lack insight into their psychotic disorder
• people struggling with psychotic symptoms shouldn't be advised to emphasize the meaning of auditory hallucinations

Appearances in media

• Hearing Voices, Horizon Documentary, BBC, UK (1995) ^[81]
• Angels and Demons directed by Sonya Pemberton, f2003; produced by ABC Commercial, in Enough Rope, Episode 162^[82]
• The Doctor Who Hears Voices, Channel 4, UK^[83]
• The voices in my head TED2013, Filmed February 2013 ^[84]

A study investigating media reports of the experience of hearing voices found that 84% of the articles in the study contained no suggestion that voice-hearing can be ‘normal’. Half of those that did, put voice-hearing in a religious or spiritual context, for example considering the case of Joan of Arc. Most of the articles (81.8%) connected voice-hearing to mental illness. In some cases, auditory verbal hallucinations were simply equated with insanity.^[85]

Publications

• Book: Blackman, Lisa . Hearing voices: embodiment and experience . Free Association Books . London New York . 2001 . 9781853435331 .
• Book: Coleman . Ron . Smith . Mike . Working with voices: victim to victor . Handsell . Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside . 2005 . 1997 . 9780954810344 .
• Book: Downs . Julie . Starting and supporting voices groups: a guide to setting up and running support groups for people who hear voices, see visions or experience tactile or other sensations . . Manchester, England . 2001 .
• Book: Downs . Julie . Coping with voices and visions: a guide to helping people who experience hearing voices, seeing visions, tactile or other sensations . . Manchester England . 2001 .
• Book: James, Adam . Raising our voices: an account of the hearing voices movement . Handsell Publishing . 2001 . 9781903199138 .
• Book: Jaynes, Julian . Julian Jaynes . The origin of consciousness and the breakdown of the bicameral mind . Houghton Mifflin . Boston . 1976 . 9780395207291 . registration .
• Book: Leudar . Ivan . Thomas . Philip . Voices of reason, voices of insanity: studies of verbal hallucinations . Psychology Press . London New York . 2000 . 9780415147866 .
• Book: Longden, Eleanor . Learning from the voices in my head . TED Books . Cambridge . 2013 .
• Book: McCarthy-Jones, Simon . Hearing voices: the histories, causes, and meanings of auditory verbal hallucinations . Cambridge University Press . Cambridge . 2012 . 9781139017534 .
• Book: Romme, Marius A.J. . Marius Romme . Accepting and making sense of voices: a recovery-focused therapy plan . Romme . Marius A.J. . Escher . Sandra D. . Marius Romme . Sandra Escher . Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach . 153–165 . Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS) . Hove, East Sussex New York, New York . 2011 . 9780415673303 .
• Book: Romme . Marius A.J. . Escher . Sandra D. . Marius Romme . Sandra Escher . Accepting voices . Mind Publications . London . 1992 . 9781874690139 .
• Book: Romme, Marius A.J. . Marius Romme . Understanding voices: coping with auditory hallucinations and confusing realities . Handsell Publications . Runcorn, Cheshire . 1996 . 9789072551092 .

Also published by Rijksuniversiteit Maastricht in the Netherlands.

• Book: Romme . Marius A.J. . Escher . Sandra D. . Marius Romme . Sandra Escher . Making sense of voices: the mental health professional's guide to working with voice-hearers . Mind Publications . London . 2000 . 9781874690863 .
• Book: Romme . Marius A.J. . Escher . Sandra D. . Marius Romme . Sandra Escher . Children hearing voices: what you need to know andwhat you can do . Pccs Books . Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, UK . 2010 . 9781906254353 .
• Book: Romme . Marius A.J. . Escher . Sandra D. . Marius Romme . Sandra Escher . Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach . 129–139 . Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS) . Hove, East Sussex New York, New York . 2011 . 9780415673303 .
• Book: Romme . Marius A.J. . Escher . Sandra D. . Dillon . Jacqui . Corstens . Dirk . Morris . Mervyn . Marius Romme . Sandra Escher . Living with voices: 50 stories of recovery . PCCS Books in association with Birmingham City University . Herefordshire . 2009 . 9781906254223 .
• Book: Stephens . G. Lynn . Graham . George . When self-consciousness breaks: alien voices and inserted thoughts . . Cambridge, Massachusetts . Philosophical Pychopathology Series . 2000 . 9780262194372 .
• Book: Watkins, John . Hearing voices: a common human experience . Michelle Anderson Publishing . Melbourne, Victoria . 2008 . 1998 . 9780855723903 .

See also

• Auditory hallucination
• Critical Psychiatry Network
• Demon
• Diagnosis of schizophrenia
• Hearing Voices Network
• Interpretation of Schizophrenia
• Neurodiversity
• Peer support
• Psychiatric survivors movement
• Recovery approach
• Self-help groups for mental health
• Trauma model of mental disorders

Further reading

Press

• Treatment of Schizophrenia Challenged In Western Australia The NewsMaker (Australia) 9 June 2011, "The Psychiatrist, the psychologist and the ex patient: a frank discussion on schizophrenia" Dr Dirk Corstens from the Netherlands, award-winning psychologist Eleanor Longden, and ex patient and Voices advocate Ron Coleman, discuss their expertise and experience on schizophrenia and voice hearing, as well as share innovative ways on the treatment of schizophrenia and management the experience.
• A first-class recovery: From hopeless case to graduate The Independent (UK) 25 October 2009, Eleanor Longden was a diagnosed schizophrenic and heard menacing voices in her head for 10 years.
• Embracing the dark voices within BBC News Online (UK), 3 September 2009
• I talk back to the voices in my head The Guardian (UK), 4 April 2009
• A dialogue with myself The Independent (UK), 15 April 2008, When Ruth began hearing voices, she turned to a controversial drug-free therapy programme. Now, her story is told in a powerful TV film
• Listening Cure Time/CNN (USA), 21 February 2008
• Can You Live With the Voices in Your Head? New York Times (USA), 25/03/2007
• Voices carry Boston Globe (USA), 25/03/2007
• The mad doctor: The extraordinary story of Dr Rufus May, the former psychiatric patient The Independent (UK), 18 March 2007
• Mad Medicine: A New Group for People Who Hear Voices Celebrates Mental Diversity Portland Mercury June 25, 2009
• Assiz. C (6 January 1991) Heard but not seen, Independent on Sunday

Articles

• Baker . Paul K. . I hear voices and I'm glad to! . Critical Public Health . 1 . 4 . 21–27 . 10.1080/09581599008406791 . October 1990 .
• Baker . Paul K. . Accepting the inner voices . . 91 . 31 . 59–61 . 1995 . 7638080 . 7 November 2015 . 2 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151102025339/http://www.nursingtimes.net/publication-index . dead .
• Book: Baker, Paul K. . Can you hear me, a research and practice summary . Psykiatrisk Opplysningsfond . Stavanger . 1996 . 472812459 .
• Barret . Terry R. . Etheridge . Jane B. . Verbal hallucinations in normals, I: people who hear 'voices' . Applied Cognitive Psychology . 6 . 5 . 379–387 . 10.1002/acp.2350060503 . September–October 1992 .
• Bentall . Richard P. . Richard Bentall . The illusion of reality: a review and integration of psychological research into psychotic hallucinations . Psychological Bulletin . 107 . 1 . 82–95 . 2404293 . January 1990 . 10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.82.
• Bentall . Richard P. . Jackson . Howard F. . Pilgrim . David . Richard Bentall . Abandoning the concept of "schizophrenia": some implications of validity arguments for psychological research into psychotic phenomena . . 27 . 4 . 303–324 . 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1988.tb00795.x . 3063319 . November 1988 .
• Bentall . Richard P. . Claridge . Gordon S. . Slade . Peter D. . Richard Bentall . Gordon Claridge . The multidimensional nature of schizotypal traits: a factor analytic study with normal subjects . . 28 . 4 . 363–375 . 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb00840.x . 2605389 . 1989 .
• Bentall . Richard P. . Haddock . Gillian . Slade . Peter D. . Richard Bentall . Cognitive behaviour therapy for persistent auditory hallucinations: from theory to therapy . Behavioral Psychotherapy . 25 . 1 . 51–56 . 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80145-5 . Winter 1994 . free .
• Bentall . Richard P. . Kaney . Sue . Dewey . Michael E. . Richard Bentall . Paranoia and social reasoning: an attribution theory analysis . . 30 . 1 . 13–23 . 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00915.x . 2021784 . February 1991 .
• Bentall . Richard P. . Slade . Peter D . Richard Bentall . Reliability of a scale for measuring disposition towards hallucinations: a brief report . . 6 . 4 . 527–529 . 10.1016/0191-8869(85)90151-5 . 1985 .
• Bentall . Richard P. . Haddock . Gillian . Slade . Peter D. . Richard Bentall . Cognitive behaviour therapy for persistent auditory hallucinations . Behaviour Therapy . 25 . 1 . 51–66 . 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80145-5 . Winter 1994 . free .
• Chadwick . Paul . Birchwood . Max J. . Challenging the omnipotence of voices: a cognitive approach to auditory hallucinations . . 164 . 2 . 190–201 . 10.1192/bjp.164.2.190 . 8173822 . February 1994 . 10.1.1.413.7816 . 6659161 .
• Book: Coleman . Ron . Smith . Mike . Working with voices: victim to victor . Handsell . Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside . 1997 . 9781903199015 .
• Cullberg . Johan . Johan Cullberg . Recovered versus non-recovered schizophrenic patients among those who have had intensive psychotherapy . . 84 . 3 . 242–245 . 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb03137.x . 1950624 . September 1991 . 37533906 .
• Davies . Peggy . Leudar . Ivan . Thomas . Philip . Dialogical engagement with voices: a single case study . . 72 . 2 . 179–187 . 10.1348/000711299159934 . 10397423 . May 1999 .
• Book: Davies, Hywel . Hearing voices past and present: a users perspective . Harris . Neil . Williams . Steve . Bradshaw . Tim . Psychosocial interventions for people with schizophrenia: a practical guide for health workers . 18–25 . Palgrave Macmillan . 2002 . 9780333777398 .
• Book: Downs . Julie . Starting and supporting voices groups: a guide to setting up and running support groups for people who hear voices, see visions or experience tactile or other sensations . . Manchester, England . 2001 .
• Book: Downs . Julie . Coping with voices and visions: a guide to helping people who experience hearing voices, seeing visions, tactile or other sensations . . Manchester England . 2001 .
• Book: Ensink, Bernardine J. . Confusing realities: a study of child sexual abuse and psychiatric symptoms . . Amsterdam . 1993 . 9789053830857 .

Also Book: Ensink, Bernardine J. . Trauma: a study of child abuse and hallucinations . Romme . Marius A.J. . Escher . Sandra D. . Marius Romme . Sandra Escher . Accepting voices . Mind Publications . London . 1992 . 9781874690139 .

• Eaton . William W. . Romanoski . Alan . Anthony . James C. . Nestadt . Gerald James . James C. Anthony . Screening for psychosis in the general population with a self-report interview . . 179 . 11 . 689–693 . 10.1097/00005053-199111000-00007. 1940893 . 1991 . 10352259 .
• Falloon . Ian R.H. . Talbot . Ralph E. . Persistent auditory hallucinations: coping mechanisms and implications for management . . 11 . 2 . 329–339 . 7267874 . 10.1017/S0033291700052144 . May 1981 . 43810158 .
• News: Freedland . Jonathan . Jonathan Freedland . Hearing is believing . . 22 April 1995 .
• Book: Grierson, Mike . A report on the Manchester hearing voices conference November 1990 . . Manchester, England . 1991 .
• Book: Haddock . Gillian . Bentall . Richard P. . Slade . Peter D. . Richard Bentall . Psychological treatments for auditory hallucinations, focussing or distraction? . Haddock . Gillian . Slade . Peter D. . Cognitive-behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders . 45–71 . Routledge . London . 1996 . 9780415102902 .
• Haddock . Gillian . Bentall . Richard P. . Slade . Peter D. . Richard Bentall . Psychological treatment of chronic auditory hallucinations: two case studies . Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy . 21 . 4 . 335–346 . 10.1017/S1352465800011668 . 1993 . 146155388 .
• Heery . Myrtle W. . Inner voice experiences: an exploratory study of thirty cases . Journal of Transpersonal Psychology . 21 . 1 . 73–82 . 1989 .
• Book: Holmes, Doug . Hearing voices: Hillary, Angels, and O.J. to the voice-producing brain . Shenandoah Psychology Press . Rileyville, Virginia . 1998 . 9780966397376 .
• Book: Leudar . Ivan . Thomas . Philip . The Verbal Hallucinations Pragmatics Schedule: Guidelines for establishing pragmatic aspects of voice-voice hearer talk . Department of Psychology, University of Manchester . Manchester, UK . 1995 .
• Book: Leudar . Ivan . Thomas . Philip . Voices of reason, voices of insanity: studies of verbal hallucinations . Psychology Press . London/New York . 2000 . 9780415147866 .
• Leudar . Ivan . Thomas . Philip . Johnston . Margaret . Self repair for in dialogues of schizophrenics: effects of hallucinations and negative symptoms . Brain and Language . 43 . 3 . 487–511 . 10.1016/0093-934X(92)90114-T . 1446215 . October 1992 . 11607583 .
• Leudar . Ivan . Thomas . Philip . Johnston . Margaret . Self monitoring in speech production: effects of verbal hallucinations and negative symptoms . . 24 . 3 . 749–761 . 10.1017/S0033291700027902 . 7991757 . August 1994 . 8519359 .
• Leudar . Ivan . Thomas . Philip . McNally . D. . Glinsky . A. . What can voices do with words? Pragmatics of verbal hallucinations . . 27 . 4 . 885–898 . 10.1017/S0033291797005138 . 9234466 . July 1997 . 21386734 .
• Lineham . Tim . Hearing is believing . . 245 . 18–19 . 26 March 1993 . 0954-2361 . 224602448 .
• Loekhort . Russell A. . Mary's dog is an ear mother: listening to the voices of psychosis . Psychological Perspectives: A Quarterly Journal of Jungian Thought . 6 . 2 . 144–160 . 10.1080/00332927508409446 . September 1975 .
• Miller . Laura J. . O'Connor . Eileen . DiPasquale . Tony . Patients' attitudes toward hallucinations . . 150 . 4 . 584–588 . 10.1176/ajp.150.4.584 . 8465874 . April 1993 .
• Rector . Neil A. . Seeman . Mary V. . Mary V Seeman. Auditory hallucinations in women and men . . 7 . 3 . 233–236 . 10.1016/0920-9964(92)90017-Y . 1390402 . September 1992 . 23720928 .
• Book: Romme . Marius A.J. . Escher . Sandra D. . Marius Romme . Sandra Escher . Empowering people who hear voices . Haddock . Gillian . Slade . Peter D. . Cognitive-behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders . 137–150 . Routledge . London . 1996 . 9780415102902 .
• Sarbin . Theodore R. . Theodore R. Sarbin . Towards the obsolescence of the schizophrenia hypothesis . . 11 . 3–4 . 259–283 . Summer–Autumn 1990 .
• Web site: Shapiro . Samantha M. . The Radical Movement Redefining Schizophrenia . Foreign Policy . 19 January 2017 . 23 February 2017.
• Book: Siegel, Ronald K. . Ronald K. Siegel . Fire in the brain: clinical tales of hallucination . registration . Dutton Books . New York, New York . 1992 . 9780525934080 .
• Book: Sidgwick . Henry A. . Johnson . Alice . Myers . Frederic W. H. . Podmore . Frank . Sidgwick . Eleanor Mildred . Henry Sidgwick . Frederic W. H. Myers . Frank Podmore . Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick . Report on the Census of Hallucinations . UK . 1894 . 9780674267084.

• Described in: Book: James, William . William James . The Census of Hallucinations (1889-1897) . James . William . William James . Essays in psychical research . 56–78 . Harvard University Press . Cambridge, Massachusetts . 1986 . 9780674267084 .

• See also: Report on the Census of Hallucinations Society for Psychical Research: Chapter XII Death-coincidences . . 5 . 19 . 403–415 . 10.1177/0957154X9400501909 . September 1994 . 220338425.

• and: James . William . William James . Review of Report on the Census of Hallucinations . . 2 . 1 . 69–75 . 10.1037/h0068910 . January 1895 .
• Book: Slade, Peter D. . Models of hallucination: from theory to practice . David . Anthony S. . Cutting . John C. . Anthony David (neuropsychiatrist) . John Cutting (psychiatrist) . The neuropsychology of schizophrenia . 245–254 . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. . Hove, UK Hillsdale, USA . Brain, Behaviour and Cognition Series . 1994 . 9780863773037 .
• Book: Slade . Peter D. . Bentall . Richard P. . Richard Bentall . Sensory deception: towards a scientific analysis of hallucinations . Johns Hopkins University Press . Baltimore . 1988 . 9780801837609 .
• Tarrier . Nicholas . Harwood . Susan . Yusupoff . Lawrence . Beckett . Richard . Baker . Amanda . Coping Strategy Enhancement (CSE): a method of treating residual schizophrenic symptoms . Behavioural Psychotherapy . 18 . 4 . 283–293 . 10.1017/S0141347300010387 . October 1990 . 143803652 .
• Tiihonen . Jari . Hari . Riitta . Naukkarinen . Hannu . Rimón . Ranan . Jousmäki . Veikko . Kajola . Matti . Modified activity of the human auditory cortex during auditory hallucinations . . 149 . 2 . 255–257 . 10.1176/ajp.149.2.255 . 1734750 . February 1992 .
• Book: Yusopoff . Lawrence . Tarrier . Nicholas . Coping strategy enhancement for persistent hallucinations and delusions . Haddock . Gillian . Slade . P.D. . Cognitive, behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders . 86–103 . Routledge . London . 1996 . 9780415102902 .

Voice Hearing Prevalence

• Beavan . Vanessa . Read . John . Cartwright . Claire . John Read (psychologist) . The prevalence of voice-hearers in the general population: a literature review . . 20 . 3 . 281–292 . 21574793 . 10.3109/09638237.2011.562262 . June 2011 . 207498701 .
• Pearson . David . Smalley . Michelle . Ainsworth . Christopher . Cook . Maria . Boyle . Jacqueline . Flury . Sarah . Auditory hallucinations in adolescent and adult students: implications for continuums and adult pathology following child abuse . . 196 . 8 . 634–638 . 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31818132b6 . 18974676 . August 2008 . 30209581 .
• Posey . Thomas B. . Losch . Mary E. . Auditory hallucinations of hearing voices in 375 normal subjects . Imagination, Cognition and Personality . 3 . 2 . 99–113 . 10.2190/74V5-HNXN-JEY5-DG7W . October 1983 . 146310857 .
• Tien . Allen Y. . Distributions of hallucinations in the population . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology . 26 . 6 . 287–292 . 10.1007/BF00789221 . 1792560 . November 1991 . 28848635 .

Voice Hearing and Life Events

• Andrew . Elizabeth Marie . Gray . Nicola S. . Snowden . Robert . The relationship between trauma and beliefs about hearing voices: a study of psychiatric and non-psychiatric voice hearers . . 38 . 10 . 1409–1417 . 10.1017/S003329170700253X . 18177529 . October 2008 . 6181173 .
• Honig . Adriaan . Romme . Marius A.J. . Ensink . Bernadine J. . Escher . Sandra D. . Pennings . Monique H.A. . deVries . Marten W. . Marius Romme . Sandra Escher . Auditory hallucinations: a comparison between patients and nonpatients . . 186 . 10 . 646–651 . 10.1097/00005053-199810000-00009. 9788642 . October 1998 .
• Moskowitz . Andrew . Corstens . Dirk . Auditory hallucinations: psychotic symptom or dissociative experience? . . 6 . 2–3 . 35–63 . 10.1300/J513v06n02_04 . January 2008 . 145290175 .
• Read . John . Perry . Bruce D. . Moskowitz . Andrew . Connolly . Jan . John Read (psychologist) . Bruce D. Perry . The contribution of early traumatic events to schizophrenia in some patients: a traumagenic neurodevelopmental model . Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes . 64 . 4 . 319–345 . 10.1521/psyc.64.4.319.18602 . 11822210 . December 2001 . 85422 .
• Read . John . van Os . Jim . Morrison . Anthony P. . Ross . Colin A. . John Read (psychologist) . Jim van Os . Colin A. Ross . Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications . . 112 . 5 . 330–350 . 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00634.x . November 2005 . 16223421. 5324960 . free .
• Shevlin . Mark . Murphy . Jamie . Read . John . Mallett . John . Adamson . Gary . Houston . James Edward . John Read (psychologist) . Childhood adversity and hallucinations: a community-based study using the National Comorbidity Survey Replication . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology . 46 . 12 . 1203–1210 . 10.1007/s00127-010-0296-x . 20931325 . December 2011 . 22512253 .
• Whitfield . Charles L. . Dube . Shanta R. . Felitti . Vincent J. . Anda . Robert F. . Charles L. Whitfield . Adverse childhood experiences and hallucinations . Child Abuse and Neglect . 29 . 7 . 797–810 . 10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.01.004 . 16051353 . July 2005 .

Working With Voices

• Beavan . Vanessa . Read . John . John Read (psychologist) . Hearing voices and listening to what they say: the importance of voice content in understanding and working with distressing voices . . 198 . 3 . 201–205 . 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181d14612 . 20215997 . March 2010 . 966759 .
• Corstens . Dirk . Longden . Eleanor . May . Rufus . Rufus May . Talking with voices: exploring what is expressed by the voices people hear . . 4 . 2 . 95–104 . 10.1080/17522439.2011.571705 . June 2012 . 145640302 .
• Longden . Eleanor . Corstens . Dirk . Escher . Sandra D. . Romme . Marius A.J. . Sandra Escher . Marius Romme . Voice hearing in biographical context: a model for formulating the relationship between voices and life history . . 4 . 3 . 224–234 . 10.1080/17522439.2011.596566 . October 2012 . 143911912 .
• Romme . Marius A.J. . Morris . Mervyn . Marius Romme . The recovery process with hearing voices: accepting as well as exploring their emotional background through a supported process . Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches. 5 . 3 . 259–269 . 10.1080/17522439.2013.830641 . October 2013 . 144639561 .
• Stainsby . Matt . Sapochnik . Manuela . Bledin . Ken . Mason . Oliver J. . Are attitudes and beliefs about symptoms more important than symptom severity in recovery from psychosis? . . 2 . 1 . 41–49 . 10.1080/17522430903144386 . February 2010 . 143419210 .

Hearing Voices Groups

• Dillon . Jacqui . Hornstein . Gail A. . Gail Hornstein . Hearing voices peer support groups: a powerful alternative for people in distress . Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches. 5 . 3 . 286–295 . 10.1080/17522439.2013.843020 . October 2013 . 143027320 .
• Book: Dillon . Jacqui . Longden . Eleanor . Hearing voices groups: creating safe spaces to share taboo experiences . Romme . Marius A.J. . Escher . Sandra D. . Marius Romme . Sandra Escher . Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach . 129–139 . Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS) . Hove, East Sussex New York, New York . 2011 . 9780415673303 .
• Book: May . Rufus . Longden . Eleanor . Rufus May . Self-help approaches to hearing voices . Larøi . Frank . Aleman . André . Hallucinations: a guide to treatment and management . Oxford University Press . Oxford, UK . 2010 . 9780199548590 .

External links

• hearingvoicesusa.org (PDF)
• childtrauma.org (PDF)
• Web site: Media: Changing media perceptions about the meaning of hearing voices: News archive . Hearing Voices Network Cymru (Wales) . usurped . https://web.archive.org/web/20151102011728/http://hearingvoicescymru.org/hearing-voices-movement-media-watch-campaign . 2015-11-02.

Notes and References

1. Book: McCarthy-Jones, Simon. The struggle for meanings. McCarthy-Jones. Simon. Hearing voices: the histories, causes, and meanings of auditory verbal hallucinations. limited. 346–54. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 2012. 9781139017534.
2. Web site: 2021-03-24 . en . The voice in your head. New Statesman . 2022-07-11.
3. Web site: Patsy Hague: co-founder. intervoiceonline.org. The International Hearing Voices Network. 2014. 27 May 2014. 19 May 2014. https://archive.today/20140519153137/http://www.intervoiceonline.org/about-intervoice/patsy-hague-co-founder. bot: unknown.
4. Posey . Thomas B. . Losch . Mary E. . Auditory hallucinations of hearing voices in 375 normal subjects . Imagination, Cognition and Personality . 3 . 2 . 99–113 . 10.2190/74V5-HNXN-JEY5-DG7W . October 1983 . 146310857 .
5. Honig . Adriaan . Romme . Marius A.J. . Ensink . Bernadine J. . Escher . Sandra D. . Pennings . Monique H.A. . deVries . Marten W. . Marius Romme . Sandra Escher . Auditory hallucinations: a comparison between patients and nonpatients . . 186 . 10 . 646–651 . 10.1097/00005053-199810000-00009. 9788642 . October 1998 .
6. Book: Johnstone, Lucy . Voice hearers are people with problems, not patients with illnesses . Romme . Marius A.J. . Escher . Sandra D. . Marius Romme . Sandra Escher . Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach . 27–36 . Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS) . Hove, East Sussex New York, New York . 2011 . 9780415673303 .
7. Hayward . Mark . May . Rufus . Rufus May . Daring to talk back: Is the experience of hearing voices ordinary or extraordinary? . . 10 . 9 . 12–15 . 10.7748/mhp2007.06.10.9.12.c4308 . 1 June 2007 .
8. Woods . Angela . Romme . Marius A.J. . McCarthy-Jones . Simon . Escher . Sandra D. . Dillon . Jacqui . Marius Romme . Sandra Escher . Editorial: special edition: voices in a positive light . Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches. 5 . 3 . 213–215 . 10.1080/17522439.2013.843021 . October 2013 . 144014190 .
9. Romme . Marius A.J. . Morris . Mervyn . Marius Romme . The recovery process with hearing voices: accepting as well as exploring their emotional background through a supported process . Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches. 5 . 3 . 259–269 . 10.1080/17522439.2013.830641 . October 2013 . 144639561 .
10. Book: Longden . Eleanor . Corstens . Dirk . Dillon . Jacqui . Recovery, discovery and revolution: the work of Intervoice and the hearing voices movement . Coles . Steven . Keenan . Sarah . Diamond . Bob . Madness contested: power and practice . 161–180 . PCCS Books . Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, UK . 9781906254438 . 2013 .
11. Romme . Marius A.J. . Honig . Adriaan . Noorthoorn . Eric O. . Escher . Alexandre Dorothée . Marius Romme . Sandra Escher . Coping with hearing voices: an emancipatory approach . . 161 . 1 . 99–103 . 10.1192/bjp.161.1.99 . 1638338 . July 1992 . 24144548 .
12. Romme . Marius A.J. . Morris . Mervyn . Marius Romme . The harmful concept of Schizophrenia: outline for a more helpful and cause related alternative . Mental Health Nursing: The Journal of the Community Psychiatric Nurses Association . 27 . 2 . 8–12 . 2007 .
13. Corstens . Dick . Hayward . Eleanor . McCarthy-Jones . Simon . Waddingham . Rachel . Thomas . Neil . Emerging perspectives from the Hearing Voices Movement: implications for research and practice . . 40 . s4 . S285–S294 . 10.1093/schbul/sbu007 . 24936088 . 4141309 . July 2014 .
14. Bracken . Patrick . Thomas . Philip . Postpsychiatry: a new direction for mental health . . 322 . 7288 . 724–727 . 10.1136/bmj.322.7288.724 . 11264215 . 1119907 . 24 March 2001 . 10 November 2015 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052016/http://www.chrysm-associates.co.uk/images/PostPsychiatryANewDirectionForMentalHealth.pdf . dead .
15. Book: Bracken . Patrick . Thomas . Philip . Postpsychiatry: mental health in a postmodern world . Oxford University Press . Oxford New York . International Perspectives in Philosophy and Psychiatry Series . 2005 . 9780198526094 .
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18. Web site: The Melbourne Hearing Voices Declaration . The World Hearing Voices Congress 2013 . 22 October 2015 . 8 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151208035751/http://ds1iq4mk21n08.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/VV-Melbourne-Hearing-Voices-Declaration-FINAL.pdf . dead .
19. Web site: 6th World Hearing Voices Congress: Declaration . Hearing Voices Network Cymru (Wales) . October 2014 . usurped . https://web.archive.org/web/20151208000231/http://hearingvoicescymru.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/declaration.pdf . 8 December 2015.
20. Book: Romme . Marius A.J. . Escher . Sandra D. . Dillon . Jacqui . Corstens . Dirk . Morris . Mervyn . Marius Romme . Sandra Escher . Living with voices: 50 stories of recovery . PCCS Books in association with Birmingham City University . Herefordshire . 2009 . 9781906254223 .
21. Book: Romme, Marius A.J. . Marius Romme . Accepting and making sense of voices: a recovery-focused therapy plan . Romme . Marius A.J. . Escher . Sandra D. . Marius Romme . Sandra Escher . Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach . 153–165 . Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS) . Hove, East Sussex New York, New York . 2011 . 9780415673303 .
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26. Beavan . Vanessa . Read . John . John Read (psychologist) . Hearing voices and listening to what they say: the importance of voice content in understanding and working with distressing voices . . 198 . 3 . 201–205 . 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181d14612 . 20215997 . March 2010 . 966759 .
27. Book: Corstens . Dirk . Escher . Sandra D. . Romme . Marius A.J. . Sandra Escher . Marius Romme . Accepting and working with voices : the Maastricht approach . Moskowitz . Andrew . Schäfer . Ingo . Dorahy . Martin J. . Psychosis, trauma and dissociation: emerging perspectives on severe psychopathology . 319–332 . . Chichester, UK Hoboken, New Jersey . 2008 . 9780470699652 .
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31. Escher . Sandra. Romme . Marius A.J. . Buiks . Alex . Delespaul . Philippe . van Os . Jim . Sandra Escher . Marius Romme . Jim van Os . Formation of delusional ideation in adolescents hearing voices: a prospective study . . 114 . 8 . 913–920 . 10.1002/ajmg.10203 . 12457385 . 8 December 2002 .
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33. Escher . Sandra . Morris . Mervyn . Buiks . Alex . Delespaul . Philippe . van Os . Jim . Romme . Marius A.J. . Sandra Escher . Jim van Os . Marius Romme . Determinants of outcome in the pathways through care for children hearing voices . . 13 . 3 . 208–222 . 10.1111/j.1369-6866.2004.00315.x . July 2004 .
34. Book: Escher . Sandra . Romme . Marius A.J. . Sandra Escher . Marius Romme . The Hearing Voices Movement . Blom . Jan Dirk . Sommer . Iris E.C. . Hallucinations: research and practice . limited . 385–393 . . New York, New York . 2012 . 9781461409595 .
35. Tien . Allen Y. . Distributions of hallucinations in the population . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology . 26 . 6 . 287–292 . 10.1007/BF00789221 . 1792560 . November 1991 . 28848635 .
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50. Personal history and Hearing voices (2010) Romme Marius and Escher Sandra, Hallucinations: A quide to treatment and management. Frank Leroi and Andre Aleman (eds) Oxford University press Oxford
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