Hazardia (microsporidian) explained

Hazardia is a genus of microsporidians that parasite insects, with the type host being Culex pipiens.^[1] It is currently classified as incertae sedis within the order Amblyosporida of phylum Rozellomycota.^[2]

Description

Hazardia is characterized by three sporulation sequences that occur primarily in the fat body of larval mosquitoes:^[1]

First sequence: small, oval binucleate spores are generated, and they encyst into sporonts.

Second sequence: diplokaryotic (i.e. with paired nuclei) sporonts divide through binary fission to produce lanceolate, thick-walled binucleate spores with a rugose exospore.

Third sequence: the most common sequence, it involves uninucleate sporonts that form sporogonial plasmodia that divide by multiple fission producing between 2 and 16 uninucleate spores (usually 8) that are pyriform and thin walled.

Ecology

The transmission of Hazardia between mosquitoes is per os, meaning through the mouth.^[1]

Taxonomy

There are two species:

• Hazardia milleri (type species)^[1]
• Hazardia usbekistanica ^[3]

Notes and References

1. Book: Louis M.. Weiss. James J.. Becnel. Microsporidia in Insects. 550. Microsporidia: Pathogens of Opportunity. 1st. Wiley-Blackwell. July 2014. 978-1-118-39523-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=k4kZBAAAQBAJ&dq=hazardia+weiser&pg=PA550. James J.. Becnel. Theodore G.. Andreadis.
2. 6 . Wijayawardene . N.N. . Hyde . K.D. . Dai . D.Q. . Sánchez-García . M. . Goto . B.T. . Saxena . R.K. . Erdoğdu . M. . Selçuk . F. . Rajeshkumar . K.C. . Aptroot . A. . Błaszkowski . J. . Boonyuen . N. . da Silva . G. . de Souza . F.A. . Dong . W. . Ertz . D. . Haelewaters . D. . Jones . E.B. . Karunarathna . S.C. . Kirk . P.M. . Kukwa . M. . Kumla . J. . Leontyev . D.V. . Lumbsch . H.T. . Maharachchikumbura . S.S.N. . Marguno . F. . Martínez-Rodríguez . P. . Mešić . A. . Monteiro . J.S. . Oehl . F. . Pawłowska . J. . Pem . D. . Pfliegler . W.P. . Phillips . A.J.L. . Pošta . A. . He . M.Q. . Li . J.X. . Raza . M. . Sruthi . O.P. . Suetrong . S. . Suwannarach . N. . Tedersoo . L. . Thiyagaraja . V. . Tibpromma . S. . Tkalčec . Z. . Tokarev . Y.S. . Wanasinghe . D.N. . Wijesundara . D.S.A. . Wimalaseana . S.D.M.K. . Madrid . H. . Zhang . G.Q. . Gao . Y. . Sánchez-Castro . I. . Tang . L.Z. . Stadler . M. . Yurkov . A. . Thines . M. . 2022 . Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021 . Mycosphere . 13 . 1 . 53–453 . 10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2 . 249054641 . free . 10481/76378 . free .
3. Web site: Kirk PM. 2019. [//www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019 Microsporidia: Unicellular spore-forming protozoan parasites (version Nov 2015)]. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2019 Annual Checklist. Roskov Y, Ower G, Orrell T, Nicolson D, Bailly N, Kirk PM, Bourgoin T, DeWalt RE, Decock W, van Nieukerken E, Zarucchi J, Penev L. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. 2405-884X.