BAE Systems Hawk explained

The BAE Systems Hawk is a British single-engine, jet-powered advanced trainer aircraft. It was first known as the Hawker Siddeley Hawk, and subsequently produced by its successor companies, British Aerospace and BAE Systems. It has been used in a training capacity and as a low-cost combat aircraft.

Operators of the Hawk include the Royal Air Force (notably the Red Arrows display team) and several foreign military operators. The Hawk was produced until 2020 in the UK,[1] and also produced under licence in India by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), with over 1000 Hawks sold to 18 operators around the world.

Development

Origins

In 1964, the Royal Air Force specified a requirement (Air Staff Target, AST, 362) for a new fast jet trainer to replace the Folland Gnat. The SEPECAT Jaguar was originally intended for this role, but it was soon realised that it would be too complex an aircraft for fast jet training and only a small number of two-seat versions were purchased. Accordingly, in 1968, Hawker Siddeley Aviation (HSA) began studies for a simpler aircraft, initially as special project (SP) 117. The design team was led by Ralph Hooper.[2]

This project was funded by the company as a private venture, in anticipation of possible RAF interest. The design was conceived of as having tandem seating and a combat capability in addition to training, as it was felt the latter would improve export sales potential. By the end of the year HSA had submitted a proposal to the Ministry of Defence based on the design concept, and in early 1970 the RAF issued Air Staff Target (AST) 397 which formalised the requirement for new trainers of this type. The RAF selected the HS.1182 for their requirement on 1 October 1971 and the principal contract, for 175 aircraft, was signed in March 1972.[3] [4]

The prototype aircraft XX154 first flew on 21 August 1974 from Dunsfold piloted by Duncan Simpson, Chief Test Pilot of HSA (Kingston), reaching 20,000 ft in a flight lasting 53 minutes.[5] All development aircraft were built on production jigs; the program remained on time and to budget throughout. The Hawk T1 entered RAF service in late 1976.[6] The first export Hawk 50 flew on 17 May 1976. This variant had been specifically designed for the dual role of lightweight fighter and advanced trainer; it had a greater weapons capacity than the T.1.[6]

More variants of the Hawk followed, and common improvements to the base design typically included increased range, more powerful engines, redesigned wing and undercarriage, the addition of radar and forward-looking infrared, GPS navigation, and night-vision compatibility.[7] Later models were manufactured with a great variety in terms of avionics fittings and system compatibility to suit the individual customer nation; cockpit functionality was often rearranged and programmed to be common to an operator's main fighter fleet to increase the Hawk's training value.[8]

In 1981, a derivative of the Hawk was selected by the United States Navy as their new trainer aircraft. Designated the McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk, the design was adapted to naval service and strengthened to withstand operating directly from the decks of carriers, in addition to typical land-based duties. This T-45 entered service in 1994; initial aircraft had analogue cockpits, while later deliveries featured a digital glass cockpit. All airframes were planned to undergo avionics upgrades to a common standard.[9]

Further development

A major competitor to the Hawk for export sales has been the Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet; aviation expert John W. R. Taylor commented: "What Europe must avoid is the kind of wasteful competition that has the Hawker Siddeley Hawk and Dassault-Breguet/Dornier Alpha Jet battling against each other in the world market."[10] By early 1998, a total of 734 Hawks had been sold, more than 550 of which had been sold to export customers.[11] Military customers often procured the Hawk as a replacement for older aircraft such as the BAC Strikemaster, Hawker Hunter, and Douglas A-4 Skyhawk.[12]

During the 1980s and 1990s, British Aerospace, the successor company to Hawker Siddeley, was trying to gain export sales of the variable-wing Panavia Tornado strike aircraft; however, countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, which had shown initial interest in the Tornado, concluded that the Hawk is a more suitable and preferable aircraft for their requirements.[13] Malaysia and Oman cancelled their arranged Tornado orders in the early 1990s, both choosing to procure the Hawk, instead.[14] Aviation authors Norman Polmar and Dana Bell stated of the Hawk: "Of the many similar designs competing for a share of the world market, the Hawk has been without equal in performance as well as sales".[15]

On 22 December 2004, the Ministry of Defence awarded a contract to BAE Systems to develop an advanced model of the Hawk for the RAF and Royal Navy.[16] The Hawk Mk. 128, otherwise designated as Hawk T2, replaces conventional instrumentation with a glass cockpit, to better resemble modern fighter aircraft such as the new mainstay of the RAF, the Eurofighter Typhoon. In October 2006, a £450 million contract was signed for the production of 28 Hawk 128s.[17] The aircraft's maiden flight occurred on 27 July 2005 from BAE Systems' Warton Aerodrome.[18]

According to BAE Systems, as of July 2012, they had sold nearly 1000 Hawks, with sales continuing.[19] In July 2012, Australian Defence Minister Stephen Smith confirmed that Australia's fleet of Hawk Mk 127s would be upgraded to a similar configuration to the RAF's Hawk T2 as part of a major mid-life upgrade.[20] The Hawk T2 was considered to be a competitor for the United States Air Force's T-X program to acquire a new trainer fleet,[21] but in February 2015, Northrop Grumman determined the Hawk's shortfalls made it ill-suited for the program requirements and dropped it as their offering.[22]

In May 2015, Indian aerospace manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL) revealed that it was examining the prospects of performing its own Hawk upgrades, including armed light attack variants. The Indian Air Force, which were in the process of receiving trainer Hawks built under licence by HAL, were reportedly interested in the upgrade proposals, which would also include avionics and cockpit modifications; HAL has stated that it also aims to export combat Hawks to other countries in partnership with BAE. Missile developer and manufacturer MBDA may provide their ASRAAM and Brimstone missiles to arm the new attack type.[23]

Design

The Hawk is an advanced 2-seat trainer with a tandem cockpit, a low-mounted cantilever wing and is powered by a single turbofan engine. The design team was led by Ralph Hooper.[24] Unlike many of the previous trainers in RAF service, the Hawk was specifically designed for training.[25] Hawker had developed the aircraft to have a high level of serviceability, as well as lower purchasing and operating costs than previous trainers like the Jet Provost.[26] The Hawk has been praised by pilots for its agility, in particular its roll and turn handling.[27]

The design of the fuselage included a height differential between the two seats of the cockpit; this provided generous levels of visibility for the instructor in the rear seat.[28] Each cockpit is fitted with a Martin-Baker Mk 10B zero-zero rocket-assisted ejection seat.[28] Air is fed to the aircraft's rear-mounted Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour engine via intakes on each of the forward wing roots. During the aircraft's development, Hawker had worked closely with Rolls-Royce to reduce the engine's fuel consumption and to ensure a high level of reliability.[26]

Even within the development stages, a Hawk variant was intended to also serve as a single-seat ground-attack fighter; both the trainer and fighter models were developed with the export market in mind.[25] On single seat models, the forward cockpit area which normally houses a pilot is replaced by an electronics bay for avionics and onboard systems, including a fire control computer, multi-mode radar, laser rangefinder and forward-looking infrared (FLIR).[29] Some export customers, such as Malaysia, have extensive modifications to their aircraft, including the addition of wingtip hardpoint stations and a fittable inflight refuelling probe.[30]

The Hawk was designed to be manoeuvrable and can reach Mach 0.88 in level flight and Mach 1.15 in a dive, thus allowing trainees to experience transonic flight before advancing to a supersonic trainer.[31] [32] The airframe is very durable and strong, stressed for +9 g; the normal limit in RAF service is +7.5/-4 g.[33] A dual hydraulic system supplies power to operate systems such as the aircraft's flaps, airbrakes and landing gear, together with the flight controls. A ram air turbine is fitted in front of the single tail fin to provide backup hydraulic power for the flight controls in the event of an engine failure;[34] additionally, a gas turbine auxiliary power unit is housed directly above the engine.

The Hawk is designed to carry a centreline gun pod, such as the 30 mm ADEN cannon, two under-wing pylons, and up to four hardpoints for fitting armaments and equipment.[25] In RAF service, Hawks have been equipped to operate the Sidewinder air-to-air missiles. In the early 1990s, British Aerospace investigated the possibility of arming the Hawk with the Sea Eagle anti-ship missile for export customers.[35] In 2016, BAE Systems was developing the so-called 'Advanced Hawk' with a new wing using leading-edge slats, and potentially additional sensors and weapons, a head-mounted display, and a single large-screen display in the forward cockpit.[36]

Operational history

United Kingdom

The Hawk entered RAF service in April 1976, replacing the Folland Gnat and Hawker Hunter for advanced training and weapons training. The Hawk T1 was the original version used by the RAF, deliveries commencing in November 1976. The most famous users of the Hawk are the Red Arrows aerobatic team, who adopted the plane in 1979.[37]

From 1983 to 1986, some Hawks were equipped as short-range interceptor aircraft. 88 T1s were modified to carry two AIM-9L Sidewinder air-to-air missiles in addition to a 30 mm ADEN cannon gun pod; these aircraft were redesignated as Hawk T1A.[6] In a wartime scenario, they would have worked in collaboration with the RAF's Tornado F3 interceptors, which would use their Foxhunter search radars and more sophisticated navigation systems to vector the Hawks against enemy targets.[38]

The Hawk subsequently replaced the English Electric Canberra for target towing duties. The Royal Navy acquired a dozen Hawk T1/1As from the RAF; these are typically operated in a support role, often to conduct simulated combat training on board ships.[39]

During the 1990s and 2000s, 80 Hawk T1/1A aircraft were upgraded under the Fuselage Replacement Programme (FRP) to extend their operational lifespan; sections of the centre and rear fuselage sections were entirely replaced.[40] In 2009, the RAF began receiving the first Hawk T2, in the long term, T2 aircraft will replace the ageing T1s.[41] Training operations on the Hawk T2 began in April 2012.[42]

In August 2011, a Red Arrows pilot was killed when his Hawk T1 crashed following a display at the Bournemouth Air Festival; the inquest found "G-force impairment" may have caused the pilot to lose control.[43] The Hawk T1 fleet was grounded as a precautionary measure and returned to flight status a few days later.[44]

In November 2011, the Red Arrows suffered another pilot fatality when the Martin-Baker Mk.10 ejection seat fitted to the Hawk T1 activated while the aircraft was stationary; the veteran combat pilot died on ground impact when the ejector seat parachute also failed to deploy.[45] This resulted in the UK Ministry of Defence implementing a ban on non-essential flying in aircraft fitted with ejector seats similar to those fitted in the Hawk T1 after the death. The ban was lifted for Tornado attack jets but remained on Hawk T1, Hawk T2 and Tucano flights while the RAF reviewed evidence on those aircraft.

In October 2017, the RAF and Royal Navy operated 75 Hawk T1 and 28 Hawk T2. According to the Ministry of Defence, the planned out-of-service date for the Hawk T1 was 2030, with the aircraft selected to meet the requirements of the Air Support to Defence Operational Training (ASDOT) programme beginning to replace the Hawk from 2027.[46] However, in July 2021, it was announced that all UK military units operating the Hawk T1 aircraft, apart from the Red Arrows, would see their airframes retired by 31 March 2022.[47]

Canada

In Canada, the Hawk – designated as the CT-155 Hawk – is used to train pilots for front-line fighter aircraft.[48] The aircraft is operated under the NATO Flying Training in Canada (NFTC) program, which was provided by the Military Aviation Training division of Bombardier Aerospace but transferred to CAE by acquisition in 2015.[49] Plans to replace the Hawk in a new training program have been underway at least since 2012;[50] as of 2021 the replacement program was the Future Aircrew Training program (FAcT).[51]

All CT-155 were retired on March 2024 without a replacement.[52]

Finland

In January 1978, Britain and Finland announced a deal in which the Finnish Air Force was to receive 50 Hawk Mk. 51s in 1980;[53] these aircraft were built in Finland under licence by Valmet. The Finnish Air Force was limited to 60 first-line fighter aircraft by the Paris Peace Treaty of 1947; by acquiring Hawks, which counted as trainers rather than fighters, capacity could be increased while continuing treaty compliance. These conditions were nullified during the 1990s by the break-up of the Soviet Union.[54]

Seven additional Mk. 51As were delivered in 1993–94 to make up for losses. In June 2007, Finland arranged to purchase 18 used Hawk Mk. 66s from the Swiss Air Force for 41 million euros; they were delivered in 2009–2010.[55] Finnish Hawks have reportedly been armed with Soviet Molniya R-60/AA-8[56] [57] as well as with AIM-9J and AIM-9M air-to-air missiles,[58] Matra Type 155 SNEB rocket pods, unspecified British general-purpose bombs of multiple types, VKT 12.7 mm machine gun pods and Royal Small Arms Factory 30 mm ADEN autocannon pods.[59] The Finnish Air Force aerobatics team, the Midnight Hawks, also uses the aircraft.[60]

Due to rising levels of metal fatigue, a major structural reinforcement program was carried out to extend the operational life of Finland's Hawks during the 1990s. Due to lifespan limitations, 41 out of 67 in Finland's total Hawk fleet were taken out of service between 2012 and 2016; the remaining aircraft are younger and thus are expected to be flying into the 2030s.[61] [62] In 2011, Finnish Mk. 51s and Mk. 66s underwent a series of upgrades performed by Patria, these included the adoption of a new Cockpit 4000 glass cockpit, new software, and other life-extending modifications.[63] [64] This upgrade program was completed in 2013.[65]

India

On 23 February 2008, the Hawk Mk. 132 formally entered service with the Indian Air Force (IAF),[66] after one of the most protracted procurements in India's history, two decades having elapsed between the initial interest and the contract signing on 26 March 2004. The IAF received 24 aircraft directly from BAE Systems with deliveries beginning in November 2007, and further 42 Hawks assembled by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited between 2008 and 2011.[67] In February 2008, India planned to order 57 more Hawks, with 40 going to the Indian Air Force and the remaining 17 to the Indian Navy.[68] [69]

In July 2010, it was announced that the IAF and the Navy would receive the additional 57 aircraft.[70] The additional aircraft will be all built in India by Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL), continuing to work under licence from BAE.[71] On 10 February 2011, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and GE Aviation signed a contract under which GE Aviation will conduct the next 30 years of maintenance on the Hawk fleet.[72] In 2011, the IAF was reportedly unhappy with the provision of spare components;[73] In December 2011, BAE received a contract to provide India with spares and ground support.[74]

The first IAF Hawk AJT crashed on 29 April 2008 at 406 Air Force Station Bidar, Karnataka.[75] On 3 June 2015, another Hawk AJT aircraft crashed near Baharagora, close to the West Bengal – Odisha border.[76]

The Hawk fleet is based at IAF's Bidar Air Force Station in north Karnataka, about 700 km from Bangalore. As of 2015, a total of 123 aircraft were on order by the Indian Air Force and 17 by the Indian Navy,[77] with an additional order of 20 aircraft were under negotiation.[77]

Indonesia

In April 1978, Indonesia, seeking to increase its aerial capabilities, placed the first of multiple orders for the Hawk.[78] The Indonesian Air Force received more than 40 Hawks in the 1980s and 1990s; In June 1991, BAe and Indonesian Aerospace (IPTN) signed a major agreement for collaborative production of the Hawk, and more orders of the Hawk were anticipated.[79] Further Hawk exports were eventually blocked due to concerns over Indonesian human rights, particularly in East Timor.[80] During the 1990s protests erupted across England over arming Indonesia and pressure increased after the mass-murder of the Balibo Five journalists and Roger East came to light and allegations of the use of Hawks during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor.[81]

The Hawks have been the backbone of Indonesian Air Force, supplementing more advanced and expensive aircraft such as the F-16 Fighting Falcon. In September 2013, the Indonesian Air Force began receiving the KAI T-50 Golden Eagle, which has been reported as having been set to eventually replace the Hawk in service.[82] In February 2016, it was announced that Indonesia's Hawk fleet was set to receive a new radar warning receiver self-defense system, aiding the type's use in light attack operations.[83]

A BAE Hawk in use with the Indonesian Air Force crashed on 15 June 2020.[84]

Malaysia

The Royal Malaysian Air Force has 18 Hawk aircraft, consisting of 4 Hawk 108 export versions as training aircraft and 14 Hawk 208 as combat aircraft. On 5 March 2013, during the 2013 Lahad Datu standoff, five Hawk 208 together with three American-made Boeing F/A-18D Hornets were employed in airstrikes on hideouts of the terrorist group Royal Security Forces of the Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo in Lahad Datu, Sabah ahead of the ground assault by joint forces of the Malaysian Army and Royal Malaysian Police.[85] [86]

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia acquired the Hawk under the Al-Yamamah arms deal with Britain, with a total of 50 Hawk Mk. 65/65As ordered in contracts placed in 1985 and 1994 respectively.[87] In August 2012, a deal for 22 Hawk 'Advanced Jet Trainers' worth approximately $800 million was announced. The AJTs would replace older models of Hawks in the Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) inventory.[87] The Hawk is flown by the RSAF demonstration team.[87] In February 2016 it emerged that Saudi Arabia had doubled the number of Hawk AJT aircraft it had ordered from BAE Systems, with an order for a further 22. This was revealed in the company's preliminary annual report for 2015; "We reached agreement with the Saudi customer for the provision of a further 22 Hawk AJT aircraft, associated ground equipment, and training aids for the RSAF which form part of an enhancement to the Kingdom's training capacity." Once in service, the Hawk AJTs will complete the replacement of the earlier Mk 65 and Mk 65A platforms.[88] 22 of these Hawks are to be assembled locally in Saudi Arabia, the first of which was completed in March 2019.[89]

Zimbabwe

In the 1980s, 12 BAE Hawk T.Mk. 60/60As were purchased for the Air Force of Zimbabwe (AFZ); the purchase was supported by a £35 million loan from the UK to Zimbabwe.[90] The Hawk deal also included the transfer of a number of used Hawker Hunters.[91] In July 1982, at least one Hawk was destroyed on the ground and three more heavily damaged during a dissident attack on Thornhill air base, Gweru.[92]

Zimbabwe's Hawks were used during the Second Congo War. Numerous airstrikes were conducted in support of the Congolese Army against Rwandan, Ugandan and rebel forces in 1998–2000.[93] Alongside other aircraft, AFZ Hawks played a significant role in the defence of Kinshasa during the early days of the war.[94] In 2000, the controversy over Zimbabwe's military intervention in the Congo and poor human rights record led to Britain imposing a total arms embargo on the nation, including spare parts for the Hawk.[95] [96] Due to the embargo, Zimbabwe has purchased six Chinese Hongdu K-8s as a substitute.[97] [98]

An unknown number of Zimbabwe's Hawks were restored to service in 2022; Zimbabwean military officials declined to comment on the details of their refurbishment.[99]

Others

During the 1980s, a prospective sale of 63 Hawk trainers to Iraq was considered by the British government.[100] While the proposal had its proponents, it was controversial as in a ground-attack capacity Iraq might have employed the Hawk against neighbouring Iran and to oppress Iraq's own Kurdish population;[101] there was also concern that the Hawk could be potentially armed with chemical weapons. After considerable deliberation the sale was blocked by then Foreign Secretary John Major.[102] [103] In 2010, Iraq entered talks with BAE for an order of up to 21 Hawks.[104]

In 1993, talks between BAe and South Africa's Denel Aviation began regarding a replacement for the South African Air Force (SAAF)'s ageing Atlas Impala fleet.[105] By 2004, Denel had begun construction of Hawks under licence from BAe; components for other customers have also been produced by Denel.[106] On 13 January 2005, the first locally assembled Hawk conducted its first flight; it belonged to a batch of 24 trainers ordered by the SAAF.[107]

Variants

Hawk T1

The Hawker Siddeley Hawk T1 (Trainer Mark 1) was the original version of the Hawk used by the RAF, deliveries commencing in November 1976. The RAF received a total of 175 T1s.[6]

Hawk T1A

The British Aerospace Hawk T1A is a modified Hawk T1, intended to replace the Hawker Hunter in the RAF's Tactical Weapons Units. A total of 89 aircraft were converted to carry two underwing AIM-9L Sidewinder air-to-air missiles and a centreline Aden gun pod.[6] This is also the variant used by the RAF's Red Arrows display team; the underbody gun pod is replaced by a fairing used to carry diesel fuel and dye for the display smoke system.[108]

Hawk 50

The Hawk 50 was the original export trainer version, and offered a limited attack capability. Finland, Indonesia and Kenya ordered 90 of this variant.[6]

Hawk 60

Another export version, replacing the Hawk 50, intended for conversion and weapons training. Weapons carriage is increased. It is a two-seater, has uprated Rolls-Royce Adour 861 engines, and is capable of a level speed at altitude of 555 knots (1028 km/h) or Mach 0.84.[6] The T-45 Goshawk was derived from this version.[112] [113]

Hawk 100

A two-seat advanced weapons trainer with additional avionics, an optional forward-looking infrared camera, a redesigned wing and hands-on stick-and-throttle controls.[121]

Hawk 120/LIFT

The Hawk Lead-in Fighter Trainer (LIFT) is the version selected by the South African Air Force in December 1999. This variant is powered by the Adour 951. The LIFT benefits from development carried out for the Australian Mk. 127.

The next generation Hawks (120, 127 and 128) feature a new wing, forward and centre fuselage, fin and tailplane.[30] The aircraft have only 10% commonality with the existing first generation aircraft. The new variants also have four times the fatigue life of the original aircraft. 24 aircraft will be delivered.

Hawk 127

The Royal Australian Air Force ordered 33 Hawk 127 Lead-in Fighters (LIFs) in June 1997, 12 of which were produced in the UK and 21 in Australia. This variant is also powered by the Adour 871. The Hawk 127 is operated by the RAAF's No. 76 Squadron and No. 79 Squadron which are based at RAAF Base Williamtown and RAAF Base Pearce respectively. Work to upgrade the RAAF's Hawks to a standard similar to the Hawk 128 standard began in 2014, and it is planned that the two squadrons will begin operations with these aircraft in 2017.[124]

Hawk AJT

The BAE Systems Hawk Advanced Jet Trainer (AJT) differs from previous variants in that it features modern LCDs instead of conventional instrumentation and is powered by the Rolls-Royce Adour 951 engine. In 2012, orders were placed for the AJT version by the Royal Saudi Air Force and the Royal Air Force of Oman.[125] [126]

Hawk 200

See main article: British Aerospace Hawk 200.

The Hawk 200 is a single-seat, lightweight multi-role combat aircraft for air defence, air-denial, anti-shipping, interdiction, close air support, and ground attack.[30]

T-45 Goshawk

See main article: McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk.

The T-45 Goshawk is a carrier-capable aircraft developed from the Hawk 60 for the United States Navy for use in aircraft carrier training.

Advanced Hawk (Hawk-i)

The Advanced Hawk is a joint venture by BAE Systems and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited to upgrade the Hawk 132 into an Advanced Subsonic Fighter-trainer, which can be used in Main Battlefields. A single example of the aircraft was unveiled at the Aero India 2017 on 14 February 2017.[138] [139] It made its first flight in June 2017.[140] [141]

Operators

Former operators

Aircraft on display

Estonia
Finland
Indonesia
Switzerland
United Kingdom

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: BAE Brough: Aircraft manufacturing ends after 104 years . BBC News . 24 December 2020 .
  2. Flight International 22 November 1986, p. 61.
  3. Reed, A., "Modern Combat Aircraft 20: BAe Hawk", Chapter 1 (Ian Allan, 1985)
  4. Donald, D. and Lake, J., eds, "Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft", Volume 1 (Aerospace Publishing, 1994) "
  5. RAF Museum postal cover "Commemorating the First Flight of the Hawk", 21 August 1974.
  6. [Norman Polmar|Polmar]
  7. Polmar and Bell 2004, p. 387-390.
  8. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1994/1994%20-%200430.html "British Aerospace Hawk."
  9. Polmar and Bell 2004, pp. 387, 389–340.
  10. Taylor 1976, p. 63.
  11. Phythian 2001, p. 166.
  12. Phythian 2001, pp. 156, 239, 246.
  13. Phythian 2001, p. 180.
  14. Phythian 2001, pp. 180–181, 246.
  15. Polmar and Bell 2004, p. 387.
  16. News: Hawk Advanced Jet Trainer . Hansard Column 333W . 26 January 2005 . 30 August 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170706222512/https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmhansrd/vo050126/text/50126w01.htm . 6 July 2017 . live .
  17. News: BAE lands £450m Hawks contract . Blackpool Today . 20 October 2006 .
  18. "Hawk Mk 128 Makes Maiden Flight" Air Forces Monthly, September 2005, p. 6.
  19. Hoyle, Craig. "FARNBOROUGH: BAE close to selling 1,000th Hawk trainer." Flight International, 16 July 2012.
  20. Hoyle, Craig. "Australia to upgrade Hawk trainers to RAF's T2 standard " Flight International, 18 July 2012.
  21. Hoyle, Craig. "USAF training bosses underscore need for T-X acquisition." Flight International, 20 March 2012.
  22. Northrop Pivots To Clean-Sheet T-X Trainer. Butler. Amy. 6 February 2015. 6 February 2015. Aviation Week. https://web.archive.org/web/20150206170749/http://aviationweek.com/defense/northrop-pivots-clean-sheet-t-x-trainer. 6 February 2015. live.
  23. Chandra, Atul. "HAL eyes export potential of light attack Hawk." Flight International, 28 May 2015.
  24. The Times. 24 January 2023. 49. Ralph Hooper (obituary).
  25. Field 1976. p. 834.
  26. Field 1976. pp. 834–835.
  27. Field 1976. p. 842.
  28. Field 1976. p. 835.
  29. https://books.google.com/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C "Hawk 200 faces a tougher market."
  30. Polmar and Bell 2004, p. 389.
  31. Donald, David ed. "British Aerospace (HS) Hawk", The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Barnes & Nobel Books, 1997. .
  32. Field 1976. p. 836.
  33. Caliaro, Luigi. In flight with the Red Arrows, A&D Magazine, May 1996, p. 51.
  34. Jackson 2003, pp. 479–480.
  35. Phythian 2001, p. 181.
  36. Pocock, Chris. "BAE Systems Working on ‘Advanced’ Hawk Jet for India." AIN Online, 10 June 2016.
  37. http://www.raf.mod.uk/reds/behindthescenes/teamhistory.cfm "RAF Red Arrows – Team History."
  38. Jane's Defence Weekly, 1986. pp. 395–400.
  39. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8034466.stm "Inside a Navy Hawk fighter jet."
  40. Gething, Michael J. "RAF Hawk FRP Moves Onwards." Jane's Defence Upgrades, 1 April 2003.
  41. RAF accepts first Hawk T2s but others head for storage . . 26 February 2009 . 6 September 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101216080402/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/02/26/323076/raf-accepts-first-hawk-t2s-but-others-head-for-storage.html . 16 December 2010 . live .
  42. Hoyle, Craig. "UK ready to launch Hawk T2 training, says RAF." Flight International, 15 March 2012.
  43. News: Tributes paid to Red Arrows crash pilot Jon Egging . 22 August 2011 . BBC Online . 21 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151018060525/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-14608073 . 18 October 2015 . live .
  44. http://www.defencemanagement.com/news_story.asp?id=17273 "RAF Hawk jets cleared to fly again."
  45. News: BBC News Lincolnshire, Inquest hears Red Arrows pilot died from fall injuries . 20 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151018060525/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-15835411 . 18 October 2015 . live . BBC News . 22 November 2011 .
  46. Web site: Hawk Aircraft:Written question – 107748. 23 October 2017. UK Parliament. en. 26 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171027025522/http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-question/Commons/2017-10-16/107748. 27 October 2017. live.
  47. News: Sedgwick . Philip . RAF workhorse Hawk T1s to go into early retirement . 23 July 2021 . Darlington and Stockton Times . 17 July 2021.
  48. Web site: CT-155 Hawk . 10 April 2013 . Canadian Armed Forces . 19 February 2022.
  49. Web site: CAE plans upgrades to NFTC and jet training fleets . Skies Magazine . 19 February 2022.
  50. Web site: RCAF to acquire new jet trainer aircraft . 27 June 2012 . Airforce Technology . 19 February 2022.
  51. Web site: For Canada, multibillion-dollar training program is the FAcT of the matter . 9 November 2020 . DefenseNews . 19 February 2022.
  52. Web site: Royal Canadian Air Force retires BAE Systems CT-155 Hawks .
  53. https://archive.today/20130201205403/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/184625572.html?dids=184625572:184625572&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jan+06,+1978&author=By+Alexander+MacLeod+Special+to+The+Christian+Science+Monitor&pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&desc=Britain-Finland+barter+deal&pqatl=google "Britain-Finland barter deal."
  54. Web site: Gerald . O'Dwyer . Finland looks at German MiG-29s . Flight International . 16 October 1990 . 17 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121015114944/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%203094.html . 15 October 2012 . live .
  55. Web site: Finland Purchases 18 Jet Trainers (Mk. 66) from Switzerland . Defense-aerospace.com . 17 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110717061051/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/cgi-bin/client/modele.pl?prod=84032&session=dae.27300646.1183263705.DNxp638AAAEAAHy0BI0AAAAL&modele=release . 17 July 2011 . live .
  56. Web site: Missile armed Hawk BAe Hawk with R-60 . Sci.fi . 17 August 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110926235116/http://www.sci.fi/~fta/lassi-hw.htm . 26 September 2011 .
  57. http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/kotimaa/vasen/id63652.html "Suomi hankkii lisää Hawk-hävittäjiä".
  58. http://ilmavoimat.fi/artikkeli/-/asset_publisher/yhteistoimintakierroksia-yhdysvaltain-kansalliskaartin-kanssa-elokuussa "Yhteistoimintakierroksia Yhdysvaltain kansalliskaartin kanssa elokuussa".
  59. Web site: Kylmä Sota ja 90-luku . fi . 7 May 2019 . 7 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190507184940/https://ylilauta.org/sota/88222599 . 7 May 2019 . live .
  60. Web site: Midnight Hawks home page . fi . Midnighthawks.fi . 13 August 2011 . 17 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110206174407/http://www.midnighthawks.fi/sivu/fi/ . 6 February 2011 . live .
  61. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-air-show-finnish-air-force-chief-accepts-first-upgraded-hawk-jet-trainer-328246/ "PARIS AIR SHOW: Finnish air force chief accepts first upgraded Hawk jet trainer."
  62. http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Finnish+Air+Force+decommissioning+41+Hawk+trainer+jets/1135261437553 "Finnish Air Force decommissioning 41 Hawk trainer jets."
  63. Web site: Defence Professionals: Patria delivers first upgraded Hawk jet trainer to the Finnish Air Force . Defpro.com . 17 August 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110717061817/http://www.defpro.com/news/details/8067/ . 17 July 2011 .
  64. Pugliese, David. "Esterline CMC Electronics Completes Upgraded Glass Cockpit Deliveries for Finnish Air Force Fleet of Hawk Jet Trainers." Ottawa Citizen, 13 July 2012.
  65. http://www.baesystems.com/en-uk/article/celebrating-35-years-of-hawk-in-finland "Celebrating 35 years of Hawk in Finland."
  66. Web site: AJT Hawk inducted into IAF . 23 February 2008 . Kulkarni . Sagar . February 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080315082813/http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=1331a638-a926-4978-b1eb-82461af7a173&MatchID1=4665&TeamID1=10&TeamID2=3&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1174&MatchID2=4661&TeamID3=5&TeamID4=2&MatchType2=2&SeriesID2=1172&PrimaryID=4665&Headline=AJT+Hawk+inducted+into+IAF . 15 March 2008 .
  67. News: The IAF is set to get 40 more Hawk AJTs . 12 January 2008 . Sharma . Ravi . January 2008 . Chennai, India . https://web.archive.org/web/20121026083018/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/11/stories/2008011160161400.htm . 26 October 2012 . . dead .
  68. News: Govindasamy . Siva . India seeks extra Hawks . Flight International . 11 February 2008 . 14 April 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170415012757/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-seeks-extra-hawks-221371/ . 15 April 2017 . live .
  69. News: Luthra . Gulshan . Goel . Ashok . IAF to buy 40 more Hawk Advanced Jet Trainers, Navy to follow with 17 . India Strategic . February 2008 . 11 February 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090202042917/http://indiastrategic.in/topstories81.html . 2 February 2009 . live .
  70. News: IAF, Navy to get 57 more Hawk jet trainers . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . 24 July 2010 . 17 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151018060525/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IAF-Navy-to-get-57-more-Hawk-jet-trainers/articleshow/6206948.cms . 18 October 2015 . live .
  71. News: Amy . Wilson . BAE wins £500m Hawk order . The Telegraph . 29 July 2010 . 3 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171128204550/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/7915128/BAE-wins-500m-Hawk-order.html . 28 November 2017 . live .
  72. Web site: GE Aviation gets license . Pilotsandplanesmilitary.com . 10 February 2011 . 17 August 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110816053237/http://pilotsandplanesmilitary.com/2011/02/license-hawk-aircraft-components/ . 16 August 2011 .
  73. News: TOI Article – IAF plans for additional Hawks jet trainers shelved . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . 17 March 2009 . 17 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151018060525/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/IAF_plans_for_additional_Hawks_jet_trainers_shelved_/articleshow/4278352.cms . 18 October 2015 . live .
  74. News: BAE Systems secures £59 million Hawk AJ T spares contract from Indian government . Economic Times . 12 December 2011 . Biswarup . Gooptu . 24 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240423023345/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/bae-systems-secures-59-million-hawk-aj-t-spares-contract-from-indian-government/articleshow/11082054.cms . 23 April 2024 . live .
  75. News: BREAKING NEWS: First IAF Hawk AJT Crashes! . Shiv . Aroor . 30 April 2008 . LIVEFISTdefence.com . Livefist . 14 April 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170415013711/http://www.livefistdefence.com/2008/04/breaking-news-first-iaf-hawk-aj.html . 15 April 2017 . live .
  76. News: AJT Hawk crashes after taking off from Kalaikunda . Jayanta . Gupta . 3 June 2015 . Kolkata . . Times News Network . 14 April 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170105055303/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/AJT-Hawk-crashes-after-taking-off-from-Kalaikunda/articleshow/47531937.cms . 5 January 2017 . live .
  77. News: Hawk aircraft proposals to feature in Modi's talks . Ajai . Shukla . Bengaluru . 11 November 2015 . Business Standard . Business Standard Private Ltd. . 14 April 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160425083302/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hawk-aircraft-proposals-to-feature-in-modi-s-talks-115111100008_1.html . 25 April 2016 . live .
  78. Phythian 2001, p. 163-164.
  79. Phythian 2001, pp. 156–157.
  80. News: The 'trainer' jet the UK loves to hawk . Ryan Dilley . 29 May 2002 . BBC News . 24 July 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060616115736/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2012743.stm . 16 June 2006 . live .
  81. Web site: Death in East Timor: Interview with Maureen Tolfree . . 1 December 2003 . 4 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160103141543/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/hometruths/20031201_death_in_east_timor.shtml . 3 January 2016 . live .
  82. Web site: Indonesia receives first pair of T-50i advanced jet trainers . Flight International . 13 September 2013 . 30 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005932/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/indonesia-receives-first-pair-of-t-50i-advanced-jet-trainers-390512/ . 3 December 2013 . live .
  83. Jennings, Gareth and Richard Scott. "Singapore Airshow 2016: Indonesia to upgrade Hawk 200/209s with RWR self-protection." IHS Jane's International Defence Review, 16 February 2016.
  84. Web site: Air Force's Hawk Fighter Jet Crashes in Riau . 15 June 2020 . Jakarta Globe. 15 June 2020.
  85. News: Security forces stay on full alert . 6 March 2013 . New Straits Times . 6 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200952/http://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/security-forces-stay-on-full-alert-1.229534?cache=03D163D03edding-pred-1.1176%2F%3FpFpentwage63Dp%3A%2Fhe3D03Dn63Frea-rti3D19.3D163D03edding-pred-1.1176%2F%3FpFpentwage63Dp%3A%2Fhe3D03Dn63Frea-rti3D19.111w5ii%2Fed-1.1176%2F%2F2.2525%2F2.2525%2F1.331200%3Fc%3Fke%3Fpage%3D0%3Fpage%3D0%3Fkey%3DMalaysia . 29 October 2013 . live .
  86. Kate, Daniel Ten and Barry Porter. "Malaysia Hunts for Philippine Muslim Fighters After Assault." Bloomberg, 5 March 2013.
  87. http://www.arabianaerospace.aero/saudi-catches-the-uk-train.html "Saudi catches the UK train."
  88. Web site: Saudi Arabia orders more Hawk jet trainer aircraft . 18 February 2016 . IHS Jane's 360 . 19 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160219101941/http://www.janes.com/article/58143/saudi-arabia-orders-more-hawk-jet-trainer-aircraft . 19 February 2016 . live .
  89. Web site: Jennings . Gareth . Saudi Arabia rolls-out first domestically built Hawk jet trainer . Jane's 360 . 1 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190401124537/https://www.janes.com/article/87565/saudi-arabia-rolls-out-first-domestically-built-hawk-jet-trainer . 1 April 2019 . London . 31 March 2019 . live .
  90. http://www.jubileedebtcampaign.org.uk/UK3720backed3720millions3720in3720loans3720for3720Zimbabwe3720Hawk3720jets+7613.twl "UK backed millions in loans for Zimbabwe jets."
  91. Mitchell, Emily. "UK Arms Exports to Zimbabwe." Campaign Against Arms Trade, September 2000.
  92. Towers, Roy. ". Year Of Deepening Unease For Security Forces In Zimbabwe." Glasgow Herald, 27 July 1982. p. 5.
  93. Web site: Zimbabwe military warns Goma bombings to go on . South African Press Association . 13 May 1999 . 25 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150217010602/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F99F80A8FDA0B41&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM . 17 February 2015 . live .
  94. Book: Cooper, Tom . Great lakes conflagration: Second Congo War; 1998 - 2003 . 2013 . Helion . 978-1-909384-66-8 . Solihull . 23–32.
  95. MacAskill, Ewen. "Britain's ethical foreign policy: keeping the Hawk jets in action." The Guardian, 20 January 2000.
  96. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/746915.stm "UK halts arms to Zimbabwe."
  97. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/apr/14/zimbabwe "Zimbabwe buys six fighter jets."
  98. http://allafrica.com/stories/200507010628.html "Zimbabwe: 'Purchase of Jets From China Wise'."
  99. News: There's Zimbabwe beyond elections . Shumbare . Theseus . Kafe. Emmanuel . The Sunday Mail . Harare . 20 August 2023 . 21 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231022034242/https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/theres-zimbabwe-beyond-elections. 22 October 2023 .
  100. Scott 1996, p. 560.
  101. Scott 1996, p. 564-566.
  102. Scott 1996, pp. 567, 570–571.
  103. Book: John Major. John Major: The Autobiography. Harper Collins. 1999. 117–18.
  104. Pfiefer, Sylvia. "Iraq in talks to buy BAE Hawk jets." Financial Times, 29 April 2010.
  105. Barrie, Douglas. "BAe in Hawk building talks with South Africa." Flight International, 16 November 1993. p. 4.
  106. Kampbell, Keith. "Hawk production under way in South Africa." Engineering News, 14 January 2005.
  107. http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/first-saassembled-hawk-completes-maiden-flight-2005-01-14 "First SA-assembled Hawk completes maiden flight."
  108. Fricker World Air Power Journal Volume 22, p. 100.
  109. Fricker World Air Power Journal Volume 22, p. 104.
  110. Fricker World Air Power Journal Volume 22, p. 105.
  111. Fricker World Air Power Journal Volume 22, p. 106.
  112. Donald 2004, p. 175.
  113. Frawley 2002, p. 48.
  114. Fricker World Air Power Journal Volume 22, p. 111.
  115. Fricker World Air Power Journal Volume 22, p. 103.
  116. Jackson 2003, pp. 478–480.
  117. Fricker World Air Power Journal Volume 22, pp. 106–107.
  118. Jackson 2003, p. 480.
  119. Fricker World Air Power Journal Volume 22, pp. 108–109.
  120. Fricker World Air Power Journal Volume 22, p. 109.
  121. Polmar and Bell 2004, pp. 388–389.
  122. Fricker World Air Power Journal Volume 22, p. 108.
  123. Fricker World Air Power Journal Volume 22, p. 107.
  124. Pittaway . Nigel . Upgrading the Hawk . Aero Australia . October–December 2014 . 44 . 66–67.
  125. News: Oman, BAE Reach Agreement on Typhoon and Hawk Deal . London . Defense News . 21 December 2012 . dead . https://archive.today/20130121100913/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20121221/DEFREG04/312210001/Oman-BAE-Reach-Agreement-Typhoon-Hawk-Deal?odyssey=tab%7Ctopnews%7Ctext%7CFRONTPAGE . 21 January 2013. Alt URL
  126. Web site: Ian King's AGM 2013 speech . 9 April 2013 . BAE Newsroom . BAE Systems . 14 April 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161130082519/http://www.baesystems.com/en/article/ian-kings-agm-2013-speech . 30 November 2016 . live .
  127. Web site: BAE Systems completes Indian hawk aircraft deliveries . The Indian Express . 6 November 2009 . 17 August 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121001160125/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/BAE-Systems-completes-Indian-hawk-aircraft-deliveries/539120/ . 1 October 2012 .
  128. News: First HAL-built Hawk-MK132 aircraft handed over to IAF . The Hindu . India . 14 August 2008 . 17 August 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101211095258/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200808141969.htm . 11 December 2010 .
  129. Web site: HAL to Hand Over first Hawk Jet Trainer to Indian Air Force Thursday . India-defence.com . 17 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110927153841/http://www.india-defence.com/reports-3957 . 27 September 2011 . dead .
  130. Web site: Saudis look to surge pilot training in UK . 10 July 2012 . IHS Jane's 360 . IHS Markit .
  131. Web site: Arabian Aerospace – All eyes on the Hawk.
  132. Web site: Saudi Arabia unveils its first Hawk Mk 165 trainer jet . 3 April 2019 . Airforce Technology . en-GB . 2019-10-13.
  133. Web site: Hawk Assembly a Major Step Forward for Saudi Arabia.
  134. Web site: Oman's new generation takes off. 23 January 2018. Arabian Aerospace.
  135. Web site: UK confirms joint Hawk unit with Qatar . 10 July 2012 . IHS Jane's 360 . IHS Markit .
  136. Web site: Royal Air Force and Qatar Emiri Air Force Expand Defence Partnership . Royal Air Force . 2 October 2021 .
  137. Web site: BAE awarded £1.7m contract for Hawk T2A release to service . 24 May 2022 . UK Defence Journal . 21 June 2022 .
  138. http://www.livefistdefence.com/2017/02/exclusive-bae-hal-unveil-joint-advanced-hawk.html REVEALED: The BAE-HAL Joint ‘Advanced Hawk’
  139. http://www.janes.com/article/67817/aero-india-2017-india-rolls-out-new-advanced-hawk-aircraft Aero India 2017: India rolls out new Advanced Hawk aircraft
  140. Web site: PICTURES: BAE's Advanced Hawk makes flight debut . 10 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171010160348/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-baes-advanced-hawk-makes-flight-debut-438065/ . 10 October 2017 . live .
  141. Web site: Advanced Hawk Demonstrator . 10 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171010210928/http://www.baesystems.com/en/article/new-concept-hawk-demonstrator-aircraft-takes-to-the-skies . 10 October 2017 . live .
  142. Hoyle Flight International 13–19 December 2011, p. 33.
  143. Hoyle Flight International 13–19 December 2011, p. 34.
  144. Web site: Ilmavoimat konetyyppitietoja BAE Systems Hawk . 22 May 2020 . Finnish Air Force . January 2018.
  145. Web site: perneetsingh . 2023-05-29 . CBI files case against Rolls Royce India for alleged fraud in Hawk aircraft procurement . 2023-08-05 . The Federal . en-US.
  146. News: HAL eyes export potential of light attack Hawk . 28 May 2015 . Flightglobal.com . Atul . Chandra . Bangalore . 12 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151018060525/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/hal-eyes-export-potential-of-light-attack-hawk-412822/ . 18 October 2015 . live .
  147. http://dnasyndication.com/dna/dna_english_news_and_features/IAF-Navy-to-get-57-Hawks-by-16/DNBAN76156 "IAF, Navy to get 57 Hawks by '16"
  148. Web site: Arabian Aerospace – What's that buzz?.
  149. Web site: Hoyle. Craig. PICTURES: Oman takes delivery of its first Typhoons. Flight Global. 17 July 2017. https://archive.today/20170717205516/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-oman-takes-delivery-of-its-first-typhoons-438855/. 17 July 2017. London. 28 June 2017.
  150. Web site: Jennings. Gareth. Oman receives first Hawk jet trainers. IHS Jane's 360. 31 July 2017. https://archive.today/20170731193919/http://www.janes.com/article/72721/oman-receives-first-hawk-jet-trainers. 31 July 2017. 31 July 2017.
  151. Web site: New Joint Hawk Squadron unveiled during Reformation Event at RAF Leeming . Royal Air Force . 24 November 2021 . 6 April 2022.
  152. Web site: Saudi Arabia orders more Hawk jet trainer aircraft IHS Jane's 360. www.janes.com. 19 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160219101941/http://www.janes.com/article/58143/saudi-arabia-orders-more-hawk-jet-trainer-aircraft. 19 February 2016. live.
  153. Web site: Rogoway . Tyler . 2020-04-09 . This Man Owns The World's Most Advanced Private Air Force After Buying 46 F/A-18 Hornets . 2022-04-26 . The Drive . en.
  154. Web site: Royal Canadian Air Force . July 2019 . CT-155 Hawk . 18 Jan 2020.
  155. Web site: Finnerty . Ryan . 12 March 2024 . Canada retires Hawk jet trainers without replacements identified . 29 April 2024 . Flight Global.
  156. Web site: Scramble . 26 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160123031529/http://www.scramble.nl/orbats/jordan/airforce . 23 January 2016 . live .
  157. Web site: Royal Jordanian Air Force - بيع طائرات . 25 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180930155533/http://www.rjaf.mil.jo/en/showannouncement-27.html . 30 September 2018 . live .
  158. http://www.flightglobal.com/assets/getasset.aspx?ItemID=26061 "Directory: World Air Forces"
  159. Web site: No.100 Squadron . Royal Air Force Museum . 6 April 2022.
  160. Web site: RAF Leeming: Red Arrows flypast as squadron disbands . BBC News . 24 March 2022 . 6 April 2022.
  161. Web site: No. 74 Squadron Aircraft & Markings 1945 – 2000 . Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation . 25 January 2021.
  162. Web site: No. 208 Squadron Aircraft & Markings . Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation . 25 January 2021.
  163. Web site: RAF says goodbye to Hawk T1 Trainer after 40 years . UK Aviation News . 13 April 2016 . 25 January 2021.
  164. Web site: No. 79 Squadron Aircraft & Markings . Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation . 25 January 2021.
  165. Web site: No. 234 Squadron . Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation . 25 January 2021.
  166. Web site: No. 63 Squadron . Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation . 25 January 2021.
  167. Web site: No. 151 Squadron Aircraft & Markings . Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation . 25 January 2021.
  168. Web site: No. 19 Squadron Aircraft & Markings 1946 – Current . Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation . 25 January 2021.
  169. Web site: No. 92 Squadron . Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation . 25 January 2021.
  170. Web site: Military Aircraft Markings Update Number 203, April 2022. . Military Aircraft Markings . 6 April 2022.
  171. Web site: Mark . Russell . History of the Navy & FRADU Hawks . www.fradu.info . 6 April 2022.
  172. Web site: Paul . Armstrong . 'Sad and poignant day' as 736 Naval Air Squadron decommissioned . Falmouth Packet . 31 March 2022 . 6 April 2022.
  173. Web site: Tartu – Haaslavavald, Estonia . eurodemobbed.org.uk . 21 January 2021.
  174. Web site: Tikkakoski – Museum, Finland . eurodemobbed.org.uk . 25 January 2021.
  175. Web site: Kauhava Town, Finland . eurodemobbed.org.uk . 25 January 2021.
  176. Web site: Kymi, Finland . eurodemobbed.org.uk . 25 January 2021.
  177. Web site: Bersih-bersih Tugu Pesawat Hawk 109/209 di Makoopsau I. id. 17 February 2017. tni-au.mil.id. 30 November 2020.
  178. Web site: Sersan Maimun Saleh, Penerbang Jet Tempur Pertama Asal Aceh. id. 11 April 2018. acehwow.com. 30 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20180825092642/https://acehwow.com/sosok/sersan-maimun-saleh-pilot-pesawat-tempur-pertama-aceh/. 25 August 2018. dead.
  179. Web site: Gagahnya Pesawat Tempur Hawk: Pemasangan Monumen Hawk 200 TNI AU Di Pintu Gerbang Tol Dumpil Madiun . tni-au.mil.id. 13 September 2023. 19 September 2023. ID.
  180. Web site: 56 Tahun Mengabdi, Koharmatau Torehkan Prestasi Ini. id. 26 October 2019. zonabandung.com. 30 November 2020.
  181. Web site: DANLANUD IWJ Resmikan Museum Terbuka LANUD IWJ. id. 30 April 2016. laraspostonline.com. 30 November 2020.
  182. Web site: Museum Pusat TNI Angkatan Udara Dirgantara Mandala. id. tni-au.mil.id. 29 November 2020.
  183. https://www.google.com/maps/@-6.9335006,107.6291634,3a,15y,34.18h,88.61t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1s8VNqGG1x5oq6qO4vKScp3w!2e0!7i16384!8i8192 Google Street View
  184. Web site: Pesawat Tempur Jadi Monumen di Muna. id. 7 January 2017. kolakaposnews.com. 30 November 2020.
  185. Web site: KAPOLRES TANJUNG PERAK BERIKAN SURPRISE ULANG TAHUN UNTUK KOMANDAN PUSDIKLAT HANUDNAS. id. 29 July 2020. seputarperak.com. 30 November 2020.
  186. Web site: Dubendorf, Switzerland . eurodemobbed.org.uk . 25 January 2021.
  187. Web site: Payerne Airfield, Switzerland . eurodemobbed.org.uk . 25 January 2021.
  188. Web site: Iconic aircraft to have new home at Boscombe Down Aviation Collection. Tuffin. Ben. 2019-08-14. Love Andover. en-GB. 2019-09-05.
  189. Web site: RAF Valley, Anglesey, Wales . eurodemobbed.org.uk . 25 January 2021.
  190. Web site: South Yorkshire Aircraft Museum Aircraft List . 2023-12-24 . AeroventureSYAM . en.
  191. Web site: Cornwall Aviation Heritage Centre - BAE Hawk T1 . cornwallaviationhc.co.uk . July 2020 . 24 March 2022.
  192. Web site: Out of Service British Military Aircraft . Demobbed . 14 October 2019.
  193. Web site: Regan . Pat . RAF Woodvale's new Gate Guardian – UPDATED . On The Spot (OTS) News Southport . 14 October 2019 . 28 November 2017.
  194. Web site: RAF Scampton, Lincolnshire . eurodemobbed.org.uk . 25 January 2021.
  195. Web site: Fast Jets Aircraft .
  196. Web site: Red Arrows Hawk . www.nms.ac.uk . 30 August 2023.
  197. Web site: Weybridge – Brooklands Museum, Surrey . eurodemobbed.org.uk . 25 January 2021.
  198. Web site: Humberside, Lincolnshire . eurodemobbed.org.uk . 25 January 2021.
  199. Web site: Out of Service Military Aircraft in Europe . Euro Demobbed . 2022-03-13.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "BAE Systems Hawk".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.