Hawaii (island) explained

Hawaiʻi
Nickname:The Big Island, Moku o Keawe
Location:North Pacific Ocean
Area Sqmi:4028
Highest Mount:Mauna Kea
Elevation Ft:13803
Elevation Footnotes:[1]
Population:200,629
Population As Of:2020
Density Sqmi:49.8
Country Largest City:Hilo
Country:United States
Country Admin Divisions 4:
Embedded:yes
Island:yes
Flower:Red Pua Lehua (Hawaiian: ʻOhiʻa blossom)
Color:Hawaiian: ʻUlaʻula (red)
Rank:Largest Hawaiian Island
Timezone1:Hawaiian Time

Hawaii (; Hawaiian: '''Hawai{{okina in Hawaiian pronounced as /həˈvɐjʔi/) is the largest island in the United States, located in the eponymous state of Hawaii. It is the southeasternmost of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of volcanic islands in the North Pacific Ocean. With an area of 4028sqmi, it has 63% of the Hawaiian archipelago's combined landmass. However, it has only 13% of the archipelago's population. The island of Hawaiʻi is the third largest island in Polynesia, behind the north and south islands of New Zealand.[2]

The island is often referred to as the Island of Hawaii or Hawaii Island to distinguish it from the state. It is also referred to as The Big Island, due to its size relative to the other islands. In Hawaiian, the island is sometimes called Moku o Keawe. The word keawe has several meanings. One definition, "southern cross", is said to be the name of an ancient chief.[3] Another definition is "the bearer" (ke-a-we).[4] Hawaii County is the local administrative unit.

As of the 2020 census, the population was 200,629.[5] The county seat and largest town is Hilo. Hawaiʻi County has no incorporated cities.[6]

History

See main article: History of Hawaii.

Hawaii is allegedly named after Hawaiʻiloa, a legendary Polynesian navigator who is said to have discovered the island. Other accounts attribute the name to the legendary realm of Hawaiki, a place from which some Polynesians are said to have originated, the place where they transition to in the afterlife, or the realm of the gods and goddesses. James Cook, the English explorer and navigator who captained the first European expedition to reach the Hawaiian Islands, called it O-Why-hee (from Hawaiian) and the "Sandwich Islands" after his patron, the Earl of Sandwich.[7]

Hawaii was the home island of Paiʻea Kamehameha, later known as Kamehameha the Great. Kamehameha united most of the Hawaiian islands under his rule in 1795, after several years of war, and gave the kingdom and the island chain the name of his native island.[8] In 1822, missionary William Ellis arrived and was one of a party that completed a tour of the island, descriptions of which were later published in his journal.[9]

Geology and geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (20.8%) is water.[10] The county's land area comprises 62.7 percent of the state's land area. It is the highest percentage by any county in the United States. Delaware's Sussex County comes in second at 48.0 percent, while Rhode Island's Providence County is third at 39.6 percent.

At its greatest dimension, the island is across. Measured from its sea floor base to its highest peak, Mauna Kea at is the world's tallest mountain, taller than even Mount Everest, since the base of Mount Everest is above sea level.[11]

Ka Lae, the southernmost point in the 50 states of the United States, is on Hawaii. The nearest landfall to the south is the Line Islands. To the northwest of the island of Hawaii is the island of Maui, whose Haleakalā volcano is visible from Hawaii across the Alenuihaha Channel.

Volcanism

The island of Hawaiʻi is built from five separate shield volcanoes that erupted somewhat sequentially, one overlapping the other. These are (from oldest to youngest):[12]

Geological evidence from exposures of old surfaces on the south and west flanks of Mauna Loa led to the proposal that two ancient volcanic shields (named Ninole and Kulani) were all but buried by the younger Mauna Loa.[13] Geologists now consider these "outcrops" to be part of Mauna Loa.

Based on geochemical (including trace elements) and isotope differences in their eruptive products, Hawaiian volcanoes fall into two families. The differences are believed due to their separate magma systems. Hualālai and Mauna Loa are members of one family, while Kohala, Mauna Kea, and Kilauea are members of the other.[14]

Because Mauna Loa and Kīlauea are active volcanoes, the island is growing. Between January 1983 and September 2002, lava flows added 543acres to the island. Lava flowing from Kīlauea destroyed several towns, including Kapoho in 1960 and again in 2018, and Kalapana and Kaimū in 1990. In 1987 lava filled in "Queen's Bath", a large, L-shaped, freshwater pool in the Kalapana area.[15] Another 875 acres were added between May and July, 2018 by the 2018 lower Puna eruption.[16] [17] Mauna Loa erupted in 2022, 38 years after the prior activity.[18]

Some geologists also count two undersea volcanoes in the base of the island.[19] Māhukona off the northwest corner of the island has eroded below the ocean surface.[20] Kamaʻehuakanaloa (formerly Lōʻihi) is under water 35km (22miles) southeast of Hawaii. It is an erupting seamount that has grown to reach 3200feet below the ocean surface, and it is forecast to break the surface in 10,000 to 100,000 years.[21]

Great Crack

See also: Koa'e Fault Zone.

The Great Crack is an 8miles, 60feet and 60feet fissure in the island, in the district of Ka'u. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the Great Crack is the result of crustal dilation from magmatic intrusions into the southwest rift zone of Kilauea.[22] While neither the earthquake of 1868 nor that of 1975 caused a measurable change in the Great Crack, lava welled out of its lower 10km (10miles) in 1823.

Trails, rock walls, and archaeological sites from as old as the 12th century exist near the Great Crack. In August 2018, the National Park Service purchased nearly of private land adjacent to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, claiming that the area had important geological features to be studied and preserved.[23]

Hilina Slump

See main article: Hilina Slump. The Hilina Slump is a 4760cumi section of the south slope of Kīlauea that is moving away from the island. Between 1990 and 1993, Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements showed a southward displacement of about 10cm (00inches) per year.[24] Undersea measurements show a "bench" that has formed a buttress and that this buttress may tend to reduce the likelihood of catastrophic detachment.[25] [26]

Earthquakes and tsunamis

See also: List of earthquakes in Hawaii. On 2 April 1868, an earthquake with a magnitude estimated between 7.25 and 7.9 rocked the southeast coast of Hawaii. This was the most destructive earthquake in the Hawaii's recorded history.[27] It triggered a landslide on Mauna Loa, 5miles north of Pahala, killing 31 people. A tsunami claimed 46 more lives. The villages of Punaluʻu, Nīnole, Kawaʻa, Honuʻapo, and Keauhou Landing were severely damaged. The tsunami reportedly rolled over the tops of the coconut trees up to 60feet high, and it reached inland a distance of a quarter of a mile (400 meters) in some places.[28]

On 29 November 1975, a 37miles section of the Hilina Slump dropped 11.5feet and slid 26feet toward the ocean. This movement caused a 7.2 magnitude earthquake and a 48feet tsunami. Oceanfront property was washed off its foundations in Punaluu. Two deaths were reported at Halape, and 19 other people were injured.[29]

The island suffered damage from a tsunami caused by earthquakes in Alaska on 1 April 1946, and in Chile on 23 May 1960. Downtown Hilo was damaged by both tsunamis, with many lives lost. Just north of Hilo, Laupāhoehoe lost 16 schoolchildren and five teachers in the tsunami of 1946.[30]

In March 2011, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake off the east coast of Japan again created a tsunami that caused minor damage in Hawaii. The estimated damage to public buildings was about US$3 million.[31] In the Kona area this tsunami washed a house into Kealakekua Bay, destroyed a yacht club and tour boat offices in Keauhou Bay, caused extensive damage in Kailua Kona, flooded the ground floor of the King Kamehameha Hotel,[32] and temporarily closed the Kona Village Resort.[33]

In early May 2018, hundreds of small earthquakes were detected on Kīlauea's East rift zone, leading officials to issue evacuation warnings. On 3 May 2018, the volcano erupted in Puna after a 5.0 earthquake earlier in the day, causing evacuations of Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens subdivisions.[34] [35] A seemingly related 5.3 magnitude quake and a subsequent 6.9 magnitude earthquake occurred on 4 May.[36] [37]

Volcanic fog

Vog (volcanic fog) can envelop the island of Hawaii when Kilauea is active. Since the termination of volcanic activity in September 2018, vog has largely disappeared on the west side of the island.[38] The gas plumes created a blanket of vog that the trade winds mostly deflect toward the Kona coast. Vog can damage the health of plants, humans, and other animals. Most of the aerosols are acidic and of a size where they can remain in the lungs to damage them. Flu-like symptoms and general lethargy are reported, and are especially pronounced in people with respiratory conditions.[39] [40] [41] [42]

National protected areas

The island hosts many specialized ecosystems/microclimates, including many protected by federal designation:


Economy

Sugarcane was the backbone of the island economy for more than a century. In the mid-20th century, sugarcane plantations began to downsize, and in 1995 the island's last plantation closed.[43]

Most of the island's economy depends on tourism, centered primarily in resort areas on the western coast of the island in the North Kona and South Kohala districts. Sustainable tourism is increasing.[44]

Diversified agriculture is a growth sector. Major crops include macadamia nuts, papaya, flowers, tropical and temperate vegetables, aquaculture, and coffee beans. The island's orchid production is the state's largest.[45] The island is home to one of the United States' largest cattle ranches: Parker Ranch, on 175000acres in Waimea.

The island is known for astronomy, with numerous telescopes positioned on the summit of Mauna Kea at the Mauna Kea Observatories, where atmospheric clarity is excellent and little light pollution intrudes.[46] Astronomy has become somewhat controversial, given accusations of mismanagement by the observatory manager, the University of Hawaii. The proposed addition of the Thirty Meter Telescope generated protests that stalled the project and led to the transfer of management responsibility to a Governor-appointed body.[47]

NELHA (Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority), a 675acres state developed site, is a green economic development ocean science and technology park on the west side of the island. It provides resources and facilities for energy and ocean-related research, education, and commercial activities in an environmentally sound and culturally sensitive manner. Business tenants on this coastal site include microalgae farms, aquaculture, solar technology and marine biotech. Tenants have access to three sets of pipelines delivering deep-sea water from a depth of up to, as well as pristine sea surface water and almost constant sunshine. A 2012 study by the University of Hawaiʻi Economic Research Organization reported that the total economic impact of activities at NELHA was $87.7 million and created 583 jobs.[48]

Transportation

Roads

Three routes connect the two major towns, Hilo on the east coast and Kailua-Kona on the west coast:[49]

State highways 270 (Kawaihae – Hawi) and 180 (the "Kona coffee road", connect Honalo to State highway 190), South Point Road (Highway 11 to South Point), etc.

The three Hawaii Scenic Byways are:

Rental car offices are at the international airports. Taxi service is also available. Island-wide bus service is provided by the Hele-On Bus.[50]

Airports

Two commercial airports serve Hawaiʻi Island:

The private airports are:

Seaports

The major commercial ports are Hilo on the east side and Kawaihae on the west side. Cruise ships often stop at Kailua-Kona (90 times in 2017)[51] and Hilo (108 times in 2017).[52]

Tourism

Places of interest

Hotels on the east coast

The larger hotels on the east coast are:

Hotels on the west coast

The larger hotels on the west coast, from north (Puako) to south (Captain Cook):

Maps

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. TU2314 . Summit USGS 1977 . 18 August 2010.
  2. Web site: List of the Islands of Polynesia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170101162702/http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art21528.asp . 1 January 2017.
  3. Web site: Hawaiian Dictionary. Mary Māmaka Kaiao Kuleana kope . University of Hawaii Press . 2017-07-27.
  4. Web site: Nā Puke Wehewehe a Pau (Andrews Dictionary). Andrews-Parker . University of Hawaii Press . 2017-07-27.
  5. Web site: HAWAII: 2020 Census . United States Census Bureau . 4 April 2022 . 4 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220404182025/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/hawaii-population-change-between-census-decade.html . live.
  6. Web site: 2010 Geographic Terms and Concepts – Place . www.census.gov . EN-US . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140219003127/http://www.census.gov/geo/reference/gtc/gtc_place.html . 19 February 2014.
  7. Book: Jarves, James Jackson . History of the Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands . 1843 . Tappa et Dennet . 1 . 31 July 2023 . 31 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731070659/https://books.google.com/books?id=BVJTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 . live .
  8. Book: Homans . Margaret . Munich . Adrienne . Remaking Queen Victoria . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-57485-3 . 147 . en . 2 October 1997 . 31 July 2023 . 31 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731070659/https://books.google.com/books?id=PijIVySza7cC . live .
  9. Book: William Ellis . A Journal of a Tour around Hawaii, the Largest of the Sandwich Islands . 1823 . Crocker and Brewster, New York, republished 2004, Mutual Publishing, Honolulu . 1-56647-605-4.
  10. Web site: US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990 . . 23 April 2011 . 12 February 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120305202951/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html . 5 March 2012 . dmy-all.
  11. Web site: Highest Mountain in the World . 4 April 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160402034607/http://geology.com/records/highest-mountain-in-the-world.shtml . 2 April 2016.
  12. Web site: Frequently Asked Questions – Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park . U.S. National Park Service . www.nps.gov . en . 6 November 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170806142114/https://www.nps.gov/havo/faqs.htm . 6 August 2017.
  13. Book: G. A. . MacDonald . A. T. . Abbott . 1970 . Volcanoes in the Sea . University of Hawaiʻi Press . Honolulu . 0-87022-495-6 . 31 July 2023 . 31 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731070754/https://books.google.com/books?id=IuADTBNksO0C . live .
  14. Web site: Chang . Julie . April 14, 2022 . Volcano Watch — From Mauna Loa or Kilauea? A Geologic Whodunnit . . USGS . September 11, 2023.
  15. Global Volcanism Program Report on Kilauea (United States) — March 1987 . 2022-03-10 . volcano.si.edu . en . 10.5479/si.gvp.sean198703-332010 . 10 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220310072050/https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=10.5479/si.GVP.SEAN198703-332010 . live.
  16. Web site: Photo & Video Chronology . USGS . June 13, 2018 . 23 February 2020 . 13 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180713050309/https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/multimedia_chronology.html . live.
  17. Web site: East Rift Zone map . USGS . August 7, 2018 . 23 February 2020 . 8 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180808073333/https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/maps_uploads/image-539.jpg . live.
  18. Web site: 2022-11-30 . Thousands flock to Mauna Loa for selfies during dramatic eruption . 2022-12-02 . the Guardian . en . 9 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230109234719/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/nov/30/mauna-loa-hawaii-eruption-selfies . live.
  19. , p. 1471.
  20. Garcia . Michael . Hanano . Diane . March 2008 . Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai'i . Bulletin of Volcanology . 74 . 6 . 1445–63 . 10.1007/s00445-012-0602-4 . 14 December 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150826192628/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/FACULTY/ITO/Garcia_etal_Mahukona_BullVolc12.pdf . 26 August 2015 . 2012BVol...74.1445G . 53118897.
  21. Web site: Loihi . www.volcanodiscovery.com . 2019-04-01 . 1 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190401143702/https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/loihi.html . live.
  22. Web site: Hawaiian Volcano Observatory . 2024-02-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090510122059/http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1998/98_07_16.html . 10 May 2009 . USGS . 16 July 1998.
  23. Web site: John . Burnett . 2018-09-14 . National Park Service acquires 'Great Crack Property' in foreclosure sale . 2020-10-15 . Hawaii Tribune-Herald . en-US . 18 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201018141029/https://www.hawaiitribune-herald.com/2018/09/14/hawaii-news/national-park-service-acquires-great-crack-property-in-foreclosure-sale/ . live.
  24. Owen . Susan . Paul . Segal . Jeff . Freymueller . Rapid Deformation of the South Flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii . . 1995 . 267 . 5202 . 1328–32 . 10.1126/science.267.5202.1328 . 1995Sci...267.1328O . etal . 17812606 . 30320632 . 28 June 2019 . 1 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200801144650/https://zenodo.org/record/1231037 . live.
  25. Morgan . J. K. . G. F. . Moore . D. A. . Clague . 2003 . Slope failure and volcanic spreading along the submarine south flank of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii . . 108 . B9 . 2415 . 10.1029/2003JB002411 . 2003JGRB..108.2415M . free.
  26. Web site: Hawaiian Landslides – Slope failure on Kilauea's submarine south flank (Subsection) . . 15 September 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090527191642/http://www.mbari.org/volcanism/Hawaii/HR-Landslides.htm . 27 May 2009.
  27. Web site: Hawaiian Volcano Observatory . 2024-02-24 . volcanoes.usgs.gov. 26 October 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090825010458/http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/earthquakes/destruct/ . 25 August 2009 .
  28. Book: [{{google books |plainurl=y |id=IpuAAAAAMAAJ}} Tsunami! ]. 1998 . University of Hawaii Press . Walter C. Dudley . second . 978-0-8248-1969-9 . 222–24 .
  29. Web site: Hawaii – Earthquake and Tsunami of 29 November 1975 in the Hawaiian Islands . George . Pararas-Carayannis . www.drgeorgepc.com . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170101162752/http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Tsunami1975Hawaii.html . 1 January 2017 . dmy-all.
  30. Web site: April 1, 1946: Have we learned enough since tsunami that killed 159 in Hawai'i? . The Honolulu Advertiser . the.honoluluadvertiser.com . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160308183414/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2006/Apr/01/ln/FP604010322.html . 8 March 2016 . dmy-all.
  31. News: Nakaso . Dan . 14 March 2011 . Tsunami damage estimate for Hawaii now tens of millions . https://web.archive.org/web/20110315014511/http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/117965429.html . 15 March 2011 . Star Advertiser. 15 March 2011.
  32. Web site: King Kamehameha Hotel is new and improved after last year's tsunami . KHON2 . 1 April 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140108021341/http://www.khon2.com/content/news/editorschoice/story/King-Kamehameha-Hotel-is-new-and-improved-after/BY0_zuu2PESqeWpS4w5gnQ.cspx . 8 January 2014 . dmy-all.
  33. News: Tsunami damage forces closing of Kona Village Resort . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170101092210/http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/14281173/tsnami-damage-forces-closing-of-kona-village-resort . 1 January 2017 . dmy-all.
  34. Web site: Kilauea volcano in Hawaii could erupt after hundreds of small earthquakes . . 2 May 2018 . 5 May 2018 . 14 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210114094843/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kilauea-volcano-in-hawaii-could-erupt-after-hundreds-of-small-earthquakes/ . live.
  35. Web site: Ige signs emergency proclamation following Leilani lava eruption . Hawaii Tribune-Herald . www.hawaiitribune-herald.com . 4 May 2018 . 5 May 2018 . 5 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180505065642/http://www.hawaiitribune-herald.com/2018/05/03/hawaii-news/updated-total-evacuation-of-leilani-estates-and-lanipuna-gardens-ordered-after-lava-emerges-from-road/ . live.
  36. Web site: Overnight, earthquakes and lava become the new norm on Hawaii island . 3 May 2018 . 5 May 2018 . 21 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180621121032/http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/05/03/breaking-news/kilauea-volcano-may-2018/ . live.
  37. Web site: M 6.9 – 16km SW of Leilani Estates, Hawaii . earthquake.usgs.gov . 4 May 2018 . 5 May 2018 . https://archive.today/20180505141409/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us1000dyad%23executive#shakemap . live.
  38. News: The VOG is Gone for the First Time in Decades . Armstrong . Jason . January 2, 2019 . The Civil Beat . April 19, 2019 . 16 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190416201252/https://www.civilbeat.org/2019/01/big-island-the-vog-is-gone-for-the-first-time-in-decades/ . live.
  39. Web site: Frequently Asked Questions About Volcanic Smog (Vog) . 29 December 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100527113622/http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/hazards/FAQ_SO2-Vog-Ash/P1.html . 27 May 2010. on USGS web site. U.S. Geological Service. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  40. Web site: Hawaiian Volcano Observatory . 4 July 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120205204310/http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1996/96_05_29.html . 5 February 2012. on USGS web site.
  41. Web site: AirNow . 4 July 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150705222938/http://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.fcsummary&stateid=15 . 5 July 2015. on "Airnow" US Government web site.
  42. Web site: David y. Ige . 4 July 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120222024629/http://hawaii.gov/gov/vog . 22 February 2012. on State of Hawaii Office of the Governor web site.
  43. News: As Sugar Fades Hawaii Seeks a New Cash Crop . Goldberg . Carey . August 9, 1996 . . April 19, 2019 . 19 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190419234559/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/09/us/as-sugar-fades-hawaii-seeks-a-new-cash-crop.html . live.
  44. Web site: Cultra . Shane . The Importance of Island Ecotourism in Hawaii bigisland.org . 2022-03-10 . en-US . 17 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220117094037/https://bigisland.org/importance-of-island-ecotourism-in-hawaii/ . live.
  45. Web site: Chadwick . Arthur . April 24, 2015 . How Hawaii became known as 'Orchid Isle' . 2022-03-10 . Winston-Salem Journal . en . 31 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731070700/https://journalnow.com/how-hawaii-became-known-as-orchid-isle/article_5898a853-e345-55f2-8aa4-3f11f42333ed.html . live .
  46. Web site: Maunakea Observatories – a collaboration of independent institutions with telescopes located on Maunakea . 2022-03-10 . en-GB . 8 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220308171746/https://www.maunakeaobservatories.org/ . live.
  47. Web site: Ordonio . Cassie . 2022-09-22 . New Mauna Kea Stewards Will Need To Balance Astronomy And Cultural Values . 2024-02-24 . Honolulu Civil Beat . en.
  48. Web site: Economic Impact of the Natural Energy Laboratory Hawaii Authority Tenants on the State of Hawaii . University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization (UHERO) . nelha.hawaii.gov . 18 May 2012 . 7 August 2014 . . Honolulu, HI . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140809213015/http://nelha.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/NELHA-Tenants-Impact-Study-UHERO-2012_Color.pdf . 9 August 2014.
  49. Web site: Maps. 2024-02-24 . en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20141107151807/http://www.thisweek.com/ . 7 November 2014 . Big Island Magazine.
  50. Web site: Hele-On Bus website. https://web.archive.org/web/20090503091916/http://heleonbus.org/ . 3 May 2009 . April 8, 2009.
  51. Web site: List of cruise ships that visit Kailua Kona . lovebigisland . 1 January 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170102080334/https://www.lovebigisland.com/all-itineraries/cruise-ship-passenger-itinerary/#list-cruise-ships-kona . 2 January 2017.
  52. Web site: List of cruise ships that visit Hilo . lovebigisland . 1 January 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170102080334/https://www.lovebigisland.com/all-itineraries/cruise-ship-passenger-itinerary/#list-cruise-ships-hilo . 2 January 2017.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Hawaii (island)".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.