| Hasselt dialect | |
| Nativename: | Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: (H)essels |
| Pronunciation: | in Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish pronounced as /ˈɦæsəls/ |
| States: | Belgium |
| Region: | Hasselt |
| Speakers: | ? |
| Familycolor: | Indo-European |
| Fam2: | Germanic |
| Fam3: | West Germanic |
| Fam4: | Istvaeonic |
| Fam5: | Low Franconian |
| Fam6: | Meuse-Rhenish |
| Fam7: | Limburgish |
| Fam8: | West Limburgish |
| Fam9: | Demerkempes |
| Isoexception: | dialect |
| Glotto: | none |
| Notice: | IPA |
Hasselt dialect or Hasselt Limburgish (natively Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: (H)essels, Standard Dutch: Dutch; Flemish: Hasselts in Dutch; Flemish pronounced as /ˈɦɑsəlts/) is the city dialect and variant of Limburgish spoken in the Belgian city of Hasselt alongside the Dutch language. All of its speakers are bilingual with standard Dutch.
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Dorsal | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Plosive / affricate | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Liquid | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
According to, pronounced as //ʀ// is realized as a voiced trill, either uvular pronounced as /link/ or alveolar pronounced as /link/. Between vowels, it is sometimes realized with one contact (i.e. as a tap) pronounced as /[{{IPAplink|ʀ̆}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɾ}}]/, whereas word-finally, it can be devoiced to pronounced as /[{{IPAplink|ʀ̥}} ~ {{IPAplink|r̥}}]/.[1]
According to, about two thirds of speakers have a uvular pronounced as //ʀ//, whereas about one third has a categorical alveolar pronounced as //ʀ//. There are also a few speakers who mix uvular and alveolar articulations.
Among uvular articulations, he lists uvular trill pronounced as /link/, uvular fricative trill pronounced as /link/, uvular fricative pronounced as /link/ and uvular approximant pronounced as /link/, which are used more or less equally often in all contexts. Almost all speakers with a uvular pronounced as //ʀ// use all four of these realizations.
Among alveolar articulations, he lists alveolar tap pronounced as /link/, voiced alveolar fricative pronounced as /link/, alveolar approximant pronounced as /link/, voiceless alveolar trill pronounced as /link/, alveolar tapped or trilled fricative pronounced as /[{{IPAplink|ɾ̞}} ~ {{IPAplink|r̝}}]/, voiceless alveolar tap pronounced as /link/ and voiceless alveolar fricative pronounced as /link/. Among these, the tap is most common, whereas the tapped/trilled fricative is the second most common realization.
Elsewhere in the article, the consonant is transcribed (IPA|ʀ) for the sake of consistency with IPA transcriptions of other dialects of Limburgish.
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There are three combinations of long monophthongs with coda pronounced as //j// - those are pronounced as //uːj//, pronounced as //ɔːj// and pronounced as //ɑːj//, with the latter two occurring only in the word-final position, as in Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: kaoj pronounced as //ˈkɔːj// 'harm' (pl.) and Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: lâj pronounced as //ˈlɑːj// 'drawer'. An example word for the sequence pronounced as //uːj// is Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: noêj pronounced as //ˈnuːj// 'unwillingly'.
The location of stress is the same as in Belgian Standard Dutch. In compound nouns, the stress is sometimes shifted to the second element (the head noun), as in stadhäös pronounced as //stɑtˈɦœːs// 'town hall'. Loanwords from French sometimes preserve the original final stress.
As many other Limburgish dialects, the Hasselt dialect features a phonemic pitch accent, a distinction between the 'push tone' (Dutch; Flemish: stoottoon) and the 'dragging tone' (Dutch; Flemish: sleeptoon). It can be assumed that the latter is a lexical low tone, whereas the former is lexically toneless. Examples of words differing only by pitch accent include Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: hin pronounced as //ˈɦen// 'hen' vs. Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: hin pronounced as //ˈɦen˨// 'them' as well as Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: berreg pronounced as //ˈbæʀx// 'mountains' vs. Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: berreg pronounced as //ˈbæʀx˨// 'mountain'. Phonetically, the push tone rises then falls (pronounced as /[ˈɦen˧˦˧]/, pronounced as /[ˈbæʀ˧˦˧əx]/), whereas the dragging tone falls, then rises, then falls again (pronounced as /[ˈɦen˥˩˩˥˥˩]/, pronounced as /[ˈbæʀ˥˩˩˥˥˩əx]/). This phonetic realization of pitch accent is called Rule 0 by Björn Köhnlein. Elsewhere in the article, the broad transcription (IPA|ˈɦen, ˈbæʀəx, ˈɦen˨, ˈbæʀ˨əx) is used even in phonetic transcription.
A unique feature of this dialect is that all stressed syllables can bear either of the accents, even the CVC syllables with a non-sonorant coda. In compounds, all combinations of pitch accent are possible: Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: Aastraot pronounced as //ˈaːˌstʀɔːt// 'Old Street', Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: Vèsmerrek pronounced as //ˈvɛsˌmæʀk˨// 'Fish Market', Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: Ekestraot pronounced as //ˈeː˨kəˌstʀɔːt// 'Oak Street' and Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: Freetmerrek pronounced as //ˈfʀeːt˨ˌmæʀk˨// 'Fruit Market'.
The sample text is a reading of the first sentence of The North Wind and the Sun.
"The north wind and the sun were discussing which of the two was the strongest. Just then someone came past who had a thick, warm, winter coat on."
Phonetic transcription:
pronounced as /[də ˈnɔːʀdəʀˌwɛntʃ˨ ən də ˈzɔn {{!}} wøːʀən ɑn deskəˈtɛːʀə {{!}} ˈeː˨vəʀ ˈwiə vɔn en ˈtwɛː ət ˈstæʀ˨əkstə wøːʀ {{!}}{{!}} ˈtuːn ˈkum təʀ ˈdʒys ˈej˨mɑnt vʀ̩ˈbɛː˨ {{!}} ˈdiː nən ˈdɪkə ˈwæʀmə ˈjɑs ˈɑːn˨ɦaː]/
Orthographic version:
Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: De naorderwèndj en de zon weuren an disketaere ever wieë von hin twae het sterrekste weur, toên koem ter dzjuus ejmand verbae diê nen dikke, werme jas ânhaa.|italic=unset