Sheikh Hasina Explained

Sheikh Hasina
Office:10th Prime Minister of Bangladesh
Term Start:6 January 2009
Term End:5 August 2024
Term Start1:23 June 1996
Term End1:15 July 2001
Office4:8th Leader of the House
Term Start4:6 January 2009
Term End4:5 August 2024
Predecessor4:Khaleda Zia
Successor4:TBD
Term Start5:23 June 1996
Term End5:15 July 2001
Predecessor5:Khaleda Zia
Successor5:Khaleda Zia
Office6:8th President of Awami League
1Blankname6:General Secretary
Term Start6:16 February 1981
Predecessor6:Abdul Malek Ukil
Office7:Member of Parliament
Term Start7:12 June 1996
Term End7:6 August 2024[1]
Predecessor7:Mujibur Rahman Howlader
Successor7:TBD
Constituency7:Gopalganj-3
Term Start8:27 February 1991
Term End8:15 February 1996
Predecessor8:Kazi Firoz Rashid
Successor8:Mujibur Rahman Howlader
Constituency8:Gopalganj-3
Office9:2nd Leader of the Opposition
Primeminister9:Khaleda Zia
Term Start9:10 October 2001
Term End9:29 October 2006
Predecessor9:Khaleda Zia
Successor9:Khaleda Zia
Primeminister10:Khaleda Zia
Term Start10:20 March 1991
Term End10:30 March 1996
Predecessor10:Abdur Rab
Successor10:Khaleda Zia
President11:Hussain Muhammad Ershad
Term Start11:7 May 1986
Term End11:3 March 1988
Predecessor11:Asaduzzaman Khan
Successor11:Abdur Rab
Birth Date:28 September 1947
Birth Place:Tungipara, East Bengal, Pakistan
Party:Bangladesh Awami League
Otherparty:Grand Alliance (since 2008)
Father:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Mother:Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib
Relatives:Sheikh–Wazed family
Signature:Sheikh hasina signature.svg
Residence:Self-imposed exile in India
Birth Name:Hasina Sheikh[2]

Sheikh Hasina Wazed (born 28 September 1947) is a Bangladeshi politician who served as the tenth prime minister of Bangladesh from June 1996 to July 2001 and again from January 2009 to August 2024.[3] [4] She is the daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding father and first president of Bangladesh. Having served for a combined total of over 20 years, she is the longest serving prime minister in the history of Bangladesh. She was the world's longest-serving female head of government.[5] Her premiership ended in self-imposed exile following a series of violent protests in 2024.

As the autocratic regime of Hussain Muhammad Ershad came to an end, Hasina, then leader of the Awami League (AL), lost the 1991 election to Khaleda Zia, with whom she had collaborated against Ershad. As leader of the opposition, Hasina accused Zia's Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) of electoral dishonesty and boycotted Parliament, which was followed by violent demonstrations and political turmoil. Zia resigned in favour of a caretaker government, followed by Hasina becoming prime minister after the June 1996 election. While the country began to experience economic growth and a reduction in poverty, it remained in political turmoil during her first term, which ended in July 2001, with Hasina being succeeded by Zia following her victory. Hasina was the first Bangladeshi prime minister to serve a full five-year term since independence in 1971.

During the 2006–2008 political crisis, Hasina was detained on extortion charges. After her release from jail, she won the 2008 election. In 2014, she was re-elected for a third term in an election that was boycotted by the BNP and criticised by international observers. In 2017, after nearly a million Rohingya entered the country, fleeing genocide in Myanmar, Hasina received credit and praise for giving them refuge and assistance. She won a fourth and fifth term after the 2018 and 2024 elections, which was marred by violence and widely criticised as being fraudulent.[6]

Her second premiership (2009–2024) was marked by economic mismanagement and rampant corruption, leading to rising foreign debt, increasing inflation, youth unemployment and banking irregularities. An estimated US$150 billion or Tk 17.6 lakh crore was syphoned out of Bangladesh by illegal means during this period.[7] In 2022, anti-government protests broke out demanding the resignation of Hasina. In June 2024, fresh student protests erupted throughout the country, demanding the reform of quotas in government jobs. The protests were met with brutal crackdown by law-enforcement agencies and paramilitary forces, resulting in the deaths of many students. By August, the protests intensified into a full-blown mass uprising against the government, which eventually culminated in the resignation of Hasina and her fleeing to India.

It is widely considered that Bangladesh experienced democratic backsliding under her premiership. Human Rights Watch documented widespread enforced disappearances and extrajudicial killings under her government. Numerous politicians and journalists were systematically and judicially punished for challenging her views.[8] [9] In 2021, Reporters Without Borders gave a negative assessment of Hasina's media policy for curbing press freedom in Bangladesh since 2014.[10] Domestically, Hasina has been criticised as being too close to India, often at the cost of Bangladesh's sovereignty. She is seen as a manifestation of India's interference in Bangladeshi politics, which the critics described as the main source of Hasina's power.[11]

Hasina was among Time's 100 most influential people in the world in 2018,[12] and was listed as being one of the 100 most powerful women in the world by Forbes in 2015,[13] 2018, and 2022.[14] [15]

Early life

See also: Sheikh–Wazed family and 15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état. Hasina was born on 28 September 1947 to the Bengali Muslim Sheikh family of Tungipara in East Bengal.[16] [17] Her father was Bengali nationalist leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and her mother was Begum Fazilatunnesa Mujib.[18] She has Iraqi Arab ancestry through both her paternal and maternal sides of family, and her clan were direct descendants of Muslim preacher Sheikh Abdul Awal Darwish of Baghdad, who had arrived in Bengal in the Late Mughal Era.[19] Hasina grew up in Tungipara during her early childhood under the care of her mother and grandmother. When the family moved to Dhaka, they initially lived in the neighborhood of Segunbagicha.[20]

When Hasina's father became a government minister in 1954, the family lived on 3 Minto Road. In the 1950s, her father also worked in the Alpha Insurance Company, aside from his political activities.[20] In the 1960s, the family moved into a home built by her father on Road 32 in Dhanmondi. In many interviews and speeches, Hasina talked about growing up while her father was held as a political prisoner by the Pakistani government. In one interview, she remarked that "For instance, after the United Front Ministry was elected in 1954, and we were living in No 3 Minto Road, one day, my mother told us that father had been arrested the night before. Then we used to visit him in jail and we always realised that he was put in jail so often because he loved the people."[21] Hasina and her siblings had very little time to spend with their father because of his preoccupation with politics.[21]

Education and marriage

Sheikh Hasina attended primary school in her village of Tungipara. When her family moved to Dhaka, she attended the Azimpur Girls' School and Begum Badrunnesa Girls' College.[22] She enrolled for a bachelor's degree at Eden College. She was elected as the Vice President of the Students Union in Eden College between 1966 and 1967.[23] In 1967, Hasina married M. A. Wazed Miah, who was a Bengali nuclear scientist with a doctorate in physics from Durham.[24] Hasina studied Bengali literature at Dhaka University, from where she graduated in 1973.[23] [25] [26] [27] Hasina lived in Rokeya Hall, which was founded in 1938 as the women's dormitory of Dhaka University; and later named after feminist Begum Rokeya.[28] [23] She was involved in the politics of the Students League and was elected as the general secretary of the women's unit in Rokeya Hall.[23]

Family murder, exile and return

Except for her husband, children and sister Sheikh Rehana, Hasina's entire family was murdered during the 15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état which saw the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.[29] [30] Hasina, Wazed and Rehana were visiting Europe at the time of the assassination. They took refuge in the house of the Bangladeshi ambassador to West Germany; before taking up an offer of political asylum from Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India.[31] [32] [33] The surviving members of the family lived in exile in New Delhi, India for six years.[34] [35] Hasina was barred from entering Bangladesh by the military government of Ziaur Rahman.[36] After she was elected President of the Awami League on 16 February 1981, Hasina returned home on 17 May 1981 and received a welcome from thousands of Awami League supporters.[37] [38]

Early political career

Movement against military rule (1981–1991)

While living in exile in India, Hasina was elected President of the Awami League (AL) in 1981.[39] The AL has been described as a "left-of-center" party.[40] [41] [42]

Under martial law, Hasina was in and out of detention throughout the 1980s. In 1984, she was put under house arrest in February and again in November. In March 1985, she was put under house arrest for another three months.[43] [44]

Hasina and the AL participated in the 1986 Bangladeshi general election held under President Hussain Muhammad Ershad. She served as the leader of the parliamentary opposition in 1986–1987. She led an eight-party alliance as opposition against Ershad.[45] Hasina's decision to take part in the election had been criticised by her opponents, since the election was held under martial law, and the other main opposition group boycotted the poll. However, her supporters maintained that she used the platform effectively to challenge Ershad's rule. Ershad dissolved the parliament in December 1987 when Hasina and her Awami League resigned in an attempt to call for a fresh general election to be held under a neutral government.[46] During November and December in 1987, a mass uprising happened in Dhaka and several people were killed, including Noor Hossain, an Awami League activist and supporter of Hasina.[47]

Her party, along with the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) under Khaleda Zia, continued to work to restore democratically elected government, which they achieved after a constitutional referendum returning the country to a parliamentary form of government.[48]

The subsequent parliamentary general election in 1991 was won by the BNP.

Leader of the Opposition (1991–1996)

After several years of autocratic rule, widespread protests and strikes had paralysed the economy. Government officers refused to follow orders and resigned. Members of the Bangladesh Rifles laid down their weapons instead of firing on protestors and curfew was openly violated. Hasina worked with Khaleda Zia in organising opposition to Ershad.[49] A huge mass protest in December 1990 ousted Ershad from power when he resigned in favour of his vice president, Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed, the Chief Justice of the Bangladesh Supreme Court. The caretaker government, headed by Ahmed, administered a general election for the parliament. The BNP, led by Khaleda Zia, won a general majority, and Hasina's Awami League emerged as the largest opposition party.[50] Of the three constituencies Hasina contested, she lost in two and won in one. Accepting defeat, she offered her resignation as the party president but stayed on at the request of party leaders.

Politics in Bangladesh took a decisive turn in 1994, after a by-election in Magura-2,[51] held after the death of the member of parliament for that constituency, a member of Hasina's party. The Awami League had expected to win back the seat, but the BNP candidate won through rigging and manipulation, according to the neutral observer who came to witness the election.[52] Hasina led the Bangladesh Awami League in boycotting the parliament from 1994.[53]

First premiership (1996–2001)

See also: First Hasina ministry.

The Awami League (AL), with other opposition parties, demanded that the next general elections be held under a neutral caretaker government, and that provision for caretaker governments to manage elections be incorporated in the constitution. The ruling BNP refused to act on these demands.[54]

Opposition parties launched an unprecedented campaign, calling strikes for weeks on end. The Government accused them of destroying the economy while the opposition countered that the BNP could resolve the issue by acceding to their demands. In late 1995, the members of parliament of the AL and other parties resigned en masse. Parliament completed its five-year term and the February 1996 general election was held. The election was boycotted by all major parties except the ruling BNP, who won all the seats in the parliament as a result. Hasina described the election as a farce.[55] [56]

The new parliament, composed almost entirely of BNP members, amended the constitution to create provisions for a caretaker government (CTG). The June 1996 general election was held under a neutral caretaker government headed by retired Chief Justice Muhammad Habibur Rahman. The AL won 146 seats, a plurality, but fell short of a simple majority. Khaleda Zia, leader of the BNP who won 104 seats, denounced the results and alleged vote rigging. This was in contrast with the neutral observers who said that the election was free and fair.[57]

Hasina served her first term as Prime Minister of Bangladesh from June 1996 to July 2001. She signed the 30-year water-sharing treaty with India governing the Ganges. Her administration repealed the Indemnity Act, which granted immunity from prosecution to the killers of Sheikh Mujib. Her government opened-up the telecommunications industry to the private sector, which until then was limited to government-owned companies. In December 1997, Hasina's administration signed the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord, ending the insurgency in the Chittagong Division for which Hasina won the UNESCO Peace Prize. Her government established the Ashrayan-1 Project while bilateral relations with neighbouring states improved. Hasina's government completed the Bangabandhu Bridge mega project in 1998. In 1999, the government started the New Industrial Policy (NIP) which aimed to strengthen the private sector and encourage growth.[58]

The Hasina government implemented some reforms to different sectors of the economy, which resulted in the country attaining an average of 5.5% GDP growth. The consumer price index remained at 5%, lower than other developing states who experienced 10% inflation. The Fifth Five-Year Plan (1997–2002) of the government placed an emphasis on poverty alleviation programmes which provided credit and training to unemployed youths and women. Food-grain production increased from 19 million tons to 26.5 million tons while the poverty rate reduced. A Housing Fund was established to provide fiscal assistance to those homeless as a result of river erosion. The government launched the Ekti Bari Ekti Khamar scheme which accentuated the incomes of the poorer segments of society through household farming.[58]

The Hasina government adopted the New Industrial Policy in 1999 which aimed to bolster the private sector and attract foreign direct investment, thus expediating the globalisation process. The NIP aimed for 25% of the economy to be industry based with 20% of the country's workforce employed in industry. It encouraged the institution of small, cottage and labour-intensive industries with an onus on skill development for women for employment, development of indigenous technology and industries based on local raw materials. The NIP allowed for foreign investors to own 100% equity in Bangladeshi enterprises without prior approval from the government and all but four sectors of the economy were opened up to the private sector.[58]

Attempts were made to create a social security system to protect the most vulnerable in society. The Hasina administration introduced an allowance scheme which resulted in 400,000 elderly people receiving monthly allowances. This scheme was later extended to widows, distressed and deserted women. A national foundation devoted to rehabilitation and training of people, with disabilities was founded with an initial grant of ৳100 million funded by the government. The Ashrayan-1 Project provided shelter and employment to the homeless.[58]

Hasina was the first prime minister to engage in a "Prime Minister's Question-Answer Time" in the Jatiya Sangsad. The Jatiya Sangsad repealed the Indemnity Act, allowing for the killers of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to be prosecuted. The government introduced a four-tier system of local government including the Gram Parishad, Zila Parishad and Upazila Parishad by passing legisation.[58]

The Hasina government liberalised the telecommunications industry, initially granting four licenses to private companies to provide cellular mobile telephone services. This resulted in the previous state monopoly being disbanded meaning prices began to reduce and access became more widespread. The government established the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission to regulate the newly liberalised telecommunications industry.[58]

The government established the National Policy for Women's Advancement which sought to ensure equality between men and women. The policy aimed to guarantee security and employment, create an educated and skilled workforce, eliminate discrimination and repression against women, establish human rights and end poverty and ensure participation in socio-economic development. The government introduced three reserved seats for women in all Union Parishad election in December 1997. Hasina's cabinet approved the National Plan of Action for Children in 1999 to ensure rights and improved upbringing.[58]

Hasina attended the World Micro Credit summit in Washington DC; the World Food Summit in Rome; the Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference in India; the OIC summit in Pakistan; the 9th SAARC summit in the Maldives; the first D-8 summit in Turkey; the 5th World Conference for the Aged in Germany; the Commonwealth summit in the UK and the OIC summit in Iran. Hasina also visited the United States, Saudi Arabia, Japan, the Philippines and Indonesia.[58]

Bangladesh joined two multilateral bodies, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) and D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (D-8). She became the first Bangladeshi prime minister since independence to complete an entire five-year term.

In the 2001 general election, despite winning 40% of the popular vote (slightly less than BNP's 41%), the AL won just 62 seats in parliament as a result of the first-past-the-post electoral system, while the 'Four Party Alliance' led by BNP won 234 seats, giving them a two-thirds majority in parliament. Hasina herself ran in three constituencies,[59] and was defeated in a constituency in Rangpur, which included her husband's home town, but won in two other seats. Hasina and the AL rejected the results, claiming that the election was rigged with the assistance of the president and the caretaker government. The international community was largely satisfied with the elections, and the 'Four Party Alliance' went on to form a government.[60]

Leader of the Opposition (2001–2008)

The Awami League MPs were irregular in attending parliament during the following period.[61] In late 2003, the Awami League started its first major anti-government movement, culminating in the declaration by party general secretary Abdul Jolil that the government would fall before 30 April 2004.

Assassination attempt (2004)

See also: 2004 Dhaka grenade attack. During her second term as leader of the opposition, political unrest and violence increased. MP Ahsanullah Master died after he was shot in May 2004. This was followed by a grenade attack on 21 August on an Awami League gathering in Dhaka, resulting in the death of 24 party supporters, including Ivy Rahman, party women's secretary. In October 2018, a special court gave verdicts in two cases filed over the incident; the court ruled that it was a well-orchestrated plan, executed through abuse of state power, and all the accused, including BNP Senior vice-chairman Tarique Rahman (in absentia) and former top intelligence officials, were found guilty. The court prescribed various punishments.[62] SAMS Kibria, Hasina's close advisor and former finance minister was assassinated that year (2004) in a grenade attack in Sylhet.[63] [64]

In June 2005, A. B. M. Mohiuddin Chowdhury, the incumbent AL Mayor, won an important election in Chittagong, the second-largest city in Bangladesh. This election was seen as a showdown between the opposition and the ruling party.[65]

Logi Boitha Movement

See also: Logi Boitha Movement. In October 2006, Sheikh Hasina and Awami League launched the Logi Boitha Movement where thousands of Awami League workers started occupying different streets of Dhaka with boat-hooks and Oars for several days. This resulted in a number of casualties, vandalisms, lootings as well as soaring prices of daily commodities.

In May 2007, the Police filed chargesheet against 19 leaders and activists of the Awami League and its affiliates for vandalising, setting fire to and looting the office of the Islamic Social Welfare Council but all of them were acquitted in court in June 2011.[66]

Detention during military intervention (2006–2008)

The months preceding the planned 22 January 2007 elections were filled with political unrest and controversy.[67] Following the end of Khaleda Zia's government in October 2006, there were protests and strikes, during which 40 people were killed in the following month, over uncertainty about who would head the Caretaker Government. The caretaker government had difficulty bringing all parties to the table. The AL and its allies protested and alleged that the caretaker government favoured the BNP.[68]

The interim period was marred with violence and strikes.[69] [70] Presidential Advisor Mukhlesur Rahman Chowdhury negotiated with Hasina and Khaleda Zia and brought all the parties to the planned 22 January 2007 parliamentary elections. Later the nomination of Ershad was cancelled by the returning officer of the Election Commission as Ershad had been convicted on a corruption case.[71] [72] As a result, the Grand Alliance withdrew its candidates en masse on the last day possible. They demanded that a voters' roll be published.

Later in the month, President Iajuddin Ahmed was compelled to declare a state of emergency. Consequently, Lt General Moeen Uddin Ahmed took control of the government.[73] Political activity was prohibited. Fakhruddin Ahmed became the chief advisor with the support of the Bangladesh Army.[74] [75] [76]

Hasina went to the United States embassy on 14 March 2007 along with Kazi Zafarullah and Tareq Ahmed Siddique.[77] She would fly the next day to the United States accompanied by Tareq Ahmed Siddique and Abdus Sobhan Golap. She visited her son and daughter who live in the United States.[78] She then moved to the United Kingdom.[79]

In April 2007, Hasina was charged with graft and extortion by the military-backed caretaker government during the 2006–2008 political crisis. She was accused of having forced businessman Tajul Islam Farooq to pay bribes in 1998 before his company could build a power plant. Farooq said that he paid Hasina for approving his project.[80]

On 18 April 2007, the Government barred Hasina from returning, stating that she had made provocative statements and that her return could cause disorder. This was described as a temporary measure. The Caretaker Government had also been trying to get Khaleda Zia to leave the country.[81] Hasina vowed to return home, and on 22 April 2007, a warrant was issued for her arrest for murder.[82] [83] Describing the case against her as "totally false and fake", Hasina said that she wanted to defend herself against the charges in court. On 23 April 2007, the arrest warrant was suspended,[84] and on 25 April 2007, the ban on Hasina's entry was dropped.[85] After spending 51 days in the United States and the United Kingdom, on 7 May 2007 Hasina returned to Dhaka, where she was greeted by a crowd of several thousand. She told reporters that the government should not have delayed her return.[86]

On 16 July 2007, Hasina was arrested by police at her home and taken before a local court in Dhaka.[87] She was accused of extortion and denied bail, and was held in a building converted into jail on the premises of the National Parliament. The AL said the arrest was politically motivated.[88] On 17 July 2007, the Anti-Corruption Commission sent notices to both Hasina and Khaleda Zia, instructing them to provide details of their assets within one week.[89] Hasina's son Sajeeb Wazed was out of the country and said he would try to organise a worldwide protest. These arrests of the political leaders were widely seen as a move by the military-backed interim government to force Hasina and Zia out of the country and into political exile.[90] [91] United Kingdom MPs condemned the arrest.[92]

On 11 April 2007, the police filed murder charges against Hasina, alleging that she masterminded the killing in October 2006 of four supporters of a rival political party. The four alleged victims were beaten to death during clashes between the AL and rival party activists.[93] Hasina was visiting the United States at the time.[94]

On 30 July 2007, the High Court suspended Hasina's extortion trial and ordered her release on bail.[95] On 2 September 2007, an additional case was filed against Hasina by the Anti-Corruption Commission regarding the awarding of a contract for the construction of a power plant in 1997, for which she allegedly took a bribe of 30 million takas and kept the contract from going to the lowest bidder. Six others were also accused of involvement.[96] [97] A graft case was filed against Zia on the same day.

On 13 January 2008, Hasina was indicted on extortion charges by a special court along with two of her relatives, her sister Sheikh Rehana and her cousin Sheikh Selim.[98] On 6 February, the High Court stopped the trial, ruling that she could not be prosecuted under emergency laws for crimes alleged to have been committed prior to the imposition of the state of emergency.[99]

On 11 June 2008, Hasina was released on parole for medical reasons. The next day she flew to the United States to be treated for hearing impairment, eye problems and high blood pressure.[100] [101] Syed Modasser Ali, her personal physician, threatened to sue the caretaker government over negligence regarding Hasina's treatment during her detention.[102]

The caretaker government held mayoral elections in which AL won 12 out of 13 elections. The government extended her two-month medical parole by one more month.[103]

Second premiership (2009–2024)

Second term (2009–2014)

See also: Second Hasina ministry.

On 6 November 2008, Hasina returned to Bangladesh to contest the 2008 general election scheduled for 29 December.[104] She decided to participate in the parliamentary election under the banner of the "Grand Alliance" with the Jatiya Party, led by Hussain Muhammad Ershad, as its main partner. On 11 December 2008, Hasina formally announced her party's election manifesto during a news conference and vowed to build a "Digital Bangladesh" by 2021.[105]

The AL manifesto was entitled A Charter for Change and included the party's commitment to Vision 2021. The manifesto included pledges to implement measures to reduce price hikes; combat corruption by strengthening the independent ACC and submission of annual wealth statements by influential people; introduction of a long-term policy towards power and energy increasing power generation to 7,000 megawatts by 2013; bringing vibrancy to the agriculture sector and extending the safety net to the poor; creating good governance and curtailing terrorism and religious extremism; prosecution of 1971 war criminals; ensuring an independent and impartial judiciary; reforming the electoral system; strengthening the Human Rights Commission and de-politicising the administration.[58]

Her Awami League and the Grand Alliance (a total of 14 parties) won the 2008 general election with a two-thirds majority, having won 230 out of 299 seats.[106] Khaleda Zia, leader of the BNP-led coalition (4-Party Alliance), rejected the results of the election by accusing the Chief Election Commissioner of "stage-managing the parliamentary election".[107] Hasina was sworn into office as prime minister for a second term on 6 January 2009. Independent observers declared that the elections were held in a festive and peaceful atmosphere.[108]

After being elected prime minister, Hasina reneged on her agreement with the Jatiya Party to make Ershad, its leader, the president.[109]

Hasina removed Awami League central committee members who supported reforms forced by the previous caretaker government.[110] She had to confront a major national crisis in the form of the 2009 Bangladesh Rifles revolt over a pay dispute, which resulted in 56 deaths, including Bangladesh Army officers.[111] [112] Hasina was blamed by the army officers due to her refusal to intervene against the revolt.[113] [114] [115] However, In 2009, a recording emerged of Hasina's private meeting with army officers, who expressed their anger with how she had not reacted more decisively in the revolt's early stages, by ordering an armed raid of the BDR Rifles compound; they believed that her efforts to appease the revolt's leaders delayed needed action which led to more deaths.[116] In a 2011 The Daily Star editorial, she was commended for "her sagacious handling of the situation which resulted in the prevention of a further bloodbath". In 2011, the parliament removed the law that required non-party caretaker government hold elections.[117] In 2012, she maintained a hard-line stance and refused to allow entry to Rohingya refugees fleeing Myanmar during the 2012 Rakhine State riots.

On 27 June 2013, a case against Hasina and 24 other Bangladeshi Ministers and security personnel was lodged at the International Criminal Court (ICC) for the alleged violation of human rights.[118] She has been "credited internationally" for the achievement of some of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.[119] In 2012 a coup attempt against her by mid-ranking army officers was stopped, with the Bangladesh Army being tipped off by an Indian intelligence agency.[120] The Bangladesh Army described the army officers involved as being Islamist extremists.[121]

In 2012, she had a falling out with Muhammad Yunus, Nobel laureate and founder of Grameen Bank, following a Norwegian documentary that was critical of Yunus's transferring of money from Grameen Bank to an affiliate organisation. Yunus transferred the money back after the documentary aired but it increased scrutiny of the bank by the government and media in Bangladesh. Yunus lost control of his bank following a court verdict. He criticised Hasina and other Bangladeshi politicians. She responded by saying she did not understand why Yunus blamed her when it was a court verdict that removed him from Grameen Bank.[122]

During this term, her government led and succeeded in forming the International Crimes Tribunal, to investigate and prosecute suspects involved in the Bangladesh Genocide, committed by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators, Razakars, Al-Badr, and Al-Shams during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.[123]

Third term (2014–2019)

See also: Third Hasina ministry.

Hasina secured a second-consecutive term in office with her ruling Awami League and its Grand Alliance allies, winning the 2014 general election by a landslide. The election was boycotted by leading opposition parties due to unfair conditions and a lack of non-partisan administration to conduct elections.[124] As a result, the AL-led Grand Alliance won 267 seats out of which 153 were uncontested, surpassing its 2008 poll success—when it secured 263 parliamentary seats.[125] Sheikh Hasina's Awami League has run Bangladesh since 2009 and won 288 seats in this election.[126] One of the leading opposition parties accused it of using stuffed ballot boxes. The election was boycotted by major opposition parties including the BNP.[127]

The election was controversial, with reports of violence and an alleged crackdown on the opposition in the run-up to the election. In the election 153 seats (of 300) went uncontested, of which the Awami League won 127 by default.[128] [129] Hasina's Awami League won a safe parliamentary majority with a total of 234 seats.[130] [131] As a result of the boycott and violence, voter turnout was lower than the previous few elections at only 51%. The day after the result, Hasina said that the boycott should "not mean there will be a question of legitimacy.[132] [133] People participated in the poll and other parties participated." Despite the controversy Hasina went on to form a government with Ershad's Jatiya Party (who won 34 seats) as the official opposition.[134] [135]

The BNP wanted the elections to be held under a neutral caretaker government and had hoped to use protests to force the government to do so.[136] [137]

The period also saw increasing attacks by Islamic extremists in the country, including the July 2016 Dhaka attack which has been described as "deadliest Islamist attack in Bangladeshi history" by BBC.[138] According to experts, the Hasina-led government's repression of political opposition as well as shrinking democratic and civic space has created "the space for extremist groups to flourish" and "has generated a violent backlash from Islamist groups."[139]

In March 2017, Bangladesh's first two submarines were commissioned.[140] In September 2017, Hasina's government granted refuge and aid to around a million Rohingya refugees and urged Myanmar to end violence against the Rohingya community.[141] The majority of the Bangladeshi people supported the government's decision to provide refugee status to the Rohingya. Hasina received credit and praise for her actions.[142]

Hasina supported calls to remove the Statue of Justice in front of the Supreme Court. This was seen as the government bowing down to the pressure of those who use religion for political ends.[143]

Hasina is a patron of the Asian University for Women, led by Chancellor Cherie Blair, and including the First Lady of Japan, Akie Abe, as well as Irina Bokova, the Director-General of UNESCO.[144]

Fourth term (2019–2024)

See also: Fourth Hasina ministry.

Hasina won her third consecutive term, her fourth overall, when her Awami League won 288 of the 300 parliamentary seats. The leader of the main opposition alliance, Kamal Hossain, declared the vote "farcical" and rejected the results. Before the election, Human Rights Watch and other rights organisations had accused the government of creating an intimidating environment for the Opposition.[145] The New York Times editorial board described the election as farcical, the editorial stated that it was likely Hasina would have won without vote-rigging and questioned why she did so.[146]

The BNP, the main opposition party that has been out of power for 12 years and boycotted the 2014 general election, fared extremely poorly. Winning only eight seats, the party and its Jatiya Oikya Front alliance have been marginalised to the weakest opposition ever since Bangladesh's post-Ershad democratic restoration in 1991.[147]

In May 2021, Hasina provided the inaugural address for the opening of a new headquarters for the Bangladesh Post Office, named the Dak Bhaban. In her address, Hasina urged for further development of the postal service in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Developmental measures outlined in the address include continuing the service's digital transformation, and the construction of cooling units in postal warehouses to pave the way for the sending of perishable food by mail.[148] In January 2022, the government passed a law in the Jatiya Sangsad establishing the Universal Pension Scheme. All Bangladeshi citizens, including expatriates, between 18 and 60 years old are eligible to receive a monthly stipend under the scheme.[149]

By the end of fiscal year 2021–22, Bangladesh's external debt reached $95.86 billion, a 238% increase from 2011.[150] The period is also marked by massive irregularities in the banking sector of the country where the amount of default loans went from less than in 2009[151] to more than in 2019 according to IMF.[152]

In July 2022, the Finance Ministry requested fiscal assistance from the International Monetary Fund. The government cited depleting foreign-exchange reserves as a result of the sanctions in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. A staff level agreement was reached in November 2022 and in January 2023, the IMF agreed to supply a support programme totalling US$4.7 billion, consisting of US$3.3 billion under the Extended Credit Facility and US$1.4 billion under the new Resilience and Sustainability Facility. The IMF stated support package "will help preserve macroeconomic stability, protect the vulnerable and foster inclusive and green growth."[153]

In December 2022, anti-government protests broke out, linked to the rising costs, demanding the resignation of the Prime Minister.[154]

On 28 December, Hasina opened the first phase of Dhaka Metro Rail, the country's first mass-rapid transit system from Uttara to Agargaon.[155]

During the 2023 G20 New Delhi summit, Hasina had a bilateral meeting with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to discuss diversifying India-Bangladesh cooperation, including areas like connectivity and commercial linkages.[156] She was accompanied by her daughter Saima Wazed, who is a candidate for a WHO election.[157] The summit also provided an opportunity for Hasina to meet other global leaders and strengthen Bangladesh's bilateral ties.[158]

Fifth term (2024)

See also: Fifth Hasina ministry, 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement and Non-cooperation movement (2024). In January 2024 Hasina won her fourth consecutive term when her party, the Awami League, won 224 of the 300 parliamentary seats amidst a low voter turnout in an election boycotted by the main opposition.[159]

In May 2024, Sheikh Hasina claimed that a "white country" was plotting to topple her government and claimed that she would be promised trouble-free elections in January if she allowed a "white country" to set up an airbase in Bangladesh. She also alleged that there was a conspiracy to create a Christian country on the lines of East Timor and Myanmar.[160]

In June 2024, the prime minister Hasina had visited India.[161] In July 2024, at the invitation of the premier of China Li Qiang, Sheikh Hasina paid an official visit to China.[162] As she visited India a month ago, this visit to China is also seen as her attempt to seek opportunities to mediate between China and India.[163] [164]

In the same month of Hasina's state visit to China, protests broke out in support of reforming the quota system.[165] In response, Hasina stated in a press conference,

Protesters interpreted this as her referring to them as Razakars and adopted the title in some of their slogans.[166] [167] The protests later turned violent, involving police, the armed forces, and members of the Awami League, Chhatra League, and Jubo League, resulting in over 200 deaths and more than 20,000 injuries.[168] [169] [170] The government then shut down internet access for all non-essential purposes, conducted a massive crackdown on protestors with the help of the armed forces, and imposed a curfew that lasted five days.[171] [172] The Supreme Court agreed to reform the quota system,[173] [174] but the protesters then demanded justice for those killed during the demonstrations and an official apology from Hasina and the resignation of certain ministers they believed were responsible for inciting violence.[175] [176] On 3 August, the protest organisers issued a single demand and announced a non-cooperation movement,[177] calling for the resignation of Hasina and her entire cabinet.[178]

Resignation and flight from Bangladesh

Hasina resigned on 5 August 2024, as large crowds of demonstrators surrounded the prime minister's residence.[179] Her resignation was announced by Waker-uz-Zaman, the Chief of the Army Staff.[180] [181] [182] [183] Later that day, Hasina fled to India in a chaotic departure, first by car, then by helicopter, and finally by plane.[179] She left no written resignation letter and gave no resignation speech.[179]

Hasina reportedly flew in a Bangladesh Air Force C-130 transport to Hindon Air Force base in Ghaziabad, India, where she was received by the Indian national security advisor Ajit Doval along with other senior military officials. Indian foreign minister S. Jaishankar told the Parliament, "At very short notice, she requested approval to come for the moment to India."[179] Her son, Sajeeb Wazed, initially said that she would not return to politics and planned to "stay in Delhi for a little while" before her next destination, but subsequently said on 7 August that she and the Awami League would remain active in the Bangladeshi political scene[184] [185] [186] and that she would return to the country once elections were declared.[187] He also insisted that Sheikh Hasina was still the prime minister, saying that she was unable to formally submit her resignation after being forced to flee from the protesters.[188] Hasina had hoped to go to London, but the United Kingdom reportedly rebuffed initial overtures seeking political asylum.[189] She reportedly considered seeking temporary residence in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Belarus, or Qatar.[189] Because her nephew lives in Finland, that country was speculated as a possible destination. Although Sajeeb Wazed lives in the U.S., she is considered unlikely to seek asylum there, as the U.S. government criticized her rule in Bangladesh.[189]

Hasina was living in a secret location in India under tight security as of August 2024.[190] Sajeeb Wazed said that the protests which led to her resignation had support from a foreign intelligence agency, without naming any country.[191] In a statement published in the Indian media on 11 August, she accused the United States of influencing her resignation, and previously accused the United States of conspiring to oust her in the Bangladeshi parliament.[192] However, Wazed called the statement "false and fabricated" and said Hasina "did not give any statement before or after leaving Dhaka".[193] The White House also denied allegations of US involvement.[194]

Post-premiership

Since her removal, Sheikh Hasina is facing at least 11 criminal cases over acts made during her rule.[195] On 13 August 2024, a murder complaint was filed at a court in Dhaka against Sheikh Hasina and six other government officials, including former Home Minister Asaduzzaman Khan and former Transport and Bridges Minister and concurrent Awami League secretary-general Obaidul Quader, regarding the killing of a grocer during the quota reform protests on 19 July.[196] [197] That same day, Hasina released her first confirmed statements since her overthrow published by Wazed Joy calling for an investigation into the killings made during the protests, while insisting that police and the Awami League were also victims of "terrorist aggression".[198] On 14 August, one count of murder and another count of enforced disappearance was also filed against Sheikh Hasina.[199] Later that day, the International Crimes Tribunal opened an investigation on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity against Sheikh Hasina and nine senior government and Awami League officials over their role in the crackdown on the protests following a petition by the father of a killed student.[200]

On 15 August, two additional murder charges were filed against Sheikh Hasina and several of her associates over the deaths of two people during the protests.[201] [202] On 16 August, another murder charge was filed against Sheikh Hasina, former education minister Mohibul Hasan Chowdhury and several others over the death of a college student during protests in Chittagong on 18 July.[203] On 18 August, a mass murder charge was filed against her over deaths caused by indiscriminate firing during the 2013 Shapla Square protests,[195] along with a separate complaint regarding a 2015 attack on Khaleda Zia's convoy.[204]

Electoral history

See main article: Electoral history of Sheikh Hasina.

Year ConstituencyPartyVotes%Result
1991Dhaka-749,36236.5
Dhaka-1029,45137.8
Gopalganj-367,94572.2
June 1996Bagerhat-177,34251.4
Khulna-162,24753.5
Gopalganj-31,02,68992.2
2001Rangpur-677,99144.6
Gopalganj-31,54,13094.7
Narail-178,21654.6
Narail-297,19550.3
2008Rangpur-61,70,54280.0
Bagerhat-11,42,97968.3
Gopalganj-3158,95897.1

Reception

The Padma Bridge graft scandal involved the ruling Awami League government that allegedly sought, in exchange for the awarding of the construction contract, a large amount of money from the Canadian construction company SNC-Lavalin. The allegations were subsequently found to be false and without merit, and a Canadian court subsequently dismissed the case.[205]

As a result of the allegations, the World Bank pulled out of a project to provide funding for the Padma Bridge, citing corruption concerns, cancelling of credit for the 6adj=midNaNadj=mid road-rail bridge over the Padma River.[206] One of the individuals implicated was Minister of Communications Syed Abul Hossain who subsequently resigned and was later acquitted of any wrongdoing.[207] On 11 July 2012, BNP General-Secretary Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir said the Awami League government should make public a letter sent by the World Bank, wherein the Bank brought graft charges against Hasina and three other figures.[208] On 17 January 2016, Hasina stated that a managing director of a bank in the United States provoked the World Bank to cancel the loan.[209] The bridge was eventually constructed with the government's own funds and was inaugurated in June 2022 at a cost of,[210] much higher than the original projected cost of .[211]

On 24 January 2017, in a speech in parliament, Prime Minister Hasina blamed Muhammad Yunus for the World Bank's pulling out of the project.[212] According to her, Yunus lobbied with the former United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to persuade the World Bank to terminate the loan.[213] On 10 February 2017, a justice of the Superior Court of Ontario dismissed the bribery-conspiracy case for lack of any evidence.

In 2018, Hasina's government passed the controversial Digital Security Act, 2018, under which any criticism deemed inappropriate by the government over the internet or any other media could be punished by prison terms of various degrees. This was heavily criticised both domestically and internationally for suppressing people's freedom of speech, as well as undermining press freedom in Bangladesh.

In December 2022, the Hasina government ordered the closure of 191 websites accused of publishing "anti-state news" citing intelligence reports. Dhaka district authorities ordered the closure of Dainik Dinkal, which is owned by Tarique Rahman of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). Dainik Dinkal appealed the order to the Bangladesh Press Council who dismissed their appeal in February 2022, resulting in its closure.[214] The move has been criticised by government opponents who claim the move is an attempt to stifle opposition to the government. The government claimed Dainik Dinkal violated articles 10, 11, 16, 21(1)(kha) of the Printing Presses and Publications (Declaration and Registration) Act, 1973 as it had irregular publication and its publisher was a convicted felon.[215]

In June 2024, Sheikh Hasina paid a state visit to New Delhi, during which Bangladesh and India signed ten bilateral agreements, including one on allowing India a rail corridor to its northeastern states through Bangladeshi territory. This led to widespread criticism in Bangladesh on the issue of the country's sovereignty, accusing Hasina of "selling the country to India".[216] [217]

Personal life

In 1968, Hasina married M. A. Wazed Miah (1942–2009), a Bangladeshi physicist, writer, and chairman of the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission.[16] [218] They have a son, Sajeeb Wazed, and a daughter, Saima Wazed.[16] Saima's father-in-law is a former minister of Expatriates' Welfare and Overseas Employment and LGRD, Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain.[219] Hasina's only living sibling, Sheikh Rehana, served as the adviser of Tungipara upazila unit Awami League in Gopalganj in 2017.[220] Hasina's niece (and Sheikh Rehana's daughter) is Tulip Siddiq, a British Labour Party politician and elected Member of Parliament and City Minister.[221]

During her political career, Sheikh Hasina has survived a total of 19 assassination attempts.[222] She suffers from a hearing impairment as a result of injuries sustained during the 2004 grenade attack.[223] Given the violent history of brutal assassination of Sheikh Mujib family in 1975,[224] and later attempts to assassinate Sheikh Hasina and very high security risk towards the immediate Mujib family members, in 2015, she and her children were given lifelong protection by the government of Bangladesh through the Special Security Force.[225] [226] Practice of extending such security protection is not rare for persons with high security risk to their lives.[227] The government also announced free utility for life for her and her family.[228]

Bibliography

  1. সাদা কালো (Black and White)[229]
  2. Democracy in Distress Demeaned Humanity[230]
  3. শেখ রাসেল (Sheikh Rasel)[231]
  4. আমরা জনগণের কথা বলতে এসেছি (We Came Here to Speak for the People)[232]
  5. আন্তর্জাতিক সম্পর্ক উন্নয়নে শেখ হাসিনা (Sheikh Hasina on Developing International relations)[233]
  6. Living in Tears[234]
  7. রচনাসমগ্র ১[235]
  8. রচনাসমগ্র ২[236]
  9. সামরিকতন্ত্র বনাম গণতন্ত্র (Militarism versus Democracy)[237]
  10. Development for the Masses[238]
  11. Democracy Poverty Elimination and Peace[239]
  12. বিপন্ন গণতন্ত্র লাঞ্চিত মানবতা (Endangered Democracy, Oppressed Humanity)[240]
  13. জনগণ এবং গণতন্ত্র (People and democracy)[241]
  14. সহেনা মানবতার অবমাননা (Can't Tolerate the Insults of Humanity)[242]
  15. ওরা টোকাই কেন (Why They Are Dumpster Diving)[243]
  16. বাংলাদেশে স্বৈরতন্ত্রের জন্ম (The Birth of Autocracy in Bangladesh)[244]
  17. বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় সংসদে বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান (Sheikh Mujib in Bangladesh Parliament)[245]
  18. শেখ মুজিব আমার পিতা (Sheikh Mujib: My Father)[246]
  19. সবুজ মাঠ পেরিয়ে (Beyond the Green Field)[247]
  20. দারিদ্র দূরীকরণে কিছু চিন্তাভাবনা (Few Thoughts on Eradicating Poverty)[248]
  21. বিশ্ব প্রামান্য ঐতিহ্যে বঙ্গবন্ধুর ভাষণ[249]
  22. নির্বাচিত ১০০ ভাষণ (Selected 100 speeches)[250]
  23. নির্বাচিত প্রবন্ধ (Selected Essay)[251]
  24. The Quest for Vision 2021 – 1st Part[252]
  25. The Quest for Vision 2021 – 2nd Part[253]
  26. Muktidata Sheikh Mujib (Bengali: মুক্তিদাতা শেখ মুজিব) (Preface)[254]

Honours and awards

Hononary doctorates

Awards

In popular culture

Further reading

External links

|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 6 August 2024 . President dissolves parliament . 6 August 2024 . The Daily Star . en . 6 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240806100023/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/president-dissolves-parliament-3670721 . live .
  2. Book: Miah, M. A. Wazed. bn:বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিবকে ঘিরে কিছু ঘটনা ও বাংলাদেশ. bn. M. A. Wazed Miah. 242. The University Press Limited. 1997.
  3. News: Bangladesh's PM resigns and flees country as protesters storm her residence capping weeks of unrest . . 5 August 2024 . 5 August 2024 . 6 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240806001541/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/08/05/bangladesh-hasina-student-protest-quota-violence/463cd814-52e8-11ef-9a60-5b6e8b4da7c0_story.html . live .
  4. News: Hasnat . Saif . Martínez . Andrés R. . What We Know About the Ouster of Bangladesh's Leader . . 5 August 2024 . 5 August 2024 . 6 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240806145053/https://www.nytimes.com/article/bangladesh-student-protests.html . live .
  5. News: Kawser . Rumi . 11 September 2019 . Survey: Sheikh Hasina tops as longest serving female leader in world . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220610083246/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/world/2019/09/11/survey-sheikh-hasina-tops-as-longest-serving-female-leader-in-world . 10 June 2022 . 10 June 2022 . Dhaka Tribune.
  6. News: Bangladesh Prime Minister Wins 3rd Term Amid Deadly Violence on Election Day . . 30 December 2018 . 4 August 2024 . 4 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240804113719/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/30/world/asia/bangladesh-election-violence-hasina.html . live .
  7. News: Time to bring back smuggled money . 8 August 2024 . The Daily Star . 8 August 2024 . en . 8 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240808072348/https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/editorial/news/time-bring-back-smuggled-money-3671721 . live .
  8. Riaz . Ali . Ali Riaz . September 2020 . The pathway of massive socioeconomic and infracstructuaral development but democratic backsliding in Bangladesh . Democratization . 28 . 1–19 . 10.1080/13510347.2020.1818069 . 224958514.
  9. Diamond . Larry . Larry Diamond . September 2020 . Democratic regression in comparative perspective: scope, methods, and causes . Democratization . 28 . 22–42 . 10.1080/13510347.2020.1807517 . free.
  10. Web site: 30 June 2021 . Predator Sheikh Hasina . 5 July 2021 . Reporters Without Borders . en-US . 5 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210705132218/https://rsf.org/en/predator/sheikh-hasina . live.
  11. News: Bangladeshis launch 'India Out' campaign over alleged meddling linked to Hasina . 6 August 2024 . South China Morning Post . 23 February 2024 . en . 14 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240714004658/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3253018/bangladeshis-launch-india-out-campaign-over-new-delhis-alleged-meddling-keep-hasina-power . live .
  12. Sheikh Hasina: The World's 100 Most Influential People . Time . en-us . 9 August 2023 . 3 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201003011731/https://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217583/sheikh-hasina/ . live .
  13. Web site: The World's 100 Most Powerful Women 2015 . 4 May 2023 . Forbes ME . en-US . 4 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230504102709/https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/list/the-worlds-100-most-powerful-women-2015 . live .
  14. Web site: 4 December 2018 . The World's 100 Most Powerful Women . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170920073036/https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/#tab:overall . 20 September 2017 . 4 December 2018 . Forbes.
  15. Web site: 1 November 2017 . The World's 100 Most Powerful Women . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181225093350/https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/ . 25 December 2018 . 2 November 2017 . Forbes.
  16. News: PM's birthday today . The Daily Star . 29 September 2019 . 29 September 2019 . 29 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190929103323/https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/happy-birthday-pm-1806445 . live.
  17. Book: bn:বাংলাদেশ ও অনুপ্রেরণার গল্প . 2022 . Inspiring Bangladesh . 978-984-35-0351-0 . 30 . Bangladesh and a Story of Inspiration.
  18. Web site: Sheikh Hasina . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190808124211/http://btrc.gov.bd/content/sheikh-hasina . 8 August 2019 . 15 August 2019 . BTRC.
  19. Rahman . A. L. M. Abdur . 18 April 2023 . bn:ইতিহাসের আলোকে বঙ্গবন্ধু . Bāṃlādeśa loka-praśāsana patrikā . 16 . bn . 10.36609/blp.i16th.437 . 258222461 . 1605-7023 . free.
  20. News: Developing newspaper reading habit: Sheikh Hasina revisits memory lane . . 9 October 2020 . 14 August 2023 . 30 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240430141746/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/developing-newspaper-reading-habit-sheikh-hasina-revisits-memory-lane-143077 . live .
  21. News: In the shadow of a larger-than-life father . The Daily Star . 15 August 2021 . 14 August 2023 . 17 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240717145530/https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/national-mourning-day-2021/news/the-shadow-larger-life-father-2152576 . live .
  22. News: প্রতিবেদক . নিজস্ব . bn:যে কলেজের ছাত্রী প্রধানমন্ত্রী হয়েছেন . https://www.prothomalo.com/education/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8 . 28 July 2024 . . 29 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240728133211/https://www.prothomalo.com/education/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8 . 28 July 2024 . bn.
  23. News: PM Sheikh Hasina: From student leader to world leader . . 27 September 2022 . 14 August 2023 . 14 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230814181819/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/294878/pm-sheikh-hasina-from-student-leader-to-world . live .
  24. Web site: Miah, MA Wazed . Banglapedia.
  25. News: A walk through PM Hasina's life . Dhaka Tribune . 28 September 2022 . 14 August 2023 . 14 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230814181623/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/294843/a-walk-through-pm-hasina-s-life . live .
  26. News: Notable students from Dhaka University . July 2021 . 14 August 2023 . 14 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230814181819/https://www.tbsnews.net/features/panorama/notable-students-dhaka-university-268888 . live .
  27. Web site: Hasina, Sheikh – Banglapedia . The Business Standard . 14 August 2023 . 14 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230814181608/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Hasina,_Sheikh . live .
  28. Web site: Home :: Dhaka University . 14 August 2023 . 19 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240319131408/https://du.ac.bd/history/HRH . live .
  29. News: Bangladesh Coup: A Day of Killings . The New York Times . 23 August 1975 . 31 July 2024 . 18 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231118222143/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/23/archives/bangladesh-coup-a-day-of-killings-account-depicts-how-young.html . live .
  30. News: Mu jib Reported Overthrown and Killed in a Coup by the Bangladesh Military . The New York Times . 15 August 1975 . 31 July 2024 . 27 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240627112526/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/15/archives/mujib-reported-overthrown-and-killed-in-a-coup-by-the-bangladesh.html . live .
  31. News: The Mournful Day . The Business Standard . 13 August 2023 . 14 August 2023 . 6 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240806145022/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/mournful-day-681882 . live .
  32. News: When we were homeless, countryless; Indira Gandhi called us to India: Sheikh Hasina . The New Indian Express . 14 August 2023 . 14 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230814181829/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/apr/11/when-we-were-homeless-countryless-indira-gandhi-called-us-to-india-sheikh-hasina-1592209.html . live .
  33. News: Hasina recalls her historic moment with Indira Gandhi . The Hindu . 12 January 2010 . 14 August 2023 . 17 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240717145530/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Hasina-recalls-her-historic-moment-with-Indira-Gandhi/article16837325.ece . live .
  34. News: A memoir that retraces Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana's days in exile . The Daily Star . 10 March 2022 . 15 August 2023 . 15 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230815153549/https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/memoir-retraces-sheikh-hasina-and-sheikh-rehanas-days-exile-2979666 . live .
  35. Web site: Sheikh Hasina | World Leaders Forum.
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  213. News: Nobel laureate Yunus got Hillary Clinton to stop WB funding for Padma Bridge, says Hasina . bdnews24.com . 26 January 2017 . 25 January 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170125161835/http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2017/01/25/nobel-laureate-yunus-got-hillary-clinton-to-stop-wb-funding-for-padma-bridge-says-hasina . live.
  214. News: Bangladesh shuts down main opposition newspaper . 20 February 2023 . Agence France-Presse . 20 February 2023 . 20 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230220130345/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/20/bangladesh-shuts-down-main-opposition-newspaper-sheikh-hasina . live.
  215. News: Now Dainik Dinkal faces shutdown . 23 February 2023 . 12 March 2023 . . https://archive.today/20230312152601/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2023/02/23/now-dainik-dinkal-faces-shutdown . 12 March 2023 . live.
  216. News: PM Hasina bins criticism of selling country to India . 6 August 2024 . Dhaka Tribune . 25 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625093936/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/350166/pm-hasina-slams-criticism-of-selling-country-to . live .
  217. News: Sheikh Hasina doesn't sell the country, say prime minister . 6 August 2024 . Prothomalo . 25 June 2024 . en . 5 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240805130957/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/76mu2u1gmz . live .
  218. Web site: Sheikh Hasina Wazed . 27 March 2022 . www.britannica.com . en . 12 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210112005936/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sheikh-Hasina-Wazed . live.
  219. News: Discussion on the New Cabinet . 6 January 2009 . E-Bangladesh . 30 January 2017 . 28 March 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180328231818/http://www.ebangladesh.com/1570 . live.
  220. News: Sheikh Rehana becomes adviser of Tungipara AL . 30 July 2017 . Dhaka Tribune . 26 March 2022 . 9 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190209125240/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/2017/07/30/shiekh-rehana-becomes-adviser-tungipara-al . live.
  221. News: UK lawmaker Tulip Siddiq appointed as City Minister . . 9 July 2024.
  222. News: A life haunted by assassins all along . 27 September 2021 . 22 August 2022 . . Karim . Rezaul . https://archive.today/20220822030914/https://www.tbsnews.net/supplement/life-haunted-assassins-all-along-308341?amp . 22 August 2022 . live.
  223. News: August 21 grenade attack: The day democracy almost died . 21 August 2022 . 27 February 2023 . . . https://archive.today/20230228023659/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/08/21/august-21-grenade-attack-the-day-democracy-almost-died . 28 February 2023 . live.
  224. News: Mujib's Loyal Followers Reported to Plot Vengeance . The New York Times . 25 August 1975 . 3 August 2024 . 6 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240806145020/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/25/archives/mujibs-loyal-followers-reported-to-plot-vengeance.html . live .
  225. News: Bangabandhu family to get more security, free utility, foreign treatment . The Daily Star . 25 May 2015 . en . 3 August 2024 . 18 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240518055841/https://www.thedailystar.net/country/bangabandhu-family-get-more-security-free-utility-foreign-treatment-87319 . live .
  226. News: 19 privileges for Bangabandhu family . 26 May 2015 . . 3 August 2024 . 2 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240802062657/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/19-facilities-for-Bangabandhu-family . live .
  227. News: Cabinet clears SSF Bill to increase security for Bangabandhu's family. Dhaka Tribune. 17 May 2021.
  228. News: Tighter security for Bangabandhu family . 26 May 2015 . . en . 19 January 2017 . 2 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240802062656/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/tighter-security-for-bangabandhu-family . live .
  229. Book: bn:সাদা কালো – শেখ হাসিনা . https://www.rokomari.com/book/2351/sada-kalo . 22 August 2018 . bn . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145420/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2351/sada-kalo . live.
  230. Book: Democracy in Distress Demeaned Humanity – Sheikh Hasina . 22 August 2018 . en . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145449/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2189/democracy-in-distress-demeaned-humanity . live.
  231. Book: Sheikh . Hasina . Sheikh . Rehana . bn:শেখ রাসেল . https://www.rokomari.com/book/11845/skeikh-rasel . 22 August 2018 . bn . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145436/https://www.rokomari.com/book/11845/skeikh-rasel . live.
  232. Book: bn:আমরা জনগণের কথা বলতে এসেছি – পান্না কায়সার . Sheikh . Hasina . https://www.rokomari.com/book/1814/amra-jonogoner-kotha-bolte-asehshi . 22 August 2018 . bn . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113857/https://www.rokomari.com/book/1814/amra-jonogoner-kotha-bolte-asehshi . live.
  233. Book: Sheikh . Hasina . bn:আন্তর্জাতিক সম্পর্ক উন্নয়নে শেখ হাসিনা . https://www.rokomari.com/book/6913/antorjatik-somporko-unnayone-sheikh-hasina . 22 August 2018 . bn . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113731/https://www.rokomari.com/book/6913/antorjatik-somporko-unnayone-sheikh-hasina . live.
  234. Book: Living in Tears – Sheikh Hasina . Sheikh . Hasina . bn . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113734/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2356/living-in-tears . live.
  235. Book: bn:রচনাসমগ্র ১ . Sheikh . Hasina . https://www.rokomari.com/book/4988/rochnasamogro-1 . bn . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113756/https://www.rokomari.com/book/4988/rochnasamogro-1 . live.
  236. Book: bn:রচনাসমগ্র ২ . Sheikh . Hasina . https://www.rokomari.com/book/4990/rochnasamagro-2 . bn . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145423/https://www.rokomari.com/book/4990/rochnasamagro-2 . live.
  237. Book: bn:সামরিকতন্ত্র বনাম গণতন্ত্র . Sheikh . Hasina . https://www.rokomari.com/book/6909/samoriktontro-bonam-gonotontro . bn . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113853/https://www.rokomari.com/book/6909/samoriktontro-bonam-gonotontro . live.
  238. Book: Development for the masses . Sheikh . Hasina . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113709/https://www.rokomari.com/book/47718/development-for-the-masses . live.
  239. Book: Democracy proverty elimination and peace . Sheikh . Hasina . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113712/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2358/democracy-proverty-elimination-and-peace . live.
  240. Book: bn:বিপন্ন গণতন্ত্র লাঞ্চিত মানবতা . Sheikh . Hasina . https://www.rokomari.com/book/2352/biponno-gonotontro--lancito-manobota . bn . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113759/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2352/biponno-gonotontro--lancito-manobota . live.
  241. Book: bn:জণগণ এবং গণতন্ত্র . Sheikh . Hasina . People and Democracy – Sheikh Hasina . bn . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145541/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2191/people-and-democracy . live.
  242. Book: bn:সহেনা মানবতার অবমাননা . Sheikh . Hasina . https://www.rokomari.com/book/2187/sohena-manobotar-obomanona . bn . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145455/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2187/sohena-manobotar-obomanona . live.
  243. Book: bn:ওরা টোকাই কেন . Sheikh . Hasina . https://www.rokomari.com/book/2186/ora-tokai-keno . bn . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145452/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2186/ora-tokai-keno . live.
  244. Book: bn:বাংলাদেশে স্বৈরতন্ত্রের জন্ম . Sheikh . Hasina . https://www.rokomari.com/book/2185/bangladeshe-soirotontrer-jonmo . bn . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113831/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2185/bangladeshe-soirotontrer-jonmo . live.
  245. Book: bn:বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় সংসদে বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান . Sheikh . Hasina . https://www.rokomari.com/book/2192/bangladesh-jatiyo-songsode-bongobandhu-sheikh-mujibur-rahman . bn . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113723/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2192/bangladesh-jatiyo-songsode-bongobandhu-sheikh-mujibur-rahman . live.
  246. Book: bn:শেখ মুজিব আমার পিতা . Sheikh . Hasina . https://www.rokomari.com/book/93738/sheikh-mujib-amar-pita . bn . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113823/https://www.rokomari.com/book/93738/sheikh-mujib-amar-pita . live.
  247. Book: bn:সবুজ মাঠ পেরিয়ে . Sheikh . Hasina . https://www.rokomari.com/book/4621/sobuj-math-periye . bn . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113821/https://www.rokomari.com/book/4621/sobuj-math-periye . live.
  248. Book: bn:দারিদ্র দূরীকরণে কিছু চিন্তাভাবনা . Sheikh . Hasina . https://www.rokomari.com/book/2353/dareddro-durekaron--kishu-cintavabna . bn . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113804/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2353/dareddro-durekaron--kishu-cintavabna . live.
  249. Book: bn:বিশ্ব প্রামান্য ঐতিহ্যে বঙ্গবন্ধুর ভাষণ . Sheikh . Hasina . https://www.rokomari.com/book/168042/bishwa-pramano-oitijjey-bangabandhur-vashon . bn . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113611/https://www.rokomari.com/book/168042/bishwa-pramano-oitijjey-bangabandhur-vashon . live.
  250. Book: bn:নির্বাচিত ১০০ ভাষণ . Sheikh . Hasina . https://www.rokomari.com/book/158949/nirbachito-100-vason--2014-2017- . bn . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145505/https://www.rokomari.com/book/158949/nirbachito-100-vason--2014-2017- . live.
  251. Book: bn:নির্বাচিত প্রবন্ধ . Sheikh . Hasina . https://www.rokomari.com/book/127766/nirbachito-probondho . bn . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145523/https://www.rokomari.com/book/127766/nirbachito-probondho . live.
  252. Book: The quest for vision 2021 1st-part . Sheikh . Hasina . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113807/https://www.rokomari.com/book/10775/the-quest-for-vision-2021--1st-part- . live.
  253. Book: The-quest-for-vision-2021—2nd-part . Sheikh . Hasina . 22 August 2018 . 22 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145433/https://www.rokomari.com/book/91108/the-quest-for-vision-2021-2nd-volume-- . live.
  254. News: 'মুক্তিদাতা শেখ মুজিব' গ্রন্থের মোড়ক উন্মোচন করলেন প্রধানমন্ত্রী কালের কণ্ঠ . 14 March 2022 . Kalerkantho . 14 March 2022 . bn . 14 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220314163517/https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/corporatecorner/2022/03/14/1129084 . live.
  255. Web site: http://www.pmo.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=137&Itemid=351 . bn:প্রধানমন্ত্রীর কার্যালয়-গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ সরকার . bn . 15 February 2015 . 15 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150215210043/http://pmo.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=137&Itemid=351 . live.
  256. Web site: 早稲田大学 . 15 February 2015 . 25 October 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121025034831/http://www.waseda.jp/eng/about/honorary.html . live.
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  259. Web site: The University: Honoris Causa . University of Dhaka . 15 February 2015 . 5 October 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151005084251/http://www.du.ac.bd/main_menu/the_university/honoris_causa . live.
  260. News: Hasina gets emotional about Tripura . Business Line . https://web.archive.org/web/20180526120852/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/hasina-gets-emotional-about-tripura/article23068659.ece . dead . 26 May 2018 . 26 May 2018.
  261. News: Hasina receives doctorate, gets emotional about Tripura . Deccan Herald . 15 February 2015 . 15 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150215213904/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/218705/content/218348/archives.php . live.
  262. News: Hasina receives doctorate, gets emotional about Tripura . The Telegraph . Calcutta . 15 February 2015 . 15 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150215211607/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120112/jsp/frontpage/story_14998049.jsp . dead.
  263. News: Tripura varsity confers doctorate on Hasina . The New Indian Express . 15 February 2015 . 15 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150215214820/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article330512.ece . dead.
  264. News: 1st Convocation of SAU Held . Daily Sun . 22 November 2015 . 23 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151123222412/http://www.daily-sun.com/magazine/details/92305/1st-Convocation-of-SAU-Held . live.
  265. News: Secularism the way forward for Bangladesh, says Sheikh Hasina . 26 May 2018 . . 27 August 2018 . 9 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035032/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/secularism-the-way-forward-for-bangladesh-says-sheikh-hasina/article23998757.ece . live.
  266. News: Hasina conferred honorary D.Litt by Kazi Nazrul University . . 31 March 2020 . 15 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180915100029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/hasina-conferred-honorary-d-litt-by-kazi-nazrul-university/articleshow/64331464.cms . live.
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  269. Ganguly . Meenakshi . Sheikh Hasina Is on the 2018 TIME 100 List . Time . 8 November 2018 . 1 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181101201356/http://www.time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217583/sheikh-hasina/ . live.
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  276. Web site: Bangladesh recognized for halving hunger before MDG timeline . fao.org . Food and Agriculture Organization . 28 March 2016 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143546/http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/faobd/docs/In_Focus/Storyline_BGD_MDG1_achievd.pdf . live.
  277. Web site: Randolph College – The Pearl S. Buck Award . 15 February 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150215205604/http://web.randolphcollege.edu/buck/award.asp#recipients . 15 February 2015.
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  279. News: Sheikh Hasina receives Indira Gandhi award . The New Indian Express . 15 February 2015 . 15 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150215213428/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article221350.ece . dead.
  280. News: Rahman . Mizan . 8 September 2014 . Unesco honours Hasina for promotion of girls' education . . 23 September 2014 . 17 September 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140917101502/http://www.gulf-times.com/bangladesh/245/details/407428/unesco-honours-hasina-for-promotion-of-girls%e2%80%99-education . live.
  281. Web site: Bangladeshi Prime Minister wins UN environment prize for leadership on climate change . 14 September 2015 . . 15 September 2015 . 15 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150915191220/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51865 . live.
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  284. News: 'Hasina: A Daughter's Tale' awaits release . . 28 September 2018 . 2 October 2018 . 3 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181003104536/https://www.dhakatribune.com/feature/2018/09/28/hasina-a-daughter-s-tale-awaits-release . live.
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  287. Web site: Sheikh Hasina unveils 'Duronto Pranovonto Sheikh Russell' . 25 November 2023 . New Age . 25 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231125124628/https://www.newagebd.net/article/184010/sheikh-hasina-unveils-duronto-pranovonto-sheikh-russell . live .
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