| Háry János | |
| Type: | Folk opera |
| Composer: | Zoltán Kodály |
| Librettist: |
|
| Language: | Hungarian |
| Premiere Location: | Royal Hungarian Opera House, Budapest |
Háry János is a Hungarian folk opera by Zoltán Kodály with a Hungarian libretto by Béla Paulini and Zsolt Harsányi. The opera, in four acts, is in the manner of a Singspiel and is based on the comic epic The Veteran (Az obsitos) by János Garay about a supposed veteran named Háry János. The subtitle of the piece is Háry János kalandozásai Nagyabonytul a Burgváráig – János Háry: his Adventures from Nagyabony (Great Abony) to the Vienna Burg.[1]
The 1926 première was at the Royal Hungarian Opera House, Budapest. The UK stage première was at the Buxton Festival in 1982 conducted by Anthony Hose, with Alan Opie in the title role.[2]
The story is of a veteran hussar in the Austrian army in the first half of the 19th century who sits in the village inn regaling his listeners with fantastic tales of heroism (in the tradition of Miles Gloriosus[2]). His supposed exploits include winning the heart of the Empress Marie Louise, the wife of Napoleon, and then single-handedly defeating Napoleon and his armies. Nevertheless, he finally renounces all riches in order to go back to his village with his sweetheart.
Kodály wrote in his preface to the score: "Háry is a peasant, a veteran soldier who day after day sits at the tavern spinning yarns about his heroic exploits... the stories released by his imagination are an inextricable mixture of realism and naivety, of comic humour and pathos." He also comments that "though superficially he appears to be merely a braggart, essentially he is a natural visionary and poet. That his stories are not true is irrelevant, for they are the fruit of a lively imagination, seeking to create, for himself and for others, a beautiful dream world."[3] Háry János embodies the poetic power of folklore to go beyond political frustrations; Kodály intended to bring his national folk music to an operatic setting.[1]
Both the opera and the suite begin with an orchestral 'musical sneeze', best explained in Kodály's own words: "According to Hungarian superstition, if a statement is followed by a sneeze of one of the hearers, it is regarded as confirmation of its truth. The Suite begins with a sneeze of this kind! One of Háry's group of faithful listeners … sneezes at the wildest assertions of the old tale-spinner."[4]
At the request of the Universal publishing house in Vienna, Kodály himself described the message behind Háry János: "Every Hungarian is a dreamer. He flees from the sad reality of the centuries...into the world of illusions. Yet Háry János's boasting is more than a dream: it is also poetry. The authors of heroic tales are themselves no heroes, but they are the spiritual kin of heroes. Háry János may never have done the deeds he talks about, but the potential is always there. János is a primitive poet, and what he has to say he concentrates in a single hero: himself. After we have listened to the heroic feats he has dreamed up, it is tragically symbolic that we see him in a grubby village inn. He appears happy in his poverty: a king in the kingdom of his dreams."[5]
| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast, 16 October 1926[6] [7] (Conductor: Nándor Rékai) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Háry János | baritone | Imre Palló | |
| Örzse, his betrothed | mezzo-soprano | Izabella Nagy | |
| Empress of Austria | soprano | Sári Sebeök | |
| Napóleon | baritone | Viktor Dalnoki | |
| Mária Lujza, wife of Napóleon | mezzo-soprano | Rózsi Marschalkó | |
| Öreg Marci, emperor’s coachman | baritone | János Körmendy | |
| Knight Ebelasztin, chamberlain to the Empress Mária Lujza | tenor | Gyula Toronyi | |
| Emperor Franz | spoken | Sándor Pusztai | |
| Emperor's mother-in-law | spoken | Teréz Fazekas | |
| Countess Melusina | spoken | Józsa Szabó | |
| Baroness Estrella | spoken | Aranka Pállfy | |
| General Krucifix | spoken | Rezsö Kornai | |
| General Dufla | spoken | Zsigmond Hubai | |
| A student | spoken | Kalmán Szügyi | |
| Abraham, an innkeeper | spoken | ||
| Hungarian sentry | spoken | ||
| Russian sentry | spoken | ||
| Village elder | spoken | ||
| Generals, French and Hungarian soldiers, people at the borders and at court | |||
Overture
Prologue – The Tale Begins
In the Hungarian village of Nagyabony people gather at the tavern. A picture of Napoleon hangs on the wall. The regulars and students wait glass in hand for the next tale from the old soldier Háry János.
First Adventure – On the frontier near Moscow
A border crossing point between Galicia and Russia; there is frost and ice on the Russian side, sun shining and flowers blooming on the Hungarian side. János, after having got rid of all his female admirers meets Örzse.
The court chamberlain complains that Mária Lujza and her retinue have not been able to cross the frontier. Örzse and János talk with Marci, a Hungarian coachman working at the French Court, who tells them that Mária Lujza, the daughter of the Emperor, is being refused passage by the Russian guard. János pushes the border gate along the ground, so that she finds herself across the Hungarian frontier. Marci toasts the young couple as Örzse and János sing a duet. Ebelasztin says the noise is disturbing the rest of the princess. However, when Mária Lujza enters she takes a fancy to János and invites him to come to Vienna and enter the Imperial Guard. He asks for double rations for his horse, Hungarian livery for Marci, and for Örzse to come with him. The Russian sentry is worried that he will be punished if he is found in the wrong country. Ebelasztin fails to push the frontier post back, but János manages to do it.
Intermezzo
Second Adventure – In the Garden of the Imperial Palace, Vienna Burg
The park is resplendent. In the course of conversation between János and Marci Ebelasztin's dislike of János becomes clear. Mária Lujza tells János to seek her if he ever needs assistance. Ebelasztin sends János to the stables where he has to ride the wildest horse, but János returns from the roof unruffled by the ride. Mária Lujza points out János to the Empress. The envious Ebelasztin tells Örzse that he has in his pocket the declaration of war from Napoleon which he intends to use; moments later military sounds emerge from inside the palace. János has been promoted to captain by the Emperor. As the curtain falls an enormous cannon is wheeled on.
Third Adventure – A battlefield near Milan.
Háry János, by now promoted to the rank of colonel, single-handedly wins the battle with the wind from drawing his sword, and has Napoleon kneeling for mercy. The emperor's wife now wants to win his heart, to the consternation of Örzse. Mária Lujza and Örzse argue over János, who refuses to marry the princess, who herself threatens suicide. János saves the situation and leads the soldiers in a rousing march.
Fourth Adventure – Imperial Palace, Vienna Burg.
The preparations for the wedding of the hero János and the infatuated princess are under way, but János can't eat. All the archdukes come and pay homage to the hero. Örzse arrives to take leave of Háry but, now an infantryman, he swears allegiance to the Emperor, whether as a soldier or farmer. True to her and to his homeland, despite all the imperial trappings they leave the court.
Epilogue
Back at the inn in Nagyabony, János concludes by telling his sleeping audience that the condition of freeing Napoleon was that a gold watch should be sent to the headman of the village, who replies that he never got it. János states that the only person who can corroborate his story is Örzse, who is now dead.
From the music of the opera, Kodály extracted the orchestral Háry János Suite, a popular piece in the classical repertoire. This notably includes the cimbalom, a traditional Hungarian variant of the hammer dulcimer. The world première of the suite was at the Gran Teatro del Liceo Barcelona, on 24 March 1927, by the Pau Casals Orchester conducted by Antal Fleischer.[8]
The suite is scored for three flutes (all doubling piccolo), 2 oboes, 2 clarinets in B-flat (one doubling clarinet in E-flat and one doubling alto saxophone), 2 bassoons, 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in C, 3 cornets in B-flat (used in the last movement only), 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, snare drum, bass drum, cymbals, triangle, tambourine, tam-tam, glockenspiel, chimes, xylophone, celesta, piano, cimbalom and strings.
The movements of the Háry János Suite are as follows:
The play has thrice been adapted into films, all Hungarian: a 1941 film Háry János directed by Frigyes Bán, a 1965 film Háry János directed by Miklós Szinetár and a 1983 animated film Háry János directed by Zsolt Richly. It also was adapted as a children's book by Miklós Rónaszegi .