Harriet Zuckerman Explained

Harriet A. Zuckerman
Birth Date:1937 7, mf=yes
Birth Place:New York City, US
Field:Sociology of science
Work Institutions:Columbia University, Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Alma Mater:Vassar College, Columbia University
Awards:Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1979) & American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1985).

Harriet Anne Zuckerman (born July 19, 1937) is an American sociologist and professor emerita of Columbia University.[1]

Zuckerman specializes in the sociology of science.[2] She is known for her work on the social organization of science, scientific elites, the accumulation of advantage, the Matthew effect, and the phenomenon of multiple discovery.

Zuckerman served as the Senior Vice President of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation from 1991 to 2010, overseeing the Foundation's grant program in support of research, libraries and universities. She is known as an authority for her studies of educational programs, and her support of research universities, scholarship in the humanities, graduate educational programs, research libraries, and other centers for advanced study.

Education

Harriet Zuckerman received her A.B. degree from Vassar College in 1958 and her Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1965.[1] She held a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship from 1958-1959.[3]

Career

Zuckerman was a Lecturer in Sociology at Barnard College in New York City from 1964-1965. She returned to Columbia University an Assistant Professor of Sociology in 1965, where she served as Project Director of the Bureau of Applied Social Research. She became an Associate Professor in 1972, and a Full Professor in 1978 . She chaired the Sociology department from 1978-1982.[3] In 1992, she retired from Columbia University, becoming a professor emerita.[4]

Zuckerman served as president of the Society for Social Studies of Science in 1990-1991.[5] In 1989, she joined the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation as a senior advisor, becoming the Senior Vice President in 1991.[3] She retired from the Vice Presidency in May 2010.[6]

Work

Zuckerman's research has focused on the social organization of science and scholarship. She is the author of the 1977 book, Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States, which has been credited with defining the direction of work in the field for the next two decades.[7] As a basis for her research, Zuckerman used a database to examine more than 60,000 academics, in a powerful demonstration of the self-reinforcing dynamics of American academic culture. Zuckerman's findings, particularly her "fundamental notion" of "accumulation of advantage", questioned assumptions about creativity, achievement, eminence, and greatness.[8] [9] [10] [11] [12]

The empirical data Zuckerman analyzed, along with work by Robert K. Merton and others, documented ways in which women scientists were "systematically disadvantaged in educational attainment, productivity, funding, lab space, and recognition".[13] Zuckerman and others have carried out subsequent work on prizes and other rewards; their impact on productivity, collaboration, and authorship;[14] and on the effectiveness of interventions whose intention is to support women and members of other underrepresented populations.

Scientific Elite is also a fascinating introduction to the phenomenon of multiple discovery in the fields of science and technology.[3] Zuckerman further examined conditions and processes influencing the introduction and adoption of scientific ideas in later work. In 1978, she introduced the idea of "postmature scientific discovery".[15]

The sociologist of science Robert K. Merton later credited Zuckerman as a co-author of his work on the Matthew effect, writing '“It is now [1973] belatedly evident to me that I drew upon the interview and other materials of the Zuckerman study to such an extent that, clearly, the paper should have appeared under joint authorship.”[16] The overlooking of Zuckerman's contribution can be considered an example of a pattern which she noted, which has been nicknamed the Matilda effect by science historian Margaret Rossiter.[3] [17] [18] Zuckerman married Merton in 1993.[19]

Bibliography

Awards

Zuckerman is a Fellow of both the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1979) and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1985) and a Guggenheim Fellow (1981-1982), among others.[3] [20] She is also a member of the American Philosophical Society.[21]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Reports of the President and of the Treasurer . 1980 . John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation . 116 . May 24, 2021.
  2. Synonyms for the term "sociology of science" include "science of science" ("Science of Science Cyberinfrastructure Portal... at Indiana University" ; Maria Ossowska and Stanisław Ossowski, "The Science of Science," 1935, reprinted in Bohdan Walentynowicz, ed., Polish Contributions to the Science of Science, Boston, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1982, pp. 82-95) and the back-formed term "logology" (Christopher Kasparek, "Prus' Pharaoh: the Creation of a Historical Novel", The Polish Review, vol. XXXIX, no. 1, 1994, note 3, pp. 45-46; Stefan Zamecki, Komentarze do naukoznawczych poglądów Williama Whewella (1794–1866): studium historyczno-metodologiczne [Commentaries to the Logological Views of [[William Whewell]] (1794–1866): A Historical-Methodological Study], Warsaw, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2012,, [English-language] summary, pp. 741-43). The term "logology" provides convenient grammatical variants not available with the earlier terms: i.e., "logologist", "to logologize", "logological", "logologically".
  3. Web site: Harriet Zuckerman papers, 1887-2014, bulk 1963-1992 . Columbia University Libraries . May 24, 2021.
  4. Web site: Student Guide . Columbia University . May 26, 2021.
  5. Web site: Past Presidents and Council Members . Society for Social Studies of Science . May 26, 2021 . May 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210526192952/https://www.4sonline.org/what-is-4s/governance/past-presidents-and-council-members/ . dead .
  6. Book: The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation: Reportfrom January 1, 2009through December 31, 2009 . 2010 . The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation . May 26, 2021 . April 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210411194008/https://www.mellon.org/media/filer_public/c0/01/c001d24f-dfec-463e-813c-0ff696b7dce3/2009.pdf . dead .
  7. Gordukalova . Galina F. . 'Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States' (Reprint Review) . The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy . 1997 . 67 . 3 . 306–308 . 10.1086/629960 . 40039731 . May 26, 2021.
  8. de Haan . J. . Leeuw . F. L. . Remery . C. . Accumulation of advantage and disadvantage in research groups . Scientometrics . February 1994 . 29 . 2 . 239–251 . 10.1007/BF02017975. 1874/427863 . 43849982 . free .
  9. Chang . Ho-Chun Herbert . Fu . Feng . Elitism in mathematics and inequality . Humanities and Social Sciences Communications . December 2021 . 8 . 1 . 7 . 10.1057/s41599-020-00680-y . May 24, 2021. 2002.07789 . 211146164 .
  10. Wagner . Caroline S. . Horlings . Edwin . Whetsell . Travis A. . Mattsson . Pauline . Nordqvist . Katarina . Do Nobel Laureates Create Prize-Winning Networks? An Analysis of Collaborative Research in Physiology or Medicine . PLOS ONE . July 31, 2015 . 10 . 7 . e0134164 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0134164 . 26230622 . 4521825 . 2015PLoSO..1034164W . free .
  11. Book: Zuckerman . Harriet . Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States . 1977 . The Free Press . New York. 61, 248, 250.
  12. Book: Ochse . R. . Before the Gates of Excellence: The Determinants of Creative Genius . 1990 . Cambridge University Press . Cambridge . 9780521375573 . 44 . May 26, 2021.
  13. Silbey . Susan S. . The Every Day Work of Studying the Law in Everyday Life . Annual Review of Law and Social Science . October 13, 2019 . 15 . 1 . 1–18 . 10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110316-113326 . May 26, 2021. 1721.1/130420 . 197720487 . free .
  14. Li . Jichao . Yin . Yian . Fortunato . Santo . Wang . Dashun . Scientific elite revisited: patterns of productivity, collaboration, authorship and impact . Journal of the Royal Society Interface . April 2020 . 17 . 165 . 20200135 . 10.1098/rsif.2020.0135 . 32316884 . 7211484 . 2003.12519 .
  15. Garfield . Eugene . Essays of an Information Scientist: Creativity, Delayed Recognition, and Other Essays . Current Contents . January 16, 1989 . 12 . 3 . 3–10, 16–23 . May 26, 2021.
  16. Merton . Robert K. . The Matthew Effect in Science, II: Cumulative Advantage and the Symbolism of Intellectual Property . Isis . 1988 . 79 . 4 . 606–623 . 10.1086/354848 . 17167736 .
  17. Rossiter . Margaret W. . The Matthew Matilda Effect in Science . Social Studies of Science . 1993 . 23 . 2 . 325–341 . 10.1177/030631293023002004 . 145225097 . May 24, 2021 . May 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210526193323/http://garciaproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Rossiter-1993_The-Mattew-Matilda-Effect-in-Science.pdf . dead .
  18. Knobloch-Westerwick . Silvia . Glynn . Carroll J. . The Matilda Effect—Role Congruity Effects on Scholarly Communication: A Citation Analysis of Communication Research and Journal of Communication Articles . Communication Research . February 2013 . 40 . 1 . 3–26 . 10.1177/0093650211418339. 206437794 .
  19. News: Stones . Rob . Professor Robert Merton Sociologist who coined the 'self-fulfilling prophecy' and other 20th-century neologisms . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220509/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-robert-merton-36365.html . May 9, 2022 . subscription . live . May 26, 2021 . The Independent . March 22, 2003.
  20. Web site: Professor Harriet Anne Zuckerman . American Academy of Arts and Sciences . May 24, 2021.
  21. Web site: APS Member History. December 16, 2021. search.amphilsoc.org.

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