Sha'ar HaAmakim explained

Sha'ar HaAmakim
Foundation:1935
Founded By:Romanian and Yugoslav Jews
District:haifa
Council:Zevulun
Affiliation:Kibbutz Movement
Pushpin Map:Israel haifa
Pushpin Mapsize:250
Coordinates:32.7231°N 35.1133°W
Grid Position:160/236 PAL

Sha'ar HaAmakim (Hebrew: שַׁעַר הַעֲמָקִים||Gate of the Valleys) is a kibbutz in northern Israel associated with the Hashomer Hatzair movement founded in 1935. Located near Kiryat Tiv'on, it falls under the jurisdiction of Zevulun Regional Council. In it had a population of .

History

Antiquity

Human habitation in the area dates at least as far back as the Hellenistic period.[1] Although the site, in recent history, has borne the name of Ḫirbet el-Ḥârithîye, it is thought by modern-day archaeologists to have been the Second Temple-period site known as Geba / Gibea ( Γάβα), based on Josephus' description of distances between Geba and Simonias and Beit She'arim (Roman-era Jewish village) in Lower Galilee.[2] [3] [4]

Crusades

In 1283, during the hudna ("truce") between the Crusaders based in Acre and the Mamluk sultan al-Mansur Qalawun, this location was named el Harathiyah and was described as part of the domain of the Crusaders.[5]

Ottoman rule

During the Ottoman era, a Muslim village at the site was named el Hâritheh.[6] The village appeared as El Harti on the map of Pierre Jacotin compiled in 1799.[7] In 1859, the population was recorded as 120 with tillable land of 12 feddans.[8] In 1875, Victor Guérin reported about 40 houses.[9] In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described it as an adobe hamlet.[8]

A population list from about 1887 showed that Harithiyeh had about 120 inhabitants; all Muslims.[10]

British Mandate

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the Al Zubaidat, who cultivated the Hartieh land, numbered 363, all Muslims.[11]

The area was acquired by the Jewish community as part of the Sursock Purchase. In 1925 a Zionist organisation purchased 50 feddans in Hartieh from the Sursock family of Beirut. At the time, there were 60 families living there.[12] In the 1931 census, the Arab Zubeidat was counted under the Shefa-'Amr suburbs.[13]

From 1931, and lasting several years, the Jewish Agency struggled to evict the Arab El Zubeidat, who were tenant farmers at Hartiya.[14] [15] [16] [17] According to Avneri, Hartiya land was to become Sha'ar HaAmakim.[14] According to the Department of Statistics, however, Sha'ar HaAmakim had previously been part of Sheikh Bureik.

Kibbutz Sha'ar HaAmakim was founded in 1935 by immigrants from Romania and Yugoslavia. One of its founders was Aharon Cohen,[18] later to be convicted of spying for the Soviet Union. Its name was derived from the nearby confluence of the Jezreel and Zevulun valleys.[19] By the 1945 statistics it had a population of 360, all Jews.[20] [21]

State of Israel

Sha'ar HaAmakim hosted volunteers from around the world, including France and the United States, who worked at the kibbutz and participated in cultural exchanges.[22] In the 1960s, there were up to 100 volunteers each year.[23] Bernie Sanders spent time at the kibbutz for several months in 1963.[24] [23]

Economy

According to a 2016 report, the kibbutz derives most of its income from its solar water heater factory. Additional sources of income include agriculture, such as dairy farming.[22] For over five decades, the kibbutz has produced and processed sunflower seeds which it markets under its name both in Israel and for export.[25] It also has a fish pond and orchards producing apples, peaches, and pears.[23]

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Segal. Arthur. Młynarczyk. Jolanta. Burdajewicz. Mariusz. Bar-Oz. Guy. 2009. Excavations of the Hellenistic site in Kibbutz Sha'ar-Ha'Amakim. 9789659041879. Haifa. Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa.
  2. Dvorjetski, Esti (2009)
  3. [Benjamin Mazar|Mazar (Maisler), B.]
  4. Cf. Josephus, Vita § 24; The Jewish War (3.3.1)
  5. Barag, 1979, p. 204
  6. ”the ploughed land”, Palmer, 1881, p. 109
  7. Karmon, 1960, p. 163
  8. Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 270
  9. Guérin, 1880, pp. 399-400
  10. Schumacher, 1888, p. 175
  11. Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 34
  12. [Media:ShawSursockTable.png|List of villages sold by Sursocks and their partners to the Zionists since British occupation of Palestine]
  13. Mills, 1932, p. 90.
  14. Avneri, 1984, pp. 156-7
  15. Web site: PALESTINE (HARTIEH LANDS, DISTURBANCE). (Hansard, 26 February 1935). api.parliament.uk.
  16. Web site: PALESTINE. (Hansard, 24 March 1936). api.parliament.uk.
  17. http://forward.com/news/333020/bernie-sanders-stint-at-stalinist-kibbutz-draws-red-baiting-from-right/ Bernie Sanders Stint at 'Stalinist' Kibbutz Draws Red-Baiting From Right
  18. Book: Almogi, Yosef . Total commitment . Herzl Press . New York . 1982 . 978-0-8453-4749-2 . 8431597 . 23 . registration .
  19. http://shseeds.co.il/en/history History
  20. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 15
  21. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 49
  22. News: Erlanger. Steven. February 5, 2016. Bernie Sanders's Kibbutz Found. Surprise: It's Socialist.. The New York Times. February 6, 2016.
  23. News: Sales. Ben. February 8, 2016. 50 years on, Bernie Sanders still champions values of his Israeli kibbutz. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. February 8, 2016.
  24. Web site: Aderet. Ofer. Mystery Solved? Haaretz Archive Reveals Which Kibbutz Bernie Sanders Volunteered On. Haaretz. 5 February 2016. 4 February 2016.
  25. Web site: Shaar Haamakim Seeds . . Sha'ar Ha'amakim Seeds, Ltd . February 6, 2016.

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