List of extinct Shia sects explained
The following is a list of extinct unorthodox movements within Shia Islam. These are movements that no longer have any living followers or practitioners. These movements were created around certain beliefs that were unorthodox and not held by the mainstream Shia Muslims. These movements eventually, after their very brief existence, had their followers fall into mainstream Islam.
- Bazighiyya - who believed that Ja'far al-Sadiq was God.
- Dhammiyya - who believed that Ali was God and Muhammad was his appointed Messenger and Prophet.
- Ghurabiyya - who believed the angel Gabriel was mistaken.
- Hurufiyya - who believed God is incarnated in every atom, reminiscent of the Alevi-Bektashism.
- Nuqtavi - who believed in a cyclical view of time, reminiscent of the Isma'ili Shia.
- Kaysanites - who believed in the Imamate of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah after the death of Husayn Ibn 'Ali Ibn abu Talib.
- Bayaniyya - the followers of Bayān al-Nahdi, who believed that Abu Hashim was a prophet and would return to rule the world as Mahdi. Bayān claimed prophethood for himself after the demise of Abu Hashim, as well.[1]
- Harbiyya - the followers of ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Harb ibn al-Kindi, who initially taught antinomianism then joined Ibn Mu'awiya's party and later expressed many extremist views about him. Furthermore, Ibn al-Harb introduced some fundamental doctrines including metempsychosis, cyclical history of eras and aeons into the radical branch of Shi'ism.[2] The group claimed that Abu Hashim designated Ibn Mu'awiya as his successor Imam of Hashimiyya.
- Mughiriyya - who were influenced by Mandean and Manichean doctrines and were founded by the first Shi'i gnostic al-Mughira, who claimed that God is a man of light with a crown of light on his head resembling Mandean doctrine of deity referred to as "king of light". Al-Mughira further added that God has limbs corresponding to the letters of Arabic alphabet reminiscent of the teaching of Marcus the Gnostic.[4]
- Rawendis - who believed in the transmigration of souls. They asserted that the spirit that was in Jesus was in Ali, and the spirit of Adam was in Othman ibn Nahik.
- Soldiers of Heaven - who believed that their former leader Dia Abdul Zahra Kadim (died 2007 CE) was the Mahdi and reincarnation of Ali ibn Abi Talib.
- Ya’furiyya - who believed in reincarnation and that a man named Mu’ammar al-Kufi was their Lord.
Zaydi Shia sects
- Mutrafya - A Hamdani-based sect of the Zaydi Shia led Mutraf bin Shihab that start gaining followers in Yemen after the fall of the Ismaili Zurayids, they were weakened by Sunni Ayyubids & later famously exterminated as heretics by the Zaydi imam Al-Mansur Abdallah for calling for backing a Hamdani imam
- Dukayniyya - who believed Muhammad's followers fell into unbelief after his death because they did not uphold the Imamate of Ali.
- Khalafiyya - who believed in a unique line of Imams after Zayd ibn Ali ibn Husayn Ibn 'Ali Ibn abu Talib, starting with a man named Abd al-Samad and continuing with his descendants.
- Khashabiyya - who believed that the Imamate must remain only among the descendants of Hasan and Husayn, even if that Imam is ignorant, immoral and tyrannical.
- Tabiriyya/Butriyya/Salihiyya - who believed the companions, including Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman, had been in error in failing to follow Ali, but it did not amount to sin.
Imami/pre-Twelver Shia sects
Ismā'īlī Shia sects
- Hafizi - who believed the Caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate, Al Hafiz and his descendants were also the Imam of the Time.
- Seveners - believed that Isma'il ibn Jafar was the seventh and the last Imam (hereditary leader of the Muslim community in the direct line of Ali). They believed his son, Muhammad ibn Isma'il, would return and bring about an age of justice as Mahdi.
- Qarmatians - a sect of Seveners who believed in a world view where every phenomenon repeated itself in cycles, where every incident was replayed over and over again.
See also
Further reading
Notes and References
- Book: al-Ḥasan ibn Mūsá Nawbakhtī . Shi'a Sects: (Kitab Firaq Al-Shi'a) . Abbas K. Kadhim . ICAS Press . . 83 . 2007 . 9781904063261 . en.
- Book: Daftary, Farhad. Farhad Daftary. The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines . Cambridge University. Cambridge University. . . 63 . 1990 . 9780521429740 . en.
- Book: Momen, Moojan. Moojan Momen. An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism . Yale University. Yale University. . . 51 . 1985 . 0300035314 . en.
- Book: Daftary, Farhad. Farhad Daftary. The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University. Cambridge University. . . 72 . 1990 . 9780521429740. en.
- CRISIS AND CONSOLIDATION IN THE FORMATIVE PERIOD OF SHI'ITE ISLAM. Hossein Modarressi. Chapter 3: The Crisis of Succession. P83-84