Haplogroup R-Z18 Explained

R-Z18 is a subclade of the R-U106 branch of Haplogroup R. It includes all men who have the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) designated Z18 in their Y chromosome.

Description

Z18, also called S493, is defined to be mutation in which the nucleotide at position 14,991,735[1] along the Y chromosome that has mutated from guanine (G) to adenine (A). R-U106 is one of the major sub groups of R1b in coastal Western Europe, but Z18 only makes up about 5-10% of R-U106.

Discovery

Z18 was discovered during Phase 3 of the 1000 Genomes Project[2] and entered on 16 August 2014 into the SNP database dbSNP at the National Center for Biotechnology Information as reference SNP cluster report rs767290651.[3]

Distribution

R-Z18 has its highest concentrations in Scandinavia, but is also found throughout areas of Germanic migration, including the Low Countries, Central Europe, and the British Isles.[4] The likely Scandinavian origins of R-Z18 are bolstered by the dominance of Scandinavian individuals among ancient DNA samples. These consist of individuals found in Sweden, Norway, and Iceland; settlers in Orkney and the Isle of Man; executed Scandinavians found in Oxfordshire and Dorset; and a Lombard individual found in what is now Hungary.[5] [6] [7] [8]

On the basis of genetic results, the first carrier of this mutation lived around 2200 B.C., with a 90% confidence range of 3000 B.C. to 1400 B.C.[9]

Subclades

Major known subclades of R-Z18 include R-ZP156, R-S11601, R-DF95, R-FGC7637, R-Z2396, R-S6119 and R-Z17.[10] Although they continue to increase as more are found.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. This position is with respect to human reference genome assembly GRCh37/hg19 released on March 7, 2009 by the Genome Reference Consortium. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/assembly/grc/human/
  2. 1000 Genomes Project, http://www.1000genomes.org/
  3. National Center for Biotechnology Information, dbSNP Short Genetic Variations, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=767290651
  4. Web site: McDonald. Iain. U106 explored: its relationships, geography, and history.
  5. Web site: 2020. Population genomics of the Viking world.
  6. Web site: 2018. Genomic and Strontium Isotope Variation Reveal Immigration Patterns in a Viking Age Town.
  7. 2018. Ancient genomes from Iceland reveal the making of a human population. 10.1126/science.aar2625 . Ebenesersdóttir . S. Sunna . Sandoval-Velasco . Marcela . Gunnarsdóttir . Ellen D. . Jagadeesan . Anuradha . Guðmundsdóttir . Valdís B. . Thordardóttir . Elísabet L. . Einarsdóttir . Margrét S. . Moore . Kristjan H. S. . Sigurðsson . Ásgeir . Magnúsdóttir . Droplaug N. . Jónsson . Hákon . Snorradóttir . Steinunn . Hovig . Eivind . Møller . Pål . Kockum . Ingrid . Olsson . Tomas . Alfredsson . Lars . Hansen . Thomas F. . Werge . Thomas . Cavalleri . Gianpiero L. . Gilbert . Edmund . Lalueza-Fox . Carles . Walser . Joe W. . Kristjánsdóttir . Steinunn . Gopalakrishnan . Shyam . Árnadóttir . Lilja . Magnússon . Ólafur Þ. . Gilbert . M. Thomas P. . Stefánsson . Kári . Helgason . Agnar . Science . 360 . 6392 . 1028–1032 . 29853688 . 2018Sci...360.1028E . 10852/71890 . 44118336 . free .
  8. 2018. Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics. 10.1038/s41467-018-06024-4 . Amorim . Carlos Eduardo G. . Vai . Stefania . Posth . Cosimo . Modi . Alessandra . Koncz . István . Hakenbeck . Susanne . La Rocca . Maria Cristina . Mende . Balazs . Bobo . Dean . Pohl . Walter . Baricco . Luisella Pejrani . Bedini . Elena . Francalacci . Paolo . Giostra . Caterina . Vida . Tivadar . Winger . Daniel . von Freeden . Uta . Ghirotto . Silvia . Lari . Martina . Barbujani . Guido . Krause . Johannes . Caramelli . David . Geary . Patrick J. . Veeramah . Krishna R. . Nature Communications . 9 . 1 . 3547 . 30206220 . 6134036 . 2018NatCo...9.3547A .
  9. Based on an analysis of the SNP mutations found in 510 reconstructed partial Y chromosome sequences of known carriers of U106. Seventy-five of those Y-DNA sequences are known carriers of Z18. The analysis was performed by Dr. Iain McDonald and reported to the private R1b1c_U106-S21_Haplogroup Yahoo! Group on Nov 17, 2015. https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/R1b1c_U106-S21/info
  10. Peter Op den Velde Boots, R-Z18 A North Sea Tribe, http://l257.groenebeverbv.nl/

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Haplogroup R-Z18".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.