Haplogroup O-M119 Explained

O-M119
Origin-Date:33,181 [95% CI 24,461 <-> 36,879] years ago (Karmin 2022[1])

34,100 or 29,200 years ago (Poznik 2016[2])

31,590 ybp[3]

30,000 [95% CI 27,900 <-> 32,200] years before present (YFull 2018[4])
Origin-Place:pre-han Southern China
Tmrca:19,680 ybp

17,500 [95% CI 19,400 <-> 15,500] years before present (YFull 2018)
Ancestor:haplogroup O-F265
Mutations:M119
Members:Southern China, Taiwan, Malay Archipelago, Pacific islands, Madagascar

In human genetics, Haplogroup O-M119 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-M119 is a descendant branch of haplogroup O-F265 also known as O1a, one of two extant primary subclades of Haplogroup O-M175. The same clade previously has been labeled as O-MSY2.2.[5]

Origins

The Haplogroup O-M119 branch is believed to have evolved during the Late Pleistocene (Upper Paleolithic) in China mainland.

Paleolithic migrations

suggest haplogroup O-M119 was part of a four-phase colonization model in which Paleolithic migrations of hunter-gatherers shaped the primary structure of current Y-Chromosome diversity of Maritime Southeast Asia. Approximately 5000 BCE, Haplogroup O-M119 coalesced at Sundaland and migrated northwards to as far as Taiwan, where O-M50 constitutes some 90% of the Aboriginal Y-DNA, being the main haplogroup that can be directly linked to the Austronesian expansion in phase 3.

The Liangdao man, an 8,000 year old skeleton found on Liang Island in the Republic of China off the coast of Fujian, is believed to belong to Haplogroup O-M119, specifically under branch O-CTS5726.[6] [7]

Taiwan homeland

concluded that in contrast to the Taiwan homeland hypothesis, Island Southeast Asians do not have a Taiwan origin based on their paternal lineages. According to their results, lineages within Maritime Southeast Asia did not originate from Taiwanese aborigines as linguistic studies suggest. Taiwan aborigines and Indonesians were likely to have been derived from the Tai–Kadai-speaking populations based on their paternal lineages, and thereafter evolved independently of each other.

The strongest positive correlation between Haplogroup O-M119 and ethno-linguistic affiliation is that which is observed between this haplogroup and the Austronesians. The peak frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 is found among the aborigines of Taiwan, precisely the region from which linguists have hypothesized that the Austronesian language family originated. A slightly weaker correlation is observed between Haplogroup O-M119 and the Han Chinese populations of southern China, as well as between this haplogroup and the Tai–Kadai-speaking populations of southern China and Southeast Asia. The distribution of Tai–Kadai languages in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia outside of China has long been believed, for reasons of traditional linguistic geography, to reflect a recent invasion of Southeast Asia by Tai–Kadai-speaking populations originating from southeastern China, and the somewhat elevated frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Tai–Kadai populations, coupled with a high frequency of Haplogroup O-M95, which is a genetic characteristic of the Austroasiatic-speaking peoples of Southeast Asia, suggests that the genetic signature of the Tai–Kadai peoples' affinity with populations of southeastern China has been weakened due to extensive assimilation of the earlier Austroasiatic residents of the lands which the Tai–Kadai peoples invaded.

Distribution

Haplogroup O-M119 lineages are found primarily in Southeast Asian populations of Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, southern China and Taiwan . High frequencies of this haplogroup have been found in populations spread in an arc through southeastern China, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Indonesia. It has been found with generally lower frequency in samples from Oceania, mainland Southeast Asia, Southwest China, Northwest China, North China, Northeast China, Korea, Japan, North Asia, and Central Asia.

A 2008 study by Li suggested that the admixture analyses of Tai–Kadai-speaking populations showed a significant genetic influence in a large proportion of Indonesians. Most of the population samples contained a high frequency of haplogroup O-M119.

The frequencies of Haplogroup O-M119 among various East Asian and Austronesian populations suggest a complex genetic history of the modern Han populations of southern China. Although Haplogroup O-M119 occurs only at an average frequency of approximately 4% among Han populations of northern China and peoples of southwestern China and Southeast Asia who speak Tibeto-Burman languages, the frequency of this haplogroup among the Han populations of southern China nearly quadruples to about 15-23%.[8] The frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Southern Han has been found to be slightly greater than the arithmetic mean of the frequencies of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Northern Han and a pooled sample of Austronesian populations. This suggests that modern Southern Han populations may possess a non-trivial number of male ancestors who were originally affiliated with some Austronesian-related culture, or who at least shared some genetic affinity with many of the ancestors of modern Austronesian peoples.[9] [10]

Subclade distribution

O-M119

This lineage is found frequently in Austronesians, southern Han Chinese, and Kra-Dai peoples.[11] This lineage is presumed to be a marker of the prehistoric Austronesian expansion, with possible origins encompassing the regions along the southeastern coast of China and neighboring Taiwan, and is found among modern populations of Maritime Southeast Asia and Oceania .

Haplogroup O-M119 Y-chromosomes also have been found to occur at low frequency among various populations of Siberia, such as the Nivkhs (one of 17 sampled Y-chromosomes), Ulchi/Nanai (2/53), Yenisey Evenks (1/31), and especially the Buryats living in the Sayan-Baikal uplands of Irkutsk Oblast (6/13) .

O-P203

O-P203 was found in 86.7% (52/60) of a sample from Nias, 70.8% (34/48) of Taiwanese Aboriginals, 28.4% (21/74) of Mentawai, 11.4% (73/641) of Balinese, 9.8% (6/61) of a sample from Java, 9.1% (36/394) of a sample from Flores, 9.1% (15/165) of Han Chinese, 8.3% (1/12) of a sample from Western Samoa, 8.2% (4/49) of Tujia from Hunan, 6.9% (4/58) of Miao from China, 5.7% (4/70) of Vietnamese, 3.3% (1/30) of a sample from the Moluccas, 3.1% (1/32) of Malaysians, 3.0% (1/33) of a sample from highland Papua New Guinea, 2.6% (1/38) of a sample from Sumatra, 2.3% (2/86) of a sample from Borneo, 2.1% (1/48) of Filipinos, 2.0% (1/51) of She, 1.7% (1/60) of Yao from Guangxi, 1.1% (1/92) of a sample from Lembata, and 0.9% (3/350) of a sample from Sumba.[12]

In a study published in 2011, O-P203 was observed in 22.2% (37/167) of Han Chinese male volunteers at Fudan University inShanghai whose origin may be traced back to East China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, or Anhui), 12.3% (8/65) of Han Chinese male volunteers whose origin may be traced back to South China, and 1.6% (2/129) of Han Chinese male volunteers whose origin may be traced back to North China.[13]

O-M101

This lineage was observed in one individual from China and another from Kota Kinabalu .

According to the website of Chinese genetic testing company 23mofang, O-M101 is a subclade of O-M307/P203 (O-M307 > O-F446 > O-F5498 > O-Z23406 > O-M101). Its TMRCA is estimated to be 4,850 years before present, and it is estimated to account for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.21% of all males in present-day China, with its distribution being relatively dense in Hunan, Hubei, Hainan, and Jiangxi.[14] The O-M101 > O-A5863 > O-SK1573 subclade (TMRCA 3,400 ybp) has been estimated to account for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.08% of all males in present-day China, being relatively concentrated in South Central China and Southwest China at present.[15] The O-M101 > O-A5863 > O-Y163909 subclade (TMRCA 4,080 ybp) has been observed in 16.7% (3/18) of a sample of Phuan males from Central Thailand.[16]

O-M50

This lineage occurs among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Madagascar as well as among some populations of continental Southeast Asia and among Bantu peoples of the Comoros.[17] It also has been found in a Hawaiian.[18]

A study published in 2005 found O-M50 in 33.3% (13/39) of a sample of aboriginals in Taiwan, 18.2% (2/11) of a sample of people in Majuro, 17.1% (6/35) of a sample of Malagasy, 9.2% (6/65) of a sample of people in Kota Kinabalu, 9.1% (2/22) of a sample of people in Banjarmasin, 3.6% (1/28) of a sample of people in the Philippines, and 1.9% (1/52) of a sample of people in Vanuatu.[19]

Kayser et al. 2008 found O-M110 in 34.1% (14/41) of a sample of Taiwan Aborigines, 17.7% (26/147) of a sample from the Admiralty Islands, 17.3% (9/52) of a sample from the Trobriand Islands, 13.5% (5/37) of a sample from the Philippines, 9.7% (3/31) of a sample from the Nusa Tenggara Islands, 3.8% (2/53) of a sample from Java, 3.0% (1/33) of a sample from the Moluccas, 2.5% (1/40) of a sample from Borneo, 1.0% (1/100) of a sample from Tuvalu, and 0.95% (1/105) of a sample from Fiji.[20]

A study published in 2010 found O-M110 in 18.8% (9/48) Taiwanese Aboriginals, 13.3% (8/60) Nias, 8.3% (4/48) Philippines, 7.4% (4/54) Sulawesi, 6.3% (22/350) Sumba, 5.8% (5/86) Borneo, 3.3% (1/30) Moluccas, 2.3% (1/44) Maewo, Vanuatu, 1.6% (1/61) Java, 1.4% (1/74) Mentawai, and 0.8% (5/641) Bali.

A study published in 2012 found O-M110 in 4.6% (33/712) of males from the Solomon Islands.[21]

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

See main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups.

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)(α)(β)(γ)(δ)(ε)(ζ)(η)YCC 2002 (Longhand)YCC 2005 (Longhand)YCC 2008 (Longhand)YCC 2010r (Longhand)ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
O-M17526VII1U28Eu16H9IO*OOOOOOOOOO
O-M11926VII1U32Eu16H9HO1*O1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1a
O-M10126VII1U32Eu16H9HO1aO1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1O1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1a
O-M5026VII1U32Eu16H10HO1bO1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2
O-P3126VII1U33Eu16H5IO2*O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
O-M9526VII1U34Eu16H11GO2a*O2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2a1O2a1
O-M8826VII1U34Eu16H12GO2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1aO2a1a
O-SRY46520VII1U35Eu16H5IO2b*O2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2b
O-47z5VII1U26Eu16H5IO2b1O2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1aO2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1
O-M12226VII1U29Eu16H6LO3*O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
O-M12126VII1U29Eu16H6LO3aO3aO3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1aO3a1a
O-M16426VII1U29Eu16H6LO3bO3bO3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a1bO3a1b
O-M15913VII1U31Eu16H6LO3cO3cO3a3aO3a3aO3a3O3a3O3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3a
O-M726VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d*O3cO3a3bO3a3bO3a4O3a4O3a3bO3a3bO3a3bO3a2bO3a2b
O-M11326VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d1O3c1O3a3b1O3a3b1-O3a4aO3a3b1O3a3b1O3a3b1O3a2b1O3a2b1
O-M13426VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e*O3dO3a3cO3a3cO3a5O3a5O3a3cO3a3cO3a3cO3a2c1O3a2c1
O-M11726VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1*O3d1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a5aO3a5aO3a3c1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a2c1aO3a2c1a
O-M16226VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1aO3d1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a5a1O3a5a1O3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a2c1a1O3a2c1a1

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.

See also

Proportion of O-M119 in various samples

PopulationPercentageCountSourceSNPs
Nias100.0%60P203=52
M110=8
Nias99.8%407M119
Taiwanese aborigines89.6%48P203=34
M110=9
Mentawai86.5%74M119(xP203, M110)=42
P203=21
M110=1
Aboriginal Taiwanese83.4%223M119
Taiwan (aborigines)78.0%41M119(xM110)=18
M110=14
Taiwan (aborigines)71.8%39M119(xM50, M101)=15
M50=13
Taiwan (aborigines)68.9%74M119(xM101)
Atayal62.5%24M119(xM50, M110, M103)=13
M50/M110/M103=2
Utsat (Sanya, Hainan)61.1%72M119=44
Gelao60.0%30M119(xM110)=18
Gelong (Hainan)57.7%78M119(xM110)=45
Tagalog
(Philippine subgroup)		46.0%50M119
Kota Kinabalu42.1%19M119(xM50, M110, M103)=6
M50/M110/M103=2
Philippines41.0%39
M119(xM110)=11
M110=5
Mulam (Luocheng)40.5%42P203=13
M110=4
Hlai (Jiamao)40.0%50M119=20
Philippines35.7%28M119(xM50, M101)=9
M50=1
Dong35%20M119(xM110, M50, M103)=5
M110/M50/M103=2
Hlai (Zwn)32.0%75M119=24
Sui31.5%92M119(xM110)=29
Malaysian30.8%13M110=3
M119(xM110)=1
Dong30%10M119(xM50, M110, M103)=2
M50/M110/M103=1
Kota Kinabalu29.2%65M119(xM50, M101)=12
M50=6
M101=1
Hlai (Moifau)28.8%66M119=19
Trobriand Islands28.3%53M119=15
Hlai27.3%11M119(xM110)=3
Trobriand Islands26.9%52M110=9
M119(xM110)=5
Li (Hlai)26.5%34M119
Malay (near Kuala Lumpur)25.0%12M119
Han (East China)24.0%167M119
Han Chinese (Taiwan)23.1%26M119=6
Hlai (Ha)23.0%74M119=17
Banjarmasin22.7%22M119(xM50, M101)=3
M50=2
Java22.6%53M119(xM110)=10
M110=2
Nusa Tenggara22.6%31M119(xM110)=4
M110=3
Batak (Sumatra)22.2%18M119(xM50, M110, M103)=4
China22.2%36M119(xM110)=8
Balinese21.1%641P203=73
M119(xP203, M110)=57
M110=5
Mandar (Sulawesi)20.4%54M119(xP203, M110)=7
M110=4
Tujia20%--
Han (Meixian)20.0%35M119
Buka20.0%10M119
CDX
(Dai in Xishuangbanna)		19.2%52K644/Z23266=7
F656=2
Z23442=1
Zhuang
(Napo County, Guangxi)		19.0%63M119=12
Malay18.5%27M50/M110/M103=4
M119(xM50, M110, M103)=1
Thin Board Mien18.2%11M119(xM110)
Majuro (Marshall Islands)18.2%11M50=2
Balinese18.1%551M119=100
Sui18.0%50M119(xM110, M50, M103)=9
Zhuang (Guangxi)17.9%28M119(xM50, M110, M103)=5
Admiralty Islands17.7%147M110=26
Malaysia17.6%17M119(xM110)=3
Sumatra17.5%57
M119(xM110)=10
Malagasy17.1%35M50
Han (South China)16.9%65M119
Qiang15.2%33M119
Borneo15.0%40M119(xM110)=5
M110=1
Han Chinese15%--
Dai (Dehong, Yunnan)15.0%20M119=3
Java14.8%61P203=6
M119(xP203, M110)=2
M110=1
She14.7%34M119
Han (Chengdu)14.7%34M119
Manus14.3%7M119
Palyu13.3%30M119
Batak Toba13.2%38M119(xP203, M110)=4
P203=1
Sumba12.6%350M110=22
M119(xP203, M110)=19
P203=3
Micronesia12.5%16M119(xP203, M110)=2
Guizhou Miao12.2%49M119(xM110)
Lowland Kimmun12.2%41M119(xM110)
Thai (Northern Thailand)11.8%17P203(xM101)
Tai Yong
(Northern Thailand)		11.5%26P203=2
M50=1
Bunu11.1%36M119(xM110)
Malaysia11.1%18M119=2
Filipinos10.4%48M110=4
P203=1
Zhuang10%--
Mountain Straggler Mien10.0%20M119(xM110)
Northeast Thai10.0%20M119(xM50, M110, M103)=1
M50/M110/M103=1
Vietnam10%10M119=1
Tai Lue
(Northern Thailand)		9.9%91P203=6
M50=3
Han (China & Taiwan)9.7%165P203=15
M119(xP203, M110)=1
Flores9.6%394P203=36
M119(xP203, M110)=2
Zhuang (Guangxi)9.6%166-
Han (Taiwan)9.5%21M119
Han (Yili)9.4%32M119
Borneo (Indonesia)9.3%86M110=5
P203=2
M119(xP203, M110)=1
Bougainville9.2%65M119
Top Board Mien9.1%11M119(xM110)
Northern Mien9.1%33M119(xM110)
Northern She8.9%56M119(xM110)
Thai
(Chiang Mai & Khon Kaen)		8.8%34M119
Hui8.6%35M119
Mosuo (Ninglang, Yunnan)8.5%47M119(xM110)
Miao (Wenshan, Yunnan)8.3%48M119=4
Tonga8.3%12M119(xP203, M110)=1
Tujia (Jishou, Hunan)8.2%49P203=4
Hlai (Gei)8.1%62M119=5
Hlai/Cun8%--
Cambodian7.7%26M119(xM50, M110, M103)=1
M50/M110/M103=1
Ewenki (China)7.7%26M119
Xibe7.3%41M119
Dai (Shuangjiang, Yunnan)7.1%28M119=2
Hunan Miao7.0%100M119(xM110)
Tujia7%--
Miao (China)6.9%58P203=4
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)6.7%30M119=2
Katu6.7%45M119(xM110)
Moluccas6.7%30P203=1
M110=1
Han (Lanzhou)6.7%30M119
Kinh6.7%15M119(xM110)
Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam)6.6%76P203(xM101)
Southern Mien6.5%31M119(xM110)
Yao (Malipo, Yunnan)6.4%47M119=3
Malaysia6.3%32M119(xP203, M110)=1
P203=1
Dai (Xinping, Yunnan)6.1%49M119=3
Lisu (Nujiang, Yunnan)6.1%49M119=3
Yunnan Miao6.1%49M119(xM110)
Northern Han6.1%49M119
Comorians6.0%381M50=22
MSY2.2(xM50)=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)6.0%50M119(xM110)
Bai (Eryuan, Yunnan)6.0%50M119=3
Moluccas5.9%34
M119(xM110)=1
M110=1
Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)5.8%52M119
Vietnam5.7%70P203=4
Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)5.7%35M119
Fiji5.6%107M119=6
Mon
(Northern Thailand)		5.6%18P203=1
Samoa5.6%18P203=1
Thailand5.3%75P203=2
M119(xP203, M50)=2
Daur5.1%39M119
Cham
(Binh Thuan, Vietnam)		5.1%59M119(xM50)
Dungan (Kyrgyzstan)5.0%40M119
Shan
(Northern Thailand)		5.0%20P203=1
Manchu (Baoshan, Yunnan)4.9%41M119=2
Han (NE China)4.8%42M119
Maewo (Vanuatu)4.5%44M119(xP203, M110)=1
M110=1
Bouyei4.4%45M119(xM110, M50, M103)=2
Jino
(Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)		4.4%45M119=2
Korean4.4%45M119
KHV
(Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City)		4.3%46Z23392(xZ23442)=1
Z23442=1
Han (Yuxi, Yunnan)4.3%47M119=2
Western Mien4.3%47M119(xM110)
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)4.3%47M119(xM110)
Zhuang (Wenshan, Yunnan)4.3%47M119=2
Buyi (Luoping, Yunnan)4.2%48M119=2
Mongolian4.2%24M119
Tai Khün
(Northern Thailand)		4.2%24P203=1
Korea4.0%25M119=1
Western Samoa4.0%25M119(xM101, M50)=1
Khon Mueang
(Northern Thailand)		3.9%205P203=6
M50=2
Manchu3.8%52M119
Koreans (Daejeon)3.8%133P203=3
M119(xP203, M110)=2
New Ireland3.7%109M119
Bo3.6%28M119(xM110)
Tai Yuan
(Thailand)		3.5%85P203=3
Japanese3.4%263M119(xM101, M50)
Lembata3.3%92M119(xP203, M110)=2
P203=1
Korean3.2%216M119
Samoa3.2%62
M119(xM110)=2
Han (North China)3.1%129M119(xM110)
Papua New Guinea
(Highlands)		3.0%33P203=1
Manchu (NE China)3.0%101M119
Koreans (Seoul)3.0%573P203=16
M119(xP203, M110)=1
Dai
(Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)		2.9%35M119=1
Manchu2.9%35M119
Han (Harbin)2.9%35M119
Buyi2.9%35M119
Yao (Bama, Guangxi)2.9%35M119
West New Britain2.8%249M119
Koreans2.7%300M119
Koreans2.7%75M119
Japanese (Kantō)2.6%117M119
Koreans (Seoul)2.4%85M119
Lavongai2.3%43M119
Koreans (South Korea)2.2%506M119
Laven2.0%50M119(xM110)
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)2.0%50M119(xM110)
Hmong Daw (Laos)2.0%51M119(xM110)
She2.0%51P203=1
Japanese (Kyushu)1.9%104M119
Vanuatu1.9%52M50=1
Yao (Guangxi)1.7%60P203=1
Uygur1.4%70M119
East New Britain1.4%145M119
Japanese1.2%2390M119
Tuvalu1.0%100M110=1
Mongolia
(mostly Khalkh)		0.7%149M119
Mongols (Mongolia)0.6%160M119
Lawa
(Northern Thailand)		0.0%50M119=0

Y-DNA backbone tree

References

Works cited

Websites

Sources for conversion tables

Notes and References

  1. Monika Karmin, Rodrigo Flores, Lauri Saag, et al. (2022), "Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages." Mol. Biol. Evol. 39(3): msac045 doi:10.1093/molbev/msac045
  2. . Poznik . G David . Xue . Yali . Mendez . Fernando L . Willems . Thomas F . Massaia . Andrea . Wilson Sayres . Melissa A . Ayub . Qasim . McCarthy . Shane A . Narechania . Apurva . Kashin . Seva . Chen . Yuan . Banerjee . Ruby . Rodriguez-Flores . Juan L . Cerezo . Maria . Shao . Haojing . Gymrek . Melissa . Malhotra . Ankit . Louzada . Sandra . Desalle . Rob . Ritchie . Graham R S . Cerveira . Eliza . Fitzgerald . Tomas W . Garrison . Erik . Marcketta . Anthony . Mittelman . David . Romanovitch . Mallory . Zhang . Chengsheng . Zheng-Bradley . Xiangqun . Abecasis . Gonçalo R . McCarroll . Steven A . Flicek . Paul . Underhill . Peter A . Coin . Lachlan . Zerbino . Daniel R . Yang . Fengtang . Lee . Charles . Clarke . Laura . Auton . Adam . Erlich . Yaniv . Handsaker . Robert E . Bustamante . Carlos D . Tyler-Smith . Chris . Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences . Nature Genetics . June 2016 . 48 . 6 . 593–599 . 10.1038/ng.3559 . 8. 11858/00-001M-0000-002A-F024-C . free .
  3. https://www.23mofang.com/ancestry/ytree/O-F75 Phylogenetic Tree of Haplogroup O1-F75 at 23mofang
  4. https://www.yfull.com/tree/O/ YFull
  5. https://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpO.html: "MSY2.2 was removed from tree because not providing reliable results."
  6. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/12/13/2003606642|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811140358/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/12/13/2003606642M
  7. https://discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/O-CTS5726/ancient
  8. Yan. Shi. An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4. European Journal of Human Genetics. 3179364. 21505448. 10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. 19. 9. September 2011. 1013–5.
  9. HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium. HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium. Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia. Science. 326. 5959. 1541–1545. 10.1126/science.1177074. 20007900. 2009Sci...326.1541.. 2009. 34341816.
  10. HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium. HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium. Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia. Science. 2009 . 326 . 5959 . 1541–1545 . Science Magazine. 10.1126/science.1177074 . 20007900 . 2009Sci...326.1541. . 34341816 . 11 December 2009.
  11. Web site: Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia. https://archive.today/20140608191525/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/suppl/2010/02/28/msq063.DC1. dead. 2014-06-08. Karafet et al. 15 May 2010.
  12. Karafet. Tatiana. Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27. 8. 1833–1844. 10.1093/molbev/msq063. 20207712. 2010. free.
  13. Shi Yan, Chuan-Chao Wang, Hui Li, Shi-Lin Li, Li Jin, and The Genographic Consortium, "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4." European Journal of Human Genetics (2011) 19, 1013–1015; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64; published online 20 April 2011.
  14. Web site: O-M101单倍群详情 .
  15. Web site: O-Sk1573单倍群详情 .
  16. https://www.theytree.com/tree/O-M119 Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O-M119 at TheYtree
  17. . Msaidie . Said . Ducourneau . Axel . Boetsch . Gilles . Longepied . Guy . Papa . Kassim . Allibert . Claude . Yahaya . Ali Ahmed . Chiaroni . Jacques . Mitchell . Michael J . Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean . European Journal of Human Genetics . January 2011 . 19 . 1 . 89–94 . 10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. 20700146 . 3039498 .
  18. Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, et al., "The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations." Nature 538, 201–206 (13 October 2016) doi:10.1038/nature18964
  19. Hurles. Matthew E.. Sykes. Bryan C.. Jobling. Mark A.. Forster. Peter. 2005. 894–901. The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages. 5. American Journal of Human Genetics. 76. 15793703. 1199379. 10.1086/430051 .
  20. Manfred Kayser, Ying Choi, Mannis van Oven, Stefano Mona, Silke Brauer, Ronald J. Trent, Dagwin Suarkia, Wulf Schiefenhövel, and Mark Stoneking (2008), "The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia." Mol. Biol. Evol. 25(7):1362–1374. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078
  21. Frederick Delfin, Sean Myles, Ying Choi, David Hughes, Robert Illek, Mannis van Oven, Brigitte Pakendorf, Manfred Kayser, and Mark Stoneking, "Bridging Near and Remote Oceania: mtDNA and NRY Variation in the Solomon Islands." Molecular Biology and Evolution 29(2):545–564. 2012 doi:10.1093/molbev/msr186.
  22. . Brunelli . Andrea . Kampuansai . Jatupol . Seielstad . Mark . Lomthaisong . Khemika . Kangwanpong . Daoroong . Ghirotto . Silvia . Kutanan . Wibhu . Y chromosomal evidence on the origin of northern Thai people . PLOS ONE . 24 July 2017 . 12 . 7 . e0181935 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0181935. 28742125 . 5524406 . free . 2017PLoSO..1281935B .
  23. Wibhu Kutanan, Rasmi Shoocongdej, Metawee Srikummool, et al. (2020), "Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan groups from Thailand." European Journal of Human Genetics https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-0693-x
  24. https://www.23mofang.com/ancestry/ytree/O-M119 Phylogenetic Tree of Haplogroup O1a-M119 at 23mofang
  25. Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, et al. (2019), "Contrasting Paternal and Maternal Genetic Histories of Thai and Lao Populations." Mol. Biol. Evol. Advance Access publication April 12, 2019. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz083
  26. Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, et al., "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." Genome Research (2015) 25: 459-466. doi: 10.1101/gr.186684.114
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  28. https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/o-3/dna-results O Y-Haplogroup Project
  29. Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Nguyen Thuy Duong, et al., "The paternal and maternal genetic history of Vietnamese populations." European Journal of Human Genetics (2020) 28:636–645. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0557-4
  30. https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/O;name=O-M119 Y-DNA Haplotree at FamilyTreeDNA
  31. https://discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/O-CTS5726/ancient

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