Haplogroup L4 Explained

L4
Origin-Date:	90 - 80 kya
Origin-Place:	East Africa, West Asia
Ancestor:	L3'4
Mutations:	5460, 16362^[1]

Haplogroup L4 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a somewhat uncommon maternal clade primarily found in East Africa, and West Asia.^[2] L4 is important in East Africa. The highest frequencies are in Tanzania among the Hadza at 60-83% and Sandawe at 48%.^[3]

It has two branches, L4a and L4b. Subgroup L4a was formerly called L7 and considered a separate subclade of L3'4'7. It has been recognized as a subclade of L4, with L3 as its outgroup by Behar et al. (2008).^[4] The parent clade L3'4 is to have emerged at 106 - 66 kya.^[5] L4 is not much later than this, estimated at 87 kya by Fernandes et al. (2015).^[6]

Phylogeny

The following phylogeny is based on van Oven and Kayser (2008).

• L3'4
  • L4
    • L4a (formerly known as L7), mutations: 195C, 3357, 5460, 10373, 11253, 11344, 11485, 12414, 13174, 14302, 16260.
      • L4a1
        • L4a1a
      • L4a2
    • L4b, mutations: 709, 3918.
      • L4b1
      • L4b2 (formerly known as L3g or L4g)
        • L4b2a
          • L4b2a1
          • L4b2a2
            • L4b2a2a
            • L4b2a2b
        • L4b2b

External links

• General
  • Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
• Haplogroup L4
  • Ian Logan's Haplogroup L4
  • Ian Logan's Haplogroup L4b
  • YFull MTree's Haplogroup L4
  • MITOMAP's Haplogroup L4

Notes and References

1. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Human Mutation. 13 Oct 2008. Mannis. van Oven. Manfred Kayser. 30. 2. E386–E394. 10.1002/humu.20921. 18853457 . 27566749. free.
2. http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L4.htm Haplogroups L4.
3. Tishkoff, S. et al. 2007, History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(10):2180-2195
4. M. . R.. Soodyall . H.. Scozzari. Blue-Smith. Metspalu. Pereira. Makkan . L. . D.. Tzur. Villems . J.. Comas. Bertranpetit . E. . R. . J. . H.. Quintana-Murci . S. . L.. Tyler-Smith . C.. Wells . R. S.. Rosset . S.. Genographic . C. . The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity . American Journal of Human Genetics . 82 . 5 . 1130–1140 . May 2008 . 0002-9297 . 18439549 . 2427203. Behar . 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002.
5. Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock Supplementary material (p. 83). 2009. 89. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20091229152305/http://download.cell.com/AJHG/mmcs/journals/0002-9297/PIIS0002929709001633.mmc1.pdf. 2009-12-29.
6. Fernandes V, Triska P, Pereira JB, Alshamali F, Rito T, Machado A, et al. (2015) Genetic Stratigraphy of Key Demographic Events in Arabia. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0118625.