Haplogroup K-M9 Explained

K
Map:Haplogroup K of Y-DNA.png
Origin-Date:55,000-50,000
Origin-Place:West Asia (possibly Iran) or Central Asia
Ancestor:IJK
Descendants:haplogroup K2,[1] and LT
Mutations:M9, P128/PF5504, P131/PF5493, P132/PF5480

Haplogroup K or K-M9 is a genetic lineage within human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A sublineage of haplogroup IJK, K-M9, and its descendant clades represent a geographically widespread and diverse haplogroup. The lineages have long been found among males on every continent except Antarctica.

The direct descendants of Haplogroup K1 (L298 = P326, also known as LT) and K-M9 are Haplogroup K2 (formerly KxLT; K-M526).[2] [3]

Origins and distribution

Y-DNA haplogroup K-M9 is an old lineage that arose approximately 47,000-50,000 years ago.[4] According to geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K or the Eurasian clan, originated in the Middle East (perhaps Iran) or Central Asia.[5] [6] [7]

Basal K* is exceptionally rare and under-researched; while it has been reported at very low frequencies on many continents it is not always clear if the examples concerned have been screened for subclades.[8] Confirmed examples of K-M9* now appear to be most common amongst some populations in Island South East Asia and Melanesia.[9] [10] [11]

Primary descendants of haplogroup LT are L (M20), also known as K1a, and T (M184), also known as K1b.[3]

The descendants of haplogroup K2 include:

Structure

Haplogroup K-M9 tree [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 11 July 2020 . Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2019-2020 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240131000406/https://isogg.org/tree/ . 31 January 2024 . 8 May 2020 . International Society of Genetic Genealogy.
  2. Web site: 11 July 2020 . Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2019-2020 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240131000406/https://isogg.org/tree/ . 31 January 2024 . 8 May 2020 . International Society of Genetic Genealogy.
  3. Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 106 . 48 . 20174–9 . December 2009 . 19920170 . 2787129 . 10.1073/pnas.0910803106 . 2009PNAS..10620174C . 25593348. Chiaroni. J.. Underhill. P. A.. Cavalli-Sforza. L. L.. free .
  4. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF . New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree . Genome Res. . 18 . 5 . 830–8 . May 2008 . 18385274 . 2336805 . 10.1101/gr.7172008.
  5. Book: Wells, Spencer . Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past . 20 November 2006 . National Geographic . 978-1-4262-0211-7 . 79 . Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan. . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211112907/https://books.google.com/books?id=NWgDAQAAQBAJ . 11 December 2023 . live.
  6. Book: Wells . Spencer . The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey . 28 March 2017 . Princeton University Press . 978-0-691-17601-7 . 111 . en.
  7. Book: Chanda . Nayan . Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Adventurers, and Warriors Shaped Globalization . 1 October 2008 . Yale University Press . 978-0-300-13490-2 . 15 . en.
  8. Daine J. . Rowold . Perez-Benedico . David . Stojkovic . Oliver . Alfonso-Sanchez . Miguel A . Garcia-Bertrand . Ralph . Herrera . Rene J . 1 . 2016 . On the Bantu expansion . Gene . 593 . 1 . 48–57 . 10.1016/j.gene.2016.07.044 . 27451076 . subscription . 13 October 2016 . Elsevier Science Direct.
  9. Delfin . Frederick . Salvador . Jazelyn M . Calacal . Gayvelline C . Perdigon . Henry B . Tabbada . Kristina A . Villamor . Lilian P . Halos . Saturnina C . Gunnarsdóttir . Ellen . Myles . Sean . Hughes . David A . Xu . Shuhua . Jin . Li . Lao . Oscar . Kayser . Manfred . Stoneking . Mark . 1 . 29 September 2010 . The Y-chromosome landscape of the Philippines: extensive heterogeneity and varying genetic affinities of Negrito and non-Negrito groups . European Journal of Human Genetics . Nature Publishing Group . 19 . 2 . 224–230 . 10.1038/ejhg.2010.162 . 1018-4813 . 1476-5438 . 3025791 . 20877414 . free.
  10. Karafet . Tatiana M . Lansing . J S . Redd . Alan J . Reznikova . Svetlana . Watkins . Joseph C . Surata . S P K . Arthawiguna . W A . Mayer . Laura . Bamshad . Michael . Jorde . Lynn B . Hammer . Michael F . February 2005 . Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders . live . Human Biology . 77 . 1 . 93–114 . 10.1353/hub.2005.0030 . 0018-7143 . 1534-6617 . 16114819 . 1808/13586 . 7953854 . subscription . https://web.archive.org/web/20240131004202/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16114819/ . 31 January 2024 . Project MUSE. free .
  11. Cox . Murray P . Lahr . Marta Mirazón . 25 December 2005 . Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands . American Journal of Human Biology . 18 . 1 . 35–50 . 10.1002/ajhb.20459 . 16378340 . 4824401 . subscription . Wiley Online Library.
  12. Poznik . G. David . Xue . Yali . Mendez . Fernando L. . Willems . Thomas F. . Massaia . Andrea . Sayres . Melissa A. Wilson . Ayub . Qasim . McCarthy . Shane A. . Narechania . Apurva . Kashin . Seva . Chen . Yuan . Banerjee . Ruby . Rodriguez-Flores . Juan L. . Cerezo . Maria . Shao . Haojing . 1 . 25 April 2016 . Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences . Nature Genetics . 48 . 6 . 593–599 . 10.1038/ng.3559 . 1061-4036 . 1546-1718 . 4884158 . 27111036 . 11858/00-001M-0000-002A-F024-C .
  13. Rootsi . Siiri . Zhivotovsky . Lev A . Baldovič . Marian . Kayser . Manfred . Kutuev . Ildus A . Khusainova . Rita . Bermisheva . Marina A . Gubina . Marina . Fedorova . Sardana A . Ilumäe . Anne-Mai . Khusnutdinova . Elza K . Voevoda . Mikhail I . Osipova . Ludmila P . Stoneking . Mark . Lin . Alice A . 1 . 1 February 2007 . A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe . European Journal of Human Genetics . 15 . 2 . 204–211 . 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748 . 1018-4813 . 1476-5438 . 17149388 . free . Ferak . Vladimir . Parik . Jüri . Kivisild . Toomas . Underhill . Peter A . Villems . Richard.
  14. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF . New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree . Genome Research . 18 . 5 . 830–8 . May 2008 . 18385274 . 2336805 . 10.1101/gr.7172008.
  15. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF . Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia . European Journal of Human Genetics . 23. 3. 369–373. June 2014 . 24896152 . 10.1038/ejhg.2014.106 . 4326703.
  16. Raghavan M, Skoglund P, Graf KE, etal . Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans . Nature . 505 . 7481 . 87–91 . January 2014 . 24256729 . 4105016 . 10.1038/nature12736. 2014Natur.505...87R .
  17. Rasmussen M, Anzick SL, Waters MR, etal . The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana . Nature . 506 . 7487 . 225–9 . February 2014 . 24522598 . 10.1038/nature13025 . 4878442. 2014Natur.506..225R .
  18. Hollard C, Keyser C, Giscard PH, etal . Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative markers . Forensic Science International: Genetics . 12 . 199–207 . September 2014 . 25016250 . 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.05.012.
  19. Fregel R, Gomes V, Gusmão L, etal . Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 9 . 181 . 2009 . 1 . 19650893 . 2728732 . 10.1186/1471-2148-9-181 . free . 2009BMCEE...9..181F .
  20. Grugni V, Battaglia V, Hooshiar Kashani B, etal . Ancient migratory events in the Middle East: new clues from the Y-chromosome variation of modern Iranians . PLOS ONE . 7 . 7 . e41252 . 2012 . 22815981 . 3399854 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. 2012PLoSO...741252G . free .
  21. Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, etal . Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events . PLOS ONE . 7 . 3 . e34288 . 2012 . 22470552 . 3314501 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. 2012PLoSO...734288H . free .
  22. Bekada A, Fregel R, Cabrera VM, etal . Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape . PLOS ONE . 8 . 2 . e56775 . 2013 . 23431392 . 3576335 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. 2013PLoSO...856775B . free .
  23. Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, etal . Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language . American Journal of Human Genetics . 67 . 6 . 1526–43 . December 2000 . 11078479 . 1287948 . 10.1086/316890.
  24. Pichler I, Mueller JC, Stefanov SA, etal . Genetic structure in contemporary south Tyrolean isolated populations revealed by analysis of Y-chromosome, mtDNA, and Alu polymorphisms . Human Biology . 78 . 4 . 441–64 . August 2006 . 17278620 . 10.1353/hub.2006.0057. 20205296 .
  25. Robino C, Varacalli S, Gino S, etal . Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios . Forensic Science International . 145 . 1 . 61–4 . October 2004 . 15374596 . 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.026.
  26. R. . Trivedi . Sanghamitra . Sahoo . Anamika . Singh . G. Hima . Bindu . Jheelam . Banerjee . Manuj . Tandon . Sonali . Gaikwad . Revathi . Rajkumar . T . Sitalaximi . Richa . Ashma . G. B. N. . Chainy . V. K. . Kashyap . 2007 . High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations . Anthropology Today.
  27. Book: Hirbo . Jibril Boru . 2011 . Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations . PhD Thesis . 1903/11443.
  28. 10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01635-2 . 1261 . Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis . International Congress Series . 347–349 . 2004 . Sanchez . J.J..
  29. Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Sellitto D, etal . Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages . European Journal of Human Genetics . 18 . 7 . 800–7 . July 2010 . 20051990 . 2987365 . 10.1038/ejhg.2009.231.
  30. yhrd.org
  31. Hua . Zhong . Hong . Shi . Xue-Bin . Qi . Zi-Yuan . Duan . Ping-Ping . Tan . Li . Jin . Bing . Su . Runlin Z. . Ma . 2010 . Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 28 . 1 . 717–27 . 10.1093/molbev/msq247 . 20837606. free .
  32. Web site: PhyloTree y - Minimal y tree.
  33. Gregory R . Magoon . Raymond H . Banks . Christian . Rottensteiner . Bonnie E . Schrack . Vincent O . Tilroe . Terry . Robb . Andrew J . Grierson . 2013 . Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using 'next-generation' sequencing data . 10.1101/000802.

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