Haplogroup J (Y-DNA) explained

J-M304
Map:	File:Haplogroup J (Y-DNA).PNG
Origin-Date:	42,900 years ago^[1]
Tmrca:	31,600 years ago^[2]
Origin-Place:	Western Asia
Ancestor:	IJ
Descendants:	J-M172, J-M267
Mutations:	M304/Page16/PF4609, 12f2.1
Members:	Ingush, Chechens, Avars, Dargins, Arabs, Assyrians, Jews, Greeks, Georgians, Arameans, Melkites, Mandeans, Italians, Cypriots

Haplogroup J-M304, also known as J,^[3] is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is believed to have evolved in Western Asia.^[4] The clade spread from there during the Neolithic, primarily into North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Socotra Archipelago, the Caucasus, Europe, Anatolia, Central Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.

Haplogroup J-M304 is divided into two main subclades (branches), J-M267 and J-M172.

Origins

Haplogroup J-M304 is believed to have split from the haplogroup I-M170 roughly 43,000 years ago in Western Asia,^[5] as both lineages are haplogroup IJ subclades. Haplogroup IJ and haplogroup K derive from haplogroup IJK, and only at this level of classification does haplogroup IJK join with Haplogroup G-M201 and Haplogroup H as immediate descendants of Haplogroup F-M89. J-M304 (Transcaucasian origin) is defined by the M304 genetic marker, or the equivalent 12f2.1 marker. The main current subgroups J-M267 (Armenian highlands origin) and J-M172 (Zagros mountains origin), which now comprise between them almost all of the haplogroup's descendant lineages, are both believed to have arisen very early, at least 10,000 years ago. Nonetheless, Y-chromosomes F-M89* and IJ-M429* were reported to have been observed in the Iranian plateau (Grugni et al. 2012).

On the other hand, it would seem to be that different episodes of populace movement had impacted southeast Europe, as well as the role of the Balkans as a long-standing corridor to Europe from the Near East is shown by the phylogenetic unification of Hgs I and J by the basal M429 mutation. This proof of common ancestry suggests that ancestral Hgs IJ-M429* probably would have entered Europe through the Balkan track sometime before the LGM. They then subsequently split into Hg J and Hg I in Middle East and Europe in a typical disjunctive phylogeographic pattern. Such a geographic hall is prone to have encountered extra consequent gene streams, including the horticultural settlers. Moreover, the unification of haplogroups IJK creates evolutionary distance from F–H delegates, as well as supporting the inference that both IJ-M429 and KT-M9 arose closer to the Middle East than Central or East Asia.

Haplogroup J has also been found among two ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from a period between the late New Kingdom and the Roman era.^[6]

Distribution

Haplogroup J-M267 is found in its greatest concentration in the Arabian Peninsula. Outside of this region, haplogroup J-M304 has a significant presence in other parts of the Middle East as well as in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the Caucasus. It also has a moderate occurrence in Southern Europe, especially in central and southern Italy, Malta, Greece and Albania. The J-M410 subclade is mostly distributed in Anatolia, Greece and southern Italy. Additionally, J-M304 is observed in Central Asia and South Asia, particularly in the form of its subclade J-M172. J-12f2 and J-P19 are also found among the Herero (8%).^[7]

Country/Region	Sampling	N	J-M267	J-M172	Total J	Study
Algeria	Oran	102	22.5	4.9	27.4
Albania	Tirana	30			20.0
Albania		55			23.64
Bosnia	Serbs	81			9.9
Caucasus	Chechen	330	20.9	56.7	77.6
Caucasus	Ingush	143	2.8	88.8	91.6
China	Uygur	50	0	34.0	34.0
China	Uzbek	23	0	30.4	34.7
China	Tajik	31	0	16.1	16.1
China	Han Chinese	30		10	10
Cyprus		164	9.6	12.9	22.5	^[8]
Egypt		124	19.8	7.6	27.4
Greece	Crete/Heraklion	104	1.9	44.2	46.1
Greece	Crete	143	3.5	35	38.5
Greece		154	1.9	18.1	20
India	Sunni and North Indian Shia	112	32	43.2	75.2
Iran		92	3.2	25	28.2
Iraq	Arab and Assyrian	117	33.1	25.1	58.2
Israel	Akko (Arabs)	101	39.2	18.6	57.8
Italy		699	2	20	22
Italy	Central Marche	59	5.1	35.6	40.7
Italy	West Calabria	57	3.5	35.1	38.6
Italy	Sicily	212	5.2	22.6	27.8
Italy	Sardinia	81	4.9	9.9	14.8
Jordan		273	35.5	14.6	50.1
Kosovo	Albanians	114			16.67
Kuwait		42	33.3	9.5	42.8
Lebanon		951	17	29.4	46.4
Malta		90	7.8	21.1	28.9
Morocco		316	1	0.2	1.2
Morocco	Residents in Italy	51	19.6	0	19.6
Portugal	Portugal	303	4.3	6.9	11.2
Qatar	Qatar	72	58.3	8.3	66.6
Saudi Arabia		157	40.13	15.92	57.96
Serbia	Belgrade	113			8
Serbia		179			5.6
Spain	Cadiz	28	3.6	14.3	17.9
Spain	Cantabria	70	2.9	2.9	5.8
Spain	Castille	21	0	9.5	9.5
Spain	Cordoba	27	0	14.7	14.7
Spain	Galicia	19	5.3	0	5.3
Spain	Huelva	22	0	13.7	13.7
Spain	Ibiza	54	0	3.7	3.7
Spain	Leon	60	1.7	5	6.7
Spain	Malaga	26	0	15.4	15.4
Spain	Mallorca	62	1.6	8	9.7
Spain	Sevilla	155	3.2	7.8	11
Spain	Valencia	31	2.7	5.5	8.2
Syria		554	33.6	20.8	54.4
Tunisia		62	0	8	8
Tunisia		52	34.6	3.8	38.4
Tunisia	Sousse	220	25.9	8.2	34.1
Tunisia	Tunis	148	32.4	3.4	35.8
Turkey		523	9.1	24.2	33.3
UAE		164	34.7	10.3	45
Yemen		62	72.5	9.6	82.1

Subclade distribution

J-M304*

Paragroup J-M304* includes all of J-M304 except for J-M267, J-M172 and their subclades. J-M304* is rarely found outside of the island of Socotra, belonging to Yemen, where it is extremely frequent at 71.4% and j1-267 for the rest with no j2^[9] Haplogroup J-M304* also has been found with lower frequency in Oman, Ashkenazi Jews,^[10] Saudi Arabia, Greece, the Czech Republic (and), Uygurs^[11] and several Turkic peoples.^[12] (and).

YFull^[13] and FTDNA^[14] have however failed to find J* people anywhere in the world although there are 2 J2-Y130506 persons and 1 J1 person from Soqotra. But Cerny 2009 study found 9 J1 persons in Soqotra/Socotra and majority of J* and no J2, hypothesizing a J1 founder effect in Socotra.

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for J-M267 and J-M172, showing its distribution in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia.

J-M267

See main article: article and Haplogroup J-M267.

Haplogroup J-M267 defined by the M267 SNP is in modern times most frequent in the Arabian Peninsula: Yemen (up to 76%),^[15] Saudi (up to 64%), Qatar (58%),^[16] and Dagestan (up to 56%).^[17] J-M267 is generally frequent among Arab Bedouins (62%),^[18] Ashkenazi Jews (20%), Algeria (up to 35%), Iraq (28%), Tunisia (up to 31%),^[19] Syria (up to 30%), Egypt (up to 20%), and the Sinai Peninsula. To some extent, the frequency of Haplogroup J-M267 collapses at the borders of Arabic/Semitic-speaking territories with mainly non-Arabic/Semitic speaking territories, such as Turkey (9%), Iran (5%), Sunni Indian Muslims (2.3%) and Northern Indian Shia (11%) . Some figures above tend to be the larger ones obtained in some studies, while the smaller figures obtained in other studies are omitted. It is also highly frequent among Jews, especially the Kohanim line (46%) .

ISOGG states that J-M267 originated in the Middle East. It is found in parts of the Near East, Anatolia and North Africa, with a much sparser distribution in the southern Mediterranean flank of Europe, and in Ethiopia.

But not all studies agree on the point of origin. The Levant has been proposed but a 2010 study concluded that the haplogroup had a more northern origin, possibly Anatolia.

The origin of the J-P58 subclade is likely in the more northerly populations and then spreads southward into the Arabian Peninsula. The high Y-STR variance of J-P58 in ethnic groups in Turkey, as well as northern regions in Syria and Iraq, supports the inference of an origin of J-P58 in nearby eastern Anatolia. Moreover, the network analysis of J-P58 haplotypes shows that some of the populations with low diversity, such as Bedouins from Israel, Qatar, Sudan and the United Arab Emirates, are tightly clustered near high-frequency haplotypes. This suggests that founder effects with star burst expansion into the Arabian Desert .

J-M172

See main article: article and Haplogroup J-M172.

Haplogroup J-M172 is found in the highest concentrations in the Caucasus and the Fertile Crescent/Iraq and is found throughout the Mediterranean (including the Italian, Balkan, Anatolian and Iberian peninsulas and North Africa) .

The highest ever reported concentration of J-M172 was 72% in Northeastern Georgia . Other high reports include Ingush 32%, Cypriots 30-37% (Capelli 2005), Lebanese 30% (Wells et al. 2001), Assyrian, Mandean and Arab Iraqis 29.7% (Sanchez et al. 2005), Syrians and Syriacs 22.5%, Kurds 24%-28%, Pashtuns 20-30%,^[20] Iranians 23%, Ashkenazi Jews 24%, Palestinian Arabs 16.8%-25%, Sephardic Jews 29%^[21] and North Indian Shia Muslim 18%, Chechens 26%, Balkars 24%, Yaghnobis 32%, Armenians 21-24%, and Azerbaijanis 24%-48%.

In South Asia, J2-M172 was found to be significantly higher among Dravidian castes at 19% than among Indo-European castes at 11%. J2-M172 and J-M410 is found 21% among Dravidian middle castes, followed by upper castes, 18.6%, and lower castes 14%. ^[22] Subclades of M172 such as M67 and M92 were not found in either Indian or Pakistani samples which also might hint at a partial common origin.^[22]

According to a genetic study in China by Shou et al., J2-M172 is found with high frequency among Uygurs (17/50 = 34%) and Uzbeks (7/23 = 30.4%), moderate frequency among Pamiris (5/31 = 16.1%), and also found J-M172 in Han Chinese (10%) and low frequency among Yugurs (2/32 = 6.3%) and Monguors (1/50 = 2.0%). The authors also found J-M304(xJ2-M172) with low frequency among the Russians (1/19 = 5.3%), Uzbeks (1/23 = 4.3%), Sibe people (1/32 = 3.1%), Dongxiangs (1/35 = 2.9%), and Kazakhs (1/41 = 2.4%) in Northwest China.^[23] Only far northwestern ethnic minorities had haplogroup J in Xinjiang, China. Uzbeks in the sample had 30.4% J2-M172 and Tajiks of Xinjiang and Uyghurs also had it.^[24]

Phylogenetics

In Y-chromosome phylogenetics, subclades are the branches of haplogroups. These subclades are also defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or unique event polymorphisms (UEPs).

Phylogenetic history

See main article: article and Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups.

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012
J-12f2a	9	VI	Med	23	Eu10	H4	B	J*	J	J	J	-	-	-	-	-	-	J
J-M62	9	VI	Med	23	Eu10	H4	B	J1	J1a	J1a	J1a	-	-	-	-	-	-	Private
J-M172	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2*	J2	J2	J2	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2
J-M47	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2a	J2a	J2a1	J2a4a	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1a
J-M68	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2b	J2b	J2a3	J2a4c	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1c
J-M137	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2c	J2c	J2a4	J2a4h2a1	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1h2a1a
J-M158	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2d	J2d	J2a5	J2a4h1	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1h1
J-M12	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2e*	J2e	J2b	J2b	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2b
J-M102	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2e1*	J2e1	J2b	J2b	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2b
J-M99	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2e1a	J2e1a	J2b2a	J2b2a	-	-	-	-	-	-	Private
J-M67	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2f*	J2f	J2a2	J2a4b	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1b
J-M92	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2f1	J2f1	J2a2a	J2a4b1	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1b1
J-M163	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2f2	J2f2	J2a2b	J2a4b2	-	-	-	-	-	-	Private

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

Phylogenetic trees

There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup J-M304. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.

The Genomic Research Center draft tree

This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's Draft tree Proposed Tree for haplogroup J-P209 . For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades are shown.

• J-M304 12f2a, 12f2.1, M304, P209, L60, L134
  • M267, L255, L321, L765, L814, L827, L1030
    • M62
    • M365.1
    • L136, L572, L620
      • M390
      • P56
      • P58, L815, L828
      • L256
    • Z1828, Z1829, Z1832, Z1833, Z1834, Z1836, Z1839, Z1840, Z1841, Z1843, Z1844
      • Z1842
      • L972
  • M172, L228
    • M410, L152, L212, L505, L532, L559
      • M289
      • L26, L27, L927
      • L581
    • M12, M102, M221, M314, L282
      • M205
      • M241

The Y-Chromosome Consortium tree

This is the official scientific tree produced by the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). The last major update was in 2008 . Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current (2022) version is of the 2019/2020 update.

Prominent members of J

• Ben Affleck
• Qajar dynasty
• Fifth dynasty of Egypt^[25]
• Khabib Nurmagomedov
• House of Saud^[26]
• Vincent van Gogh^[27]
• Rothschild family
• Dustin Hoffman^[26]
• Bernard Montgomery
• John Stamos
• Bernie Sanders
• Dzhokhar Dudayev
• Adam Sandler^[28]

See also

Y-DNA J subclades

References

Works cited

Journals

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• . Flores . Carlos . Maca-Meyer . Nicole . González . Ana M . Oefner . Peter J . Shen . Peidong . Pérez . Jose A . Rojas . Antonio . Larruga . Jose M . Underhill . Peter A . Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography . European Journal of Human Genetics . October 2004 . 12 . 10 . 855–863 . 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225. 15280900 . 16765118 . free .
• . Gonçalves . 2005 . Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry . Rita . Freitas . Ana . Branco . Marta . Rosa . Alexandra . Fernandes . Ana T. . Zhivotovsky . Lev A. . Underhill . Peter A. . Kivisild . Toomas . Brehm . Antonio . Annals of Human Genetics . 69 . Pt 4 . 443–454 . 15996172 . 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x . 10400.13/3018 . 3229760. free .
• . Hammer. 2009. 10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5. Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. Michael F.. Behar. Doron M.. Karafet. Tatiana M.. Mendez. Fernando L.. Hallmark. Brian. Erez. Tamar. Zhivotovsky. Lev A.. Rosset. Saharon. Skorecki. Karl. Human Genetics. 126. 5. 707–17. 19669163. 2771134.
• Jobling. 2000. 10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6. New uses for new haplotypes. Mark A.. Tyler-Smith. Chris. Trends in Genetics. 16. 8. 356–62. 10904265.
• . Karafet. 2008. 10.1101/gr.7172008. New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. T. M.. Mendez. F. L.. Meilerman. M. B.. Underhill. P. A.. Zegura. S. L.. Hammer. M. F.. Genome Research. 18. 5. 830–8. 18385274. 2336805.
• . Luca. 2007. 10.1002/ajpa.20500. Y-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic. F.. Di Giacomo. F.. Benincasa. T.. Popa. L.O.. Banyko. J.. Kracmarova. A.. Malaspina. P.. Novelletto. A.. Brdicka. R.. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 132. 132–9. 17078035. 1. 2108/35058. free.
• . Luis. 2004. 10.1086/382286. The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations. J. Rowold. D. Regueiro. M. Caeiro. B. Cinnioglu. C. Roseman. C. Underhill. P. Cavallisforza. L. Herrera. R. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74. 3. 532–44. 14973781. 1182266.
• . Martinez . Laisel . Underhill . Peter A . Zhivotovsky . Lev A . Gayden . Tenzin . Moschonas . Nicholas K . Chow . Cheryl-Emiliane T . Conti . Simon . Mamolini . Elisabetta . Cavalli-Sforza . L Luca . Herrera . Rene J . Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau . European Journal of Human Genetics . April 2007 . 15 . 4 . 485–493 . 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769. 17264870 . 9847088 . free .
• . Mirabal S, Varljen T, Gayden T, etal . Human Y-chromosome short tandem repeats: A tale of acculturation and migrations as mechanisms for the diffusion of agriculture in the Balkan Peninsula . American Journal of Physical Anthropology . 142 . 3 . 380–390 . July 2010 . 20091845 . 10.1002/ajpa.21235.
• . Nasidze. 2004. 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x. Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus. I.. Ling. E. Y. S.. Quinque. D.. Dupanloup. I.. Cordaux. R.. Rychkov. S.. Naumova. O.. Zhukova. O.. Sarraf-Zadegan. N.. Naderi. G. A.. Asgary. S.. Sardas. S.. Farhud. D. D.. Sarkisian. T.. Asadov. C.. Kerimov. A.. Stoneking. M.. 27204150. Annals of Human Genetics. 68. 3. 205–21. 15180701. 8. free.
• . Nebel . Almut . Filon . Dvora . Brinkmann . Bernd . Majumder . Partha P. . Faerman . Marina . Oppenheim . Ariella . The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East . The American Journal of Human Genetics . November 2001 . 69 . 5 . 1095–1112 . 10.1086/324070. 11573163 . 1274378 .
• . Onofri . 2008 . Y-chromosome markers distribution in Northern Africa: High-resolution SNP and STR analysis in Tunisia and Morocco populations . Valerio . Alessandrini . Federica . Turchi . Chiara . Pesaresi . Mauro . Tagliabracci . Adriano . Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series . 1 . 235–236 . 10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.173.
• . Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, etal . High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations . Mol. Biol. Evol. . 22 . 10 . 1964–75 . October 2005 . 15944443 . 10.1093/molbev/msi185 . free .
• . Robino . 2008 . Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample . C. . Crobu . F. . Di Gaetano . C. . Bekada . A. . Benhamamouch . S. . Cerutti . N. . Piazza . A. . Inturri . S. . Torre . C. . International Journal of Legal Medicine . 122 . 3 . 251–255 . 17909833 . 10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5 . 11556974.
• . Semino . 2004 . Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area . Ornella . Magri . Chiara . Benuzzi . Giorgia . Lin . Alice A. . Al-Zahery . Nadia . Battaglia . Vincenza . Maccioni . Liliana . Triantaphyllidis . Costas . Shen . Peidong . Oefner . Peter J. . Zhivotovsky . Lev A. . King . Roy . Torroni . Antonio . Cavalli-Sforza . L. Luca . Underhill . Peter A. . Santachiara-Benerecetti . A. Silvana . American Journal of Human Genetics . 74 . 5 . 1023–1034 . 15069642 . 1181965 . 8 . 10.1086/386295.
• . Shen. 2004. 10.1002/humu.20077. Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation. Peidong. Lavi. Tal. Kivisild. Toomas. Chou. Vivian. Sengun. Deniz. Gefel. Dov. Shpirer. Issac. Woolf. Eilon. Hillel. Jossi. Feldman. Marcus W.. Oefner. Peter J.. Human Mutation. 24. 3. 248–60. 15300852. 1571356. 8.
• . Xue . Yali . Zerjal . Tatiana . Bao . Weidong . Zhu . Suling . Shu . Qunfang . Xu . Jiujin . Du . Ruofu . Fu . Songbin . Li . Pu . Hurles . Matthew E . Yang . Huanming . Tyler-Smith . Chris . Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times . Genetics . 1 April 2006 . 172 . 4 . 2431–2439 . 10.1534/genetics.105.054270. 16489223 . 1456369 .
• . Zalloua . 2008 . Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean . Pierre A. . Platt . Daniel E. . El Sibai . Mirvat . Khalife . Jade . Makhoul . Nadine . Haber . Marc . Xue . Yali . Izaabel . Hassan . Bosch . Elena . Adams . Susan M. . Arroyo . Eduardo . López-Parra . Ana María . Aler . Mercedes . Picornell . Antónia . Ramon . Misericordia . Jobling . Mark A. . Comas . David . Bertranpetit . Jaume . Wells . R. Spencer . Tyler-Smith . Chris . Genographic Consortium . American Journal of Human Genetics . 83 . 5 . 633–642 . 18976729 . 2668035 . 8 . 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012.

Thesis and Dissertations

• Alexander. Varzari. Population History of the Dniester-Carpathians: Evidence from Alu Insertion and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms. 2006. München, University. 180859661.
• Yunusbaev . Bayazit Bulatovich . ПОПУЛЯЦИОННО-ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ НАРОДОВ ДАГЕСТАНА ПО ДАННЫМ О ПОЛИМОРФИЗМЕ У-ХРОМОСОМЫ И АТД-ИНСЕРЦИЙ . Population-genetic study of the peoples of Dagestan on the data on Y-chromosome and ATD-insertion polymorphism . 2006 . PhD . Russian Academy of Sciences . Moscow . 5 February 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070205221918/http://www.anrb.ru/molgen/YunusbaevBB.pdf.

Blogs

• Web site: Dienekes. 2009. Middle Eastern and Sub-Saharan lineages in Indian Muslim populations.

Mailing Lists

• 2006. Y haplogroup J in Iran. 3 January 2013. Aburto. Alfred A. https://web.archive.org/web/20121013082316/http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/GENEALOGY-DNA/2006-06/1151592332. 13 October 2012. dead.

Websites

• Web site: Krahn . FTDNA . 2003 . . Genomic Research Center Draft Tree (AKA Y-TRee) . https://web.archive.org/web/20150815071342/http://ytree.ftdna.com/index.php?name=Draft . 2015-08-15.

Sources for conversion tables

• Capelli . Cristian . Wilson . James F. . Richards . Martin . Stumpf . Michael P.H. . Gratrix . Fiona . 4 . A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania . The American Journal of Human Genetics . February 2001 . 68 . 2 . 432–443 . 10.1086/318205 . 11170891 . 1235276 . . free .
• Hammer . Michael F. . Karafet . Tatiana M. . Redd . Alan J. . Jarjanazi . Hamdi . Santachiara-Benerecetti . Silvana . 4 . Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 1 July 2001 . 18 . 7 . 1189–1203 . 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 . 11420360 . . free .
  • Kaladjieva . Luba . Calafell . Francesc . Jobling . Mark A . Angelicheva . Dora . de Knijff . Peter . 4 . Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages . European Journal of Human Genetics . February 2001 . 9 . 2 . 97–104 . 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597 . 11313742 . 21432405 . . free .
• Karafet . Tatiana . Xu . Liping . Du . Ruofu . Wang . William . Feng . Shi . 4 . Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes . The American Journal of Human Genetics . September 2001 . 69 . 3 . 615–628 . 10.1086/323299 . 11481588 . 1235490 . .
  • Su . Bing . Xiao . Junhua . Underhill . Peter . Deka . Ranjan . Zhang . Weiling . 4 . Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age . The American Journal of Human Genetics . December 1999 . 65 . 6 . 1718–1724 . 10.1086/302680 . 10577926 . 1288383 . . free .
• Underhill . Peter A. . Shen . Peidong . Lin . Alice A. . Jin . Li . Passarino . Giuseppe . 4 . Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations . Nature Genetics . November 2000 . 26 . 3 . 358–361 . 10.1038/81685 . 11062480 . 12893406 . .

Further reading

• yJdb: the Y-haplogroup J database haplotypes of haplogroup J.
• http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~dgarvey/DNA/hg/YCC_J.html#pref
• Haplogroup J subclades at International Society of Genetic Genealogy
• 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390. High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males. 2005. Sanchez. Juan J. Hallenberg. Charlotte. Børsting. Claus. Hernandez. Alexis. Gorlin. RJ. European Journal of Human Genetics. 13. 7. 856–66. 15756297. free.
• . Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, etal . Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists. Am. J. Hum. Genet.. 78. 2. 202–21. February 2006. 16400607. 1380230. 10.1086/499411.

Phylogenetic notes

External links

Phylogenetic tree and Distribution Maps of Y-DNA haplogroup J

• Y-DNA Haplogroup J and Its Subclades from ISOGG 2009

Others

• Youtube Haplogroup J2 Channel
• Spread of Haplogroup J, from National Geographic
• British Isles DNA Project

Notes and References

1. Web site: J YTree . 8 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180523202006/https://www.yfull.com/tree/J/ . 23 May 2018 . live .
2. Web site: J YTree . 8 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180523202006/https://www.yfull.com/tree/J/ . 23 May 2018 . live .
3. [ISOGG]
4. http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpJ.html Y-DNA Haplogroup J
5. Web site: J YTree . 8 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180523202006/https://www.yfull.com/tree/J/ . 23 May 2018 . live .
6. Schuenemann, Verena J.. etal. Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods. Nature Communications. 2017. 8. 15694. 28556824. 5459999. 10.1038/ncomms15694. 2017NatCo...815694S.
7. Wood, Elizabeth T.. 20279122. etal. Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2005. 13. 7. 867–876. 24 September 2016. 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408. 15856073. https://web.archive.org/web/20160924180522/http://sites.lsa.umich.edu/bis/wp-content/uploads/sites/171/2014/10/Wood-et-al.-2005-EJHG.pdf. 24 September 2016. live. free.
8. reported results from several studies :,,,,,,,

9. J-12f2(xM267, M172)(45/63) Černý . Viktor. Out of Arabia—the settlement of island Socotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2009. 138. 4. 439–447. 12 June 2016. etal. 10.1002/ajpa.20960. 19012329. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20161006125303/http://ychrom.invint.net/upload/iblock/f30/Cerny%202009%20Out%20of%20ArabiarusThe%20Settlement%20of%20Island%20Soqotra%20as%20Revealed%20by%20Mitochondrial%20and%20Y.pdf. 6 October 2016.

10. Haplogroup J-M304(xM267, M172) in 1/20 Ashkenazi Jews.

11. Zhong et al (2011), Mol Biol Evol January 1, 2011 vol. 28 no. 1 717-727, See Table.

12. Stats are for combined Dagestan ethnic groups see the Dagestan article for details. Dargins (91%), Avars (67%), Chamalins (67%), Lezgins (58%), Tabassarans (49%), Andis (37%), Assyrians (29%), Bagvalins (21.4%))

13. Web site: J YTree . 8 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180523202006/https://www.yfull.com/tree/J/ . 23 May 2018 . live .
14. Web site: FamilyTreeDNA - Y-DNA J Haplogroup Project . 28 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200212102212/https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Y-DNA_J/default.aspx?section=yresults . 12 February 2020 . live .

15. 81% (84/104)

    45/62=72.6% J-M267

16. 42/72=58.3% J-M267

17. Dargwas (91%), Avars (67%), Chamalins (67%), Lezgins (58%), Tabassarans (49%), Andis (37%), Assyrians (29%), Bagvalins (21.4%))stats combined Dagestan ethnic groups see Dagestan article

18. 21/32

19. 31% is based on Combined Data

    30%

    32%

20. 10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. 22470552. 3314501. Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events. PLOS ONE. 7. 3. e34288. 2012. Haber. Marc. Platt. Daniel E.. Ashrafian Bonab. Maziar. Youhanna. Sonia C.. Soria-Hernanz. David F.. Martínez-Cruz. Begoña. Douaihy. Bouchra. Ghassibe-Sabbagh. Michella. Rafatpanah. Hoshang. Ghanbari. Mohsen. Whale. John. Balanovsky. Oleg. Wells. R. Spencer. Comas. David. Tyler-Smith. Chris. Zalloua. Pierre A.. 2012PLoSO...734288H. free.
21. Nebel . Almut . Filon . Dvora . Brinkmann . Bernd . Majumder . Partha P. . Faerman . Marina . Oppenheim . Ariella . The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East . The American Journal of Human Genetics . November 2001 . 69 . 5 . 1095–1112 . 10.1086/324070 . 11573163 . 1274378 .
22. 1380230 . 16400607 . 10.1086/499411 . 78 . 2 . Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists . February 2006 . Am. J. Hum. Genet. . 202–21 . Sengupta . S . Zhivotovsky . LA . King . R . etal .
23. Shou et al (2010), Y-chromosome distributions among populations in Northwest China identify significant contribution from Central Asian pastoralists and lesser influence of western Eurasians, Journal of Human Genetics (2010) 55, 314–322; doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.30; published online 23 April 2010, Table 2. Haplogroup distribution and Y-chromosome diversity in 14 northwestern populations
24. . Shou . Wei-Hua . Qiao. Wn-Fa . Wei . Chuan-Yu . Dong. Yong-Li . Tan . Si-Jie . Shi . Hong . Tang . Wen-Ru . Xiao . Chun-Jie . 2010. Y-chromosome distributions among populations in Northwest China identify significant contribution from Central Asian pastoralists and lesser influence of western Eurasians . J Hum Genet. 55 . 5. 314–322 . 10.1038/jhg.2010.30 . 20414255 . 23002493 . free .
25. 5459999 . 2017 . Schuenemann . V. J. . Peltzer . A. . Welte . B. . Van Pelt . W. P. . Molak . M. . Wang . C. C. . Furtwängler . A. . Urban . C. . Reiter . E. . Nieselt . K. . Teßmann . B. . Francken . M. . Harvati . K. . Haak . W. . Schiffels . S. . Krause . J. . Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods . Nature Communications . 8 . 15694 . 10.1038/ncomms15694 . 28556824 . 2017NatCo...815694S .
26. Web site: Maciamo . Eupedia . 2022-08-06 . Eupedia . en.
27. Web site: Welcome to FamilyTreeDNA Discover (Beta) . 2023-05-06 . FamilyTreeDNA Discover (Beta) . en.
28. Web site: Maciamo . Eupedia . 2022-08-06 . Eupedia . en.