Haplogroup I (mtDNA) explained
| I |
| Origin-Place: | West Asia (and), or Southwest Asia |
| Ancestor: | N1a1b (former N1e'I), |
| Descendants: | I1, I2'3, I4, I5, I6, I7 |
| Mutations: | T10034C, G16129A!, G16391A |
Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated about 21,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) period in West Asia (; ;). The haplogroup is unusual in that it is now widely distributed geographically, but is common in only a few small areas of East Africa, West Asia and Europe. It is especially common among the El Molo and Rendille peoples of Kenya, various regions of Iran, the Lemko people of Slovakia, Poland and Ukraine, the island of Krk in Croatia, the department of Finistère in France and some parts of Scotland and Ireland.
Origin
Haplogroup I is a descendant (subclade) of haplogroup N1a1b and sibling of haplogroup N1a1b1 . It is believed to have arisen somewhere in West Asia between 17,263 and 24,451 years before present (BP), with coalescence age of 20.1 thousand years ago . It has been suggested that its origin may be in Iran or more generally the Near East . It has diverged to at least seven distinct clades i.e. branches I1–I7, dated between 16–6.8 thousand years . The hypothesis about its Near Eastern origin is based on the fact that all haplogroup I clades, especially those from Late Glacial period (I1, I4, I5, and I6), include mitogenomes from the Near East . The age estimates and dispersal of some subclades (I1, I2’3, I5) are similar to those of major subclades of the mtDNA haplogroups J and T, indicating possible dispersal of the I haplogroup into Europe during the Late Glacial period (c. 18–12 kya) and postglacial period (c. 10–11 kya), several millennia before the European Neolithic period. Some subclades (I1a1, I2, I1c1, I3) show signs of the Neolithic diffusion of agriculture and pastoralism within Europe .
A similar view puts more emphasis on the Persian Gulf region of the Near East .
Distribution
Haplogroup I is found at moderate to low frequencies in East Africa, Europe, West Asia and South Asia . In addition to the confirmed seven clades, the rare basal/paraphyletic clade I* has been observed in three individuals; two from Somalia and one from Iran .
Africa
The highest frequencies of mitochondrial haplogroup I observed so far appear in the Cushitic-speaking El Molo (23%) and Rendille (>17%) in northern Kenya . The clade is also found at comparable frequencies among the Soqotri (~22%).[1]
| Population | Location | Language Family | N | Frequency | Source |
|---|
| Amhara | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 1/120 | 0.83% | |
| Egyptians | Egypt | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 2/34 | 5.9% | |
| Beta Israel | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/29 | 0.00% | |
| Dawro Konta | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Omotic | 0/137 | 0.00% | and |
| Ethiopia | Ethiopia | Undetermined | 0/77 | 0.00% | |
| Ethiopian Jews | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/41 | 0.00% | |
| Gurage | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 1/21 | 4.76% | |
| Hamer | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Omotic | 0/11 | 0.00% | and |
| Ongota | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/19 | 0.00% | and |
| Oromo | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/33 | 0.00% | |
| Tigrai | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 0/44 | 0.00% | |
| Daasanach | Kenya | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/49 | 0.00% | |
| Elmolo | Kenya | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 12/52 | 23.08% | and |
| Luo | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 0/49 | 0.00% | and |
| Maasai | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 0/81 | 0.00% | and |
| Nairobi | Kenya | Niger-Congo | 0/100 | 0.00% | |
| Nyangatom | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 1/112 | 0.89% | |
| Rendille | Kenya | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 3/17 | 17.65% | and |
| Samburu | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 3/35 | 8.57% | and |
| Turkana | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 0/51 | 0.00% | and |
| Hutu | Rwanda | Niger-Congo | 0/42 | 0.00% | |
| Dinka | Sudan | Nilo-Saharan | 0/46 | 0.00% | |
| Sudan | Sudan | Undetermined | 0/102 | 0.00% | |
| Burunge | Tanzania | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 1/38 | 2.63% | |
| Datoga | Tanzania | Nilo-Saharan | 0/57 | 0.00% | and |
| Iraqw | Tanzania | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/12 | 0.00% | |
| Sukuma | Tanzania | Niger-Congo | 0/32 | 0.00% | and |
| Turu | Tanzania | Niger-Congo | 0/29 | 0.00% | |
| Yemeni | Yemen | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 0/114 | 0.00% | |
|
Asia
Haplogroup I is present across West Asia and Central Asia, and is also found at trace frequencies in South Asia. Its highest frequency area is perhaps in northern Iran (9.7%). Terreros 2011 notes that it also has high diversity there and reiterates past studies that have suggested that this may be its place of origin. Found in Svan population from Georgia(Caucasus) I* 4.2%."Sequence polymorphisms of the mtDNA control region in a human isolate: the Georgians from Swanetia."Alfonso-Sánchez MA1, Martínez-Bouzas C, Castro A, Peña JA, Fernández-Fernández I, Herrera RJ, de Pancorbo MM. The table below shows some of the populations where it has been detected.
| Population | Language Family | N | Frequency | Source |
|---|
| Baluch | Indo-European | 0/39 | 0.00% | |
| Brahui | Dravidian | 0/38 | 0.00% | |
| Caucasus (Georgia)* | Kartvelian | 1/58 | 1.80% | |
| Druze | – | 11/311 | 3.54% | |
| Gilaki | Indo-European | 0/37 | 0.00% | |
| Gujarati | Indo-European | 0/34 | 0.00% | |
| Hazara | Indo-European | 0/23 | 0.00% | |
| Hunza Burusho | Isolate | 2/44 | 4.50% | |
| India | – | 8/2544 | 0.30% | |
| Iran (North) | – | 3/31 | 9.70% | |
| Iran (South) | – | 2/117 | 1.70% | |
| Kalash | Indo-European | 0/44 | 0.00% | |
| Kurdish (Western Iran) | Indo-European | 1/20 | 5.00% | |
| Kurdish (Turkmenistan) | Indo-European | 1/32 | 3.10% | |
| Lur | Indo-European | 0/17 | 0.00% | |
| Makrani | Indo-European | 0/33 | 0.00% | |
| Mazandarian | Indo-European | 1/21 | 4.80% | |
| Pakistani | Indo-European | 0/100 | 0.00% | |
| Pakistan | – | 1/145 | 0.69% | |
| Parsi | Indo-European | 0/44 | 0.00% | |
| Pathan | Indo-European | 1/44 | 2.30% | |
| Persian | Indo-European | 1/42 | 2.40% | |
| Shugnan | Indo-European | 1/44 | 2.30% | |
| Sindhi | Indo-European | 1/23 | 8.70% | |
| Turkish (Azerbaijan) | Turkic | 2/40 | 5.00% | |
| Turkish (Anatolia)* | Turkic | 1/50 | 2.00% | |
| Turkmen | Turkic | 0/41 | 0.00% | |
| Uzbek | Turkic | 0/42 | 0.00% | |
|
Europe
Eastern Europe
In Eastern Europe, the frequency of haplogroup I is generally lower than in Western Europe (1 to 3 percent), but its frequency is more consistent between populations with fewer places of extreme highs or lows. There are two notable exceptions. Nikitin 2009 found that Lemkos (a sub- or co-ethnic group of Rusyns) in the Carpathian mountains have the "highest frequency of haplogroup I (11.3%) in Europe, identical to that of the population of Krk Island (Croatia) in the Adriatic Sea".[2] [3]
| Population | N | Frequency | Source |
|---|
| Boyko | 0/20 | 0.00% | |
| Hutsul | 0/38 | 0.00% | |
| Lemko | 6/53 | 11.32% | |
| Belorussians | 2/92 | 2.17% | |
| Russia (European) | 3/215 | 1.40% | |
| Romanians (Constanta) | 59 | 0.00% | |
| Romanians (Ploiesti) | 46 | 2.17% | |
| Russia | 1/50 | 2.0% | |
| Ukraine | 0/18 | 0.00% | |
| Croatia (Mainland) | 4/277 | 1.44% | |
| Croatia (Krk) | 15/133 | 11.28% | |
| Croatia (Brač) | 1/105 | 0.95% | |
| Croatia (Hvar) | 2/108 | 1.9% | |
| Croatia (Korčula) | 1/98 | 1% | |
| Herzegovinians | 1/130 | 0.8% | |
| Bosnians | 6/247 | 2.4% | |
| Serbians | 4/117 | 3.4% | |
| Macedonians | 2/146 | 1.4% | |
| Macedonian Romani | 7/153 | 4.6% | |
| Slovenians | 2/104 | 1.92% | |
| Bosnians | 4/144 | 2.78% | |
| Poles | 8/436 | 1.83% | |
| Caucasus (Georgia)* | | 1/58 | 1.80% | |
| Russians | 5/201 | 2.49% | |
| Bulgaria/Turkey | 2/102 | 1.96% | |
|
Western Europe
In Western Europe, haplogroup I is most common in Northwestern Europe (Norway, the Isle of Skye, and the British Isles). The frequency in these areas is between 2 and 5 percent. Its highest frequency in Brittany, France where it is over 9 percent of the population in Finistère. It is uncommon and sometimes absent in other parts of Western Europe (Iberia, South-West France, and parts of Italy).
| Population | Language | N | Frequency | Source |
|---|
| Austria/Switzerland | – | 4/187 | 2.14% | |
| Basque (Admix Zone) | Basque/Labourdin côtier-haut navarrais | 0/56 | 0.00% | |
| Basque (Araba) | Basque/Occidental | 0/55 | 0.00% | |
| Basque (Bizkaia) | Basque/Biscayen | 1/59 | 1.69% | |
| Basque (Central/Western Navarre) | Basque/Haut-navarrais méridional | 2/63 | 3.17% | |
| Basque (Gipuskoa) | Basque/Gipuzkoan | 0/57 | 0.00% | |
| Basque (Navarre Labourdin) | Basque/Bas-navarrais | 0/68 | 0.00% | |
| Basque (North/Western Navarre) | Basque/Haut-navarrais septentrional | 0/51 | 0.00% | |
| Basque (Roncal) | Basque/Roncalais-salazarais | 0/55 | 0.00% | |
| Basque (Soule) | Basque/Souletin | 0/62 | 0.00% | |
| Basque (South/Western Gipuskoa) | Basque/Biscayen | 0/64 | 0.00% | |
| Béarn | French | 0/51 | 0.00% | |
| Bigorre | French | 0/44 | 0.00% | |
| Burgos | Spanish | 0/25 | 0.00% | |
| Cantabria | Spanish | 0/18 | 0.00% | |
| Chalosse | French | 0/58 | 0.00% | |
| Denmark | – | 6/105 | 5.71% | |
| England/Wales | – | 12/429 | 3.03% | |
| Finland | – | 1/49 | 2.04% | |
| Finland/Estonia | – | 5/202 | 2.48% | |
| France (Finistère) | – | 2/22 | 9.10% | |
| France (Morbihan) | – | 0/40 | 0.00% | |
| France (Normandy) | – | 0/39 | 0.00% | |
| France (Périgord-Limousin) | - | 2/72 | 2.80% | |
| France (Var) | – | 2/37 | 5.40% | |
| France/Italy | – | 2/248 | 0.81% | |
| Germany | – | 12/527 | 2.28% | |
| Iceland | – | 21/467 | 4.71% | |
| Ireland | – | 3/128 | 2.34% | |
| Italy (Tuscany) | – | 2/48 | 4.20% | |
| La Rioja | Spanish | 1/51 | 1.96% | |
| North Aragon | Spanish | 0/26 | 0.00% | |
| Orkney | – | 5/152 | 3.29% | |
| Saami | – | 0/176 | 0.00% | |
| Scandinavia | – | 12/645 | 1.86% | |
| Scotland | – | 39/891 | 4.38% | |
| Spain/Portugal | – | 2/352 | 0.57% | |
| Sweden | – | 0/37 | 0.00% | |
| Western Bizkaia | Spanish | 0/18 | 0.00% | |
| Western Isles/Isle of Skye | – | 15/246 | 6.50% | |
|
Historic and prehistoric samples
Haplogroup I has until recently been absent from ancient European samples found in Paleolithic and Mesolithic grave sites. In 2017, in a site on Italian island of Sardinia was found a sample with the subclade I3 dated to 9124–7851 BC, while in the Near East, in Levant was found a sample with yet-not-defined subclade dated 8850–8750 BC, while in Iran was found a younger sample with subclade I1c dated to 3972–3800 BC . In Neolithic Spain (c. 6090–5960 BC in Paternanbidea, Navarre) was found a sample with yet-not-defined subclade . Haplogroup I displays a strong connection with the Indo-European migrations; especially its I1, I1a1 and I3a subclades, which have been found in Poltavka and Srubnaya cultures in Russia (Mathieson 2015), among ancient Scythians (Der Sarkissian 2011), and in Corded Ware and Unetice Culture burials in Saxony .I3a has also been found in the Unetice Culture in Lubingine, Germany 2,200 B.C. to 1,800 B.C. courtesy article on Unetice Culture Wikipedia of 2 Skeletons that were DNA tested. Haplogroup I (with undetermined subclades) has also been noted at significant frequencies in more recent historic grave sites (and).
In 2013, Nature announced the publication of the first genetic study utilizing next-generation sequencing to ascertain the ancestral lineage of an Ancient Egyptian individual. The research was led by Carsten Pusch of the University of Tübingen in Germany and Rabab Khairat, who released their findings in the Journal of Applied Genetics. DNA was extracted from the heads of five Egyptian mummies that were housed at the institution. All the specimens were dated to between 806 BC and 124 AD, a time frame corresponding with the Late Dynastic and Ptolemaic periods. The researchers observed that one of the mummified individuals likely belonged to the I2 subclade.[4] Haplogroup I has also been found among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.[5]
Haplogroup I5 has also been observed among specimens at the mainland cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550–800).[6]
Samples with determined subclades
| Culture | Country | Site | Date | Haplogroup | Source |
| Unetice | Germany | Esperstedt | 2050–1800 BC | I1 | Adler 2012; Brandt 2013 |
| Bell Beaker | Germany | — | 2600–2500 BC | I1a1 | Lee 2012; Oliveiri 2013 |
| Unetice | Germany | Plotzkau 3 | 2200–1550 BC | I1a1 | Brandt 2013 |
| Unetice | Germany | Eulau | 1979–1921 BC | I1a1 | Brandt 2013 |
| Srubnaya | Russia | Rozhdestveno I, Samara Steppes, Samara | 1850–1600 BC | I1a1 | Mathieson 2015 |
| Seh Gabi | Iran | — | 3972–3800 BC | I1c | Lazaridis 2016 |
| Cami de Can Grau | Spain | — | 3500–3000 BC | I1c1 | Sampietro 2007; Olivieri 2013 |
| Late Dynastic-Ptolemaic | Egypt | — | 806 BC – 124 AD | I2 | Khairat 2013 |
| Su Carroppu | Italy | — | 9124–7851 BC | I3 | Modi 2017 |
| Scythian | Russia | Rostov-on-Don | 500–200 BC | I3 | Der Sarkissian 2011 |
| Unetice | Germany | Benzingerode-Heimburg | 1653–1627 BC | I3a | Brandt 2013 |
| Unetice | Germany | Esperstedt | 2131–1979 BC | I3a | Adler 2012; Brandt 2013; Haak 2015; Mathieson 2015 |
| Unetice | Germany | Esperstedt | 2199–2064 BC | I3a | Adler 2012; Brandt 2013; Haak 2015 |
| Poltavka | Russia | Lopatino II, Sok River, Samara | 2885–2665 BC | I3a | Mathieson 2015 |
| Karasuk | Russia | Sabinka 2 | 1416–1268 BC | I4a1 | Allentoft 2015 |
| Minoan | Greece | Ayios Charalambos | 2400–1700 BC | I5 | Hughey 2013 |
| Minoan | Greece | Ayios Charalambos | 2400–1700 BC | I5 | Hughey 2013 |
| Minoan | Greece | Ayios Charalambos | 2400–1700 BC | I5 | Hughey 2013 |
| Christian Nubia | Sudan | Kulubnarti | 550–800 AD | I5 | Sirak 2016 |
| Late Bronze Age | Armenia | Norabak | 1209–1009 BC | I5c | Allentoft 2015 |
| Mezhovskava | Russia | Kapova cave | 1598–1398 BC | I5c | Allentoft 2015 |
|
Samples with unknown subclades
| Populations | N | Frequency | Source |
|---|
Roman Iron Age sites
Bøgebjerggård (AD 1–400)
Simonsborg (AD 1–200)
Skovgaarde (AD 200–400) | 3/24 | 12.5% | Melchior 2008a, Hofreiter 2010 |
Viking Age burial sites
Galgedil (AD 1000)
Christian cemetery Kongemarken (AD 1000–1250)
medieval cemetery Riisby (AD 1250–1450) | 4/29 | 13.79% | Melchior 2008, Hofreiter 2010 |
Anglo-Saxon burial sites
Leicester:6
Lavington:6
Buckland:7
Norton:12
Norwich:17 | 1/48 | 2.08% | Töpf 2006 | |
The frequency of haplogroup I may have undergone a reduction in Europe following the Middle Ages. An overall frequency of 13% was found in ancient Danish samples from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age (including Vikings) from Denmark and Scandinavia compared to only 2.5% in modern samples. As haplogroup I is not observed in any ancient Italian, Spanish [contradicted by the recent research as have been found in pre-Neolithic Italy as well Neolithic Spain], British, central European populations, early central European farmers and Neolithic samples, according to the authors "Haplogroup I could, therefore, have been an ancient Southern Scandinavian type "diluted" by later immigration events" .
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup I subclades with time estimates is based on the paper and published research .
| Hg (July 2013) | Age estimate (thousand years) | 95% confidence interval (thousand years) |
| N1a1b | 28.6 | 23.5–33.9 |
| I | 20.1 | 18.4–21.9 |
| I1 | 16.3 | 14.6–18.0 |
| I1a | 11.6 | 9.9–13.3 |
| I1a1 | 4.9 | 4.2–5.6 |
| I1a1a | 3.8 | 3.3–4.4 |
| I1a1b | 1.4 | 0.5–2.2 |
| I1a1c | 2.5 | 1.3–3.7 |
| I1a1d | 1.8 | 1.0–2.6 |
| I1b | 13.4 | 11.3–15.5 |
| I1c | 10.3 | 8.4–12.2 |
| I1c1 | 7.2 | 5.4–9.0 |
| I1c1a | 4.0 | 2.5–5.4 |
| I2'3 | 12.6 | 10.4–14.7 |
| I2 | 6.8 | 6.0–7.6 |
| I2a | 4.7 | 3.8–5.7 |
| I2a1 | 3.2 | 2.1–4.4 |
| I2b | 1.7 | 0.5–2.9 |
| I2c | 4.7 | 3.6–5.8 |
| I2d | 3.0 | 1.1–4.8 |
| I2e | 3.1 | 1.4–4.8 |
| I3 | 10.6 | 8.8–12.4 |
| I3a | 7.4 | 6.1–8.7 |
| I3a1 | 6.1 | 4.7–7.5 |
| I3b | 2.6 | 1.1–4.2 |
| I3c | 9.4 | 7.6–11.2 |
| I4 | 15.1 | 12.3–18.0 |
| I4a | 6.4 | 5.4–7.4 |
| I4a1 | 5.7 | 4.5–6.7 |
| I4b | 8.4 | 5.8–10.9 |
| I5 | 18.4 | 16.4–20.3 |
| I5a | 16.0 | 14.0–17.9 |
| I5a1 | 9.2 | 7.1–11.3 |
| I5a2 | 12.3 | 10.2–14.4 |
| I5a2a | 1.6 | 1.0–2.1 |
| I5a3 | 4.8 | 2.8–6.8 |
| I5a4 | 5.6 | 3.5–7.8 |
| I5b | 8.8 | 6.3–11.2 |
| I6 | 18.4 | 16.2–20.6 |
| I6a | 5.3 | 3.5–7.0 |
| I6b | 13.1 | 10.4–15.8 |
| I7 | 9.1 | 6.3–11.9 | |
Distribution
I1
| I1 |
| Origin-Date: | 15,231 ± 3,402 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I |
| Mutations: | 455.1T, G6734A, G9966A, T16311C! |
It formed during the Last Glacial pre-warming period. It is found mainly in Europe, Near East, occasionally in North Africa and the Caucasus.It is the most frequent clade of the haplogroup .
I1a
| I1a |
| Origin-Date: | 11,726 ± 3,306 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I1 |
| Mutations: | T152C!, G207A |
The subclade frequency peaks (circa 2.8%) are mostly located in North-Eastern Europe .
=I1a1
=
| I1a1 |
| Origin-Date: | 5,294 ± 2,134 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I1a |
| Mutations: | G203A, C3990T, G9947A, A9966G!, T10915C! |
=I1a1a
=
| I1a1a |
| Origin-Date: | 3,327 ± 2,720 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I1a1 |
| Mutations: | G9053A |
=I1a1a1
=
=I1a1a2
=
=I1a1b
=
| I1a1b |
| Origin-Date: | 2,608 ± 2,973 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I1a1 |
| Mutations: | T14182C |
=I1a1c
=
| I1a1c |
| Origin-Date: | About 1,523 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I1a1 |
| Mutations: | T6620C |
=I1a1d
=
| I1a1d |
| Origin-Date: | About 1,892 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I1a1 |
| Mutations: | A1836G, T4023C, T13488C, T16189C! |
=I1a1e
=
I1b
| I1b |
| Origin-Date: | 11,135 ± 4,818 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I1 |
| Mutations: | T6227C |
I1c
| I1c |
| Origin-Date: | 8,216 ± 3,787 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I1 |
| Mutations: | G8573A, C16264T, G16319A, T16362C |
=I1c1
=
=I1c1a1
=
=I1c1a2
=
I1d
I1e
I1f
I2'3
| I2'3 |
| Origin-Date: | 11,308 ± 4,154 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I |
| Mutations: | T152C!, G207A |
It is the common root clade for subclades I2 and I3. There's a sample from Tanzania with which I2'3 shares a variant at position 152 from the root node of haplogroup I, and this "node 152" could be upstream I2'3s clade . Both I2 and I3 might have formed during the Holocene period, and most of their subclades are from Europe, only few from the Near East . Examples of this ancestral branch have not been documented.
I2
| I2 |
| Origin-Date: | 6,387 ± 2,449 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I2'3 |
| Mutations: | A15758G |
=I2a
=
| I2a |
| Origin-Date: | 3,771 ± 2,143 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I2 |
| Mutations: | A11065G, G16145A |
=I2a1
=
| I2a1 |
| Origin-Date: | 2,986 ± 1,968 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I2a |
| Mutations: | T3398C |
=I2a1a
=
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|
| MT892955 | Finland | FamilyTreeDNA |
|
=I2a2
=
=I2a3
=
=I2b
=
| I2b |
| Origin-Date: | About 1,267 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I2 |
| Mutations: | T6515C, 8281-8289d, A16166c |
=I2c
=
| I2c |
| Origin-Date: | About 2,268 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I2 |
| Mutations: | T460C, G9438A |
=I2d
=
| I2d |
| Origin-Date: | About 3,828 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I2 |
| Mutations: | G6480A |
=I2e
=
| I2e |
| Origin-Date: | About 2,936 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I2 |
| Mutations: | G3591A |
I3
| I3 |
| Origin-Date: | 8,679 ± 3,410 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I2'3 |
| Mutations: | T239C |
=I3a
=
| I3a |
| Origin-Date: | 6,091 ± 3,262 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Oldest sample from Poltavka culture (Russia-Lopatino II, Sok River, Samara, 2885–2665 BC) (Mathieson 2015) |
| Ancestor: | I3 |
| Mutations: | T16086C |
=I3a1
=
| I3a1 |
| Origin-Date: | 5,070 ± 3,017 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I3a |
| Mutations: | G2849A |
=I3b
=
| I3b |
| Origin-Date: | 5,596 ± 3,629 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I3 |
| Mutations: | C16494T |
=I3c
=
=I3d
=
I4
| I4 |
| Origin-Date: | 14,913 ± 5,955 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I |
| Mutations: | G8519A |
The clade splits into subclades I4a and newly defined I4b, with samples found in Europe, the Near East and the Caucasus .
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|
| KJ021059 | – | FamilyTreeDNA |
|
I4a
| I4a |
| Origin-Date: | About 2,124 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I4 |
| Mutations: | A10819G |
=I4a1
=
=I4a2
=
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|
| KF254840 | Finland | FamilyTreeDNA |
|
I4b
I5
| I5 |
| Origin-Date: | 18,806 ± 4,005 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I |
| Mutations: | A14233G |
Is the second most frequent clade of the haplogroup. Its subclades are found in Europe, e.g. I5a1, and the Near East, e.g. I5a2a and I5b .
I5a
| I5a |
| Origin-Date: | 15,116 ± 4,128 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I5 |
| Mutations: | T5074C, C16148T |
=I5a1
=
| I5a1 |
| Origin-Date: | 11,062 ± 4,661 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I5a |
| Mutations: | 8281-8289d, A12961G |
=I5a1a
=
=I5a1b
=
=I5a1c
=
=I5a2
=
=I5a2a
=
=I5a3
=
=I5a4
=
I5b
I5c
=I5c1
=
I6
| I6 |
| Origin-Date: | About 18,400 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I |
| Mutations: | T3645C |
The subclade is very rare, found until July 2013 only in four samples from the Near East .
I6a
| I6a |
| Origin-Date: | About 5,300 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I6 |
| Mutations: | (G203A), G3915A, A6116G, A7804G, T15287C, (A16293c) |
I7
| I7 |
| Origin-Date: | About 9,100 BP |
| Origin-Place: | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor: | I |
| Mutations: | C3534T, A4829G, T16324C |
It is the rarest defined subclade, until July 2013 found only in two samples from the Near East and the Caucasus .
See also
Backbone mtDNA Tree
References
Works cited
Journals
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Books
- Book: . Brook . Kevin Alan . Cooper . Leo R. . Wexler . Jeffrey D. . Lipson . Joshua . Stern . Jonah A. . 2022 . The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews . Boston . Academic Studies Press . 978-1644699843 . 10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn. 254519342 .
Websites
- Web site: Behar. Family Tree DNA. 2012. mtDNA Community. 2013-01-07. 2018-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20180102091357/http://www.mtdnacommunity.org/human-mtdna-phylogeny.aspx. dead.
Further reading
- Černý. 2009. . 10.1002/ajpa.20960. Out of Arabia-The settlement of Island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity. Viktor. Pereira. Luísa. Kujanová. Martina. VašÍková. Alžběta. Hájek. Martin. Morris. Miranda. Mulligan. Connie J.. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 138. 4. 439–47. 19012329.
- Book: Fellner. 1995. 9780860547754. Robert O. Cultural change and the epipalaeolithic of Palestine. Tempus Reparatum.
- Kitchen. 2009. 10.1098/rspb.2009.0408. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East. A.. Ehret. C.. Assefa. S.. Mulligan. C. J.. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276. 1668. 2703–10. 19403539. 2839953.
- Petit-Maire. 2000. 10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i4/001. Geological records of the recent past, a key to the near future world environments. Nicole. Episodes. 23. 4. 230–246. Bouysse. Philippe. free.
External links
Notes and References
- Web site: Non. Amy. ANALYSES OF GENETIC DATA WITHIN AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FRAMEWORK TO INVESTIGATE RECENT HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND COMPLEX DISEASE. University of Florida. 12 April 2016. 13 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201013000218/http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041981/non_a.pdf. dead.
- Nikitin 2009: 6/53 in Lemkos
"Lemkos shared the highest frequency of haplogroup I ever reported and the highest frequency of haplogroup M* in the region."
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- Rabab Khairat . Markus Ball . Chun-Chi Hsieh Chang . Raffaella Bianucci . Andreas G. Nerlich . Martin Trautmann . Somaia Ismail . First insights into the metagenome of Egyptian mummies using next-generation sequencing. Journal of Applied Genetics. 4 April 2013. 10.1007/s13353-013-0145-1. 23553074 . 8 June 2016. etal. 54. 3 . 309–325. 5459033 .
- Schuenemann, Verena J.. etal. Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods. Nature Communications. 2017. 8. 15694. 28556824. 10.1038/ncomms15694. 5459999. 2017NatCo...815694S.
- Sirak, Kendra . Frenandes, Daniel . Novak, Mario . Van Gerven, Dennis . Pinhasi, Ron. Abstract Book of the IUAES Inter-Congress 2016 - A community divided? Revealing the community genome(s) of Medieval Kulubnarti using next- generation sequencing. Abstract Book of the Iuaes Inter-Congress 2016 . 2016. 115–116 . IUAES.
