Haplogroup CT explained

CT
Map:Haplogrupos ADN-Y África.PNG
Origin-Date:~70,000 BP,[1] ~100,000 BP,[2] or ~101,000 BP[3]
Origin-Place:Africa,[4] [5] [6] possibly Northeast Africa
Ancestor:Haplogroup BT
Descendants:Haplogroup CF, Haplogroup DE
Mutations:P9.1, M168, M294, V9, V41, V54, V189, and V226

Haplogroup CT is a human Y chromosome haplogroup. CT has two basal branches, CF and DE. DE is divided into a predominantly Asia-distributed haplogroup D-CTS3946 and a predominantly Africa-distributed haplogroup E-M96, while CF is divided into an East Asian, Native American, and Oceanian haplogroup C-M130 and haplogroup F-M89, which dominates most non-African populations.

Distribution

Men who carry the CT clade have Y chromosomes with the SNP mutation M168, along with P9.1 and M294. These mutations are present in all modern human male lineages except A and B-M60, which are both found almost exclusively in Africa.

The most recent common male line ancestor (TMRCA) of all CT men today probably predated the recent African origin of modern humans, a migration in which some of his descendants participated. He is therefore thought to have lived in Africa before this proposed migration.[1] [5] [7] In keeping with the concept of "Y-chromosomal Adam" given to the patrilineal ancestor of all living humans, CT-M168 has therefore also been referred to in popularized accounts as being the lineage of "Eurasian Adam" or "Out of Africa Adam"; because, along with many African Y-lineages, all non-African Y-lineages descend from it.[8] [9] [10]

No male in paragroup CT* has ever been discovered in modern populations. This means that all males carrying this haplogroup are also defined as being in one of the several major branch clades. All known surviving descendant lineages of CT are in one of two major subclades, CF and DE. In turn, DE is divided into a predominantly Asia-distributed haplogroup D-CTS3946 and a predominantly Africa-distributed haplogroup E-M96, while CF is divided into an East Asian, Native American, and Oceanian haplogroup C-M130 and haplogroup F-M89, which dominates most non-African populations.

Subclades

CF

See main article: Haplogroup CF (Y-DNA).

Haplogroup CF is a subclade of haplogroup CT.

DE

See main article: Haplogroup DE.

Haplogroup DE is a subclade of haplogroup CT.

Phylogenetic trees

Haplogroup CT (M168/PF1416)

Sources

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA C subclades

Notes and References

  1. Karafet et al. (2008) give "70,000", citing "68,500±6000 years" from Hammer and Zegura (2002). Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF . New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree . Genome Research . 2008 . 18 . 830–8 . 10.1101/gr.7172008 . 18385274 . 5 . 2336805. .The split between CF and DE (which in the absence of a paragroup CT* is equivalent to the age of CT) has been dated to 70,000 - 75,000 years ago in Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans, Nature 505, 87–91 (02 January 2014)
  2. Kamin M, Saag L, Vincente M, et al. . A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture . Genome Research . 25 . 4 . 459–466 . April 2015 . 25770088 . 4381518 . 10.1101/gr.186684.114 .
  3. Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C . A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa . Genetics . 212 . 4 . 1421–1428 . June 2019 . 31196864 . 6707464 . 10.1534/genetics.119.302368 .
  4. Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations. Annu. Rev. Genet. . 2007 . 41. 1. 539–64 . 10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130407 . Underhill and Kivisild . 18076332 . Kivisild . T . 24904955 .
  5. Book: Stone, Linda . https://books.google.com/books?id=zdeWdF_NQhEC . Genes, Culture, and Human Evolution . 2007 . 978-1-4051-5089-7 . 187 . Voyages, Prehistoric Human Expansions . Paul F. Lurquin . Cavalli-Sforza . Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. Wiley .
  6. Kamin M, Saag L, Vincente M, et al. . A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture . Genome Research . 25 . 4 . 459–466 . April 2015 . 25770088 . 4381518 . 10.1101/gr.186684.114 .
  7. Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations. Annu. Rev. Genet. . 2007 . 41. 1. 539–64 . 10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130407 . Underhill and Kivisild . 18076332 . Kivisild . T . 24904955 .
  8. https://books.google.com/books?id=zdeWdF_NQhEC&pg=PA187&lpg=PA187 Genes, Culture, and Human Evolution: A Synthesis
  9. https://books.google.com/books?id=bmHe2MU4pycC&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100 Darwinian Detectives: Revealing the Natural History of Genes and Genomes
  10. Karafet . etal . 2008 . New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree . Genome Research . 18. 5. 830–8. 10.1101/gr.7172008 . 18385274 . 2336805 .
  11. Pereira et al. (2010), Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel, European Journal of Human Genetics (2010) 18, 915–923;

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