Korea Electric Power Corporation Explained

Korea Electric Power Corporation
Type:	Public State-owned Enterprise
Traded As:
Foundation:	(as Seoul Electric Company) (as Korea Electric Company)
Founder:	Korean government
Location City:	Naju, South Jeolla
Location Country:	South Korea
Key People:	Kim Dong-cheol (President and CEO)
Industry:	Electric utility
Products:	Electrical power
Services:	Electricity distribution
Revenue:	KRW 58.95 trillion (2015)^[1]
Operating Income:	KRW 11.34 trillion (2015)
Net Income:	KRW 13.41 trillion (2015)
Assets:	KRW 175.25 trillion (2015)
Equity:	KRW 67.94 trillion (2015)
Owner:	Korea Development Bank and Government of South Korea (51.10%) National Pension Service (7.23%)
Num Employees:	20,705 (2015)

Korea Electric Power Corporation
Hangul:	한국전력공사
Hanja:	韓國電力公社
Rr:	Hanguk Jeollyeok Gongsa
Mr:	Hanguk Chŏllyŏk Kongsa

Korea Electric Power Corporation, better known as KEPCO or Hanjeon, is the largest electric utility in South Korea,^[2] responsible for the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity and the development of electric power projects including those in nuclear power, wind power and coal. KEPCO, through its subsidiaries, is responsible for 93% of Korea's electricity generation as of 2011.^[3] The South Korean government (directly and indirectly) owns a 51.11% share of KEPCO. Together with its affiliates and subsidiaries, KEPCO has an installed capacity of 65,383 MW. On the 2011 Fortune Global 500 ranking of the world's largest companies, KEPCO was ranked 271.^[4] KEPCO is a member of the World Energy Council, the World Nuclear Association and the World Association of Nuclear Operators. As of August 2011, KEPCO possesses an A+ credit rating with Fitch Ratings,^[5] while Moody's has assigned KEPCO an A1 stable rating.^[6]

Originally located in Samseong-dong, Seoul, KEPCO headquarters was relocated to the city of Naju in South Jeolla Province in August 2014 as part of a government decentralization program.^[7] The move, which has been in the works for years has been controversial.^[8] Jong-Kap Kim is the president and CEO of KEPCO.

History

KEPCO traces its origins to Hanseong Jeongi Hoesa (Seoul Electric Company), founded in 1898 during the Korean Empire.^[9] It was wholly invested by King Gojong, who had a special interest in implementing electrical business in Korea; internally, the imperial-invested company was funded through Hanseong Electric's president Lee Chae-yeon. Subsequently, American business Henry Collbran and Harry Rice Bostwick were contracted to manage Seoul's streetcars, lights, and telephone systems.^[10] Hanseong Electric completed its first power plant in 1899 at Dongdaemun. By the end of that year, the company had succeeded in launching its streetcar service, and soon after had turned on its first electric lights in Seoul’s Jongno Street. With a monopoly on Seoul’s electricity and streetcar systems, Hanseong Electric continued to build up its public lighting network into the turn of the century, and began offering electrical service to private homes as well.^[11]

The company had also established a movie theater of which could be travelled to via the main line, a streetcar line that went through downtown Seoul and multiple districts; experts recall that opening an electric movie theater was part of a marketing ploy to promote the convenience of trains and attract tram passengers.^[12] A total of three lines were constructed, all of which connecting 5 different districts of Seoul (Seodaemun-Jongno-Dongdaemun-Cheongnyangni (Main Line), Jongno-Namdaemun-Yongsan (Yongsan Line), and Seodaemun-Namdaemun (Uiju Line)).^[13] Up until the Eulsa Treaty, the company had proved successful in expansion. Supporting the expansion included the enthusiastic support of Allen, a U.S. Legation official, including Lee Chae-yeon (the president), William F. Sands, a former secretary appointed as an internal adviser to the palace, and the active support of pro-American officials in Korea, including Lee Yoon-yong, Min Young-hwan, Min Sang-ho, and Kang Seok-ho.^[14]

The company's president Lee Chae-yeon, of which was a pro-American leader, died in August 1900. Upon this, non pro-American Lee Yong-ik joined the executives of Hanseong Electric Company, tightly controlling the company's funding and strictly blocking Collbran's business expansion plans. Claimed it broke the mortgage contract, Collbran responed in demand for the repayment of debts related to the railroad construction project and pressed on profits. Lee Yong-ik refuted Collbran's request based on the "Brown Paper," which stated that Collbran's claims were over-inflated; this caused tensions to rise. Soon, a new contract was signed to settle the debt dispute of Hanseong Electric Company. Gojong mutually withdrew all demands between the two sides, and in February 1904 established Hanmi Electric Company (韓美電氣會社) to hand over all rights and assets. The management of Hanmi Electric Company was held by Collbran, and 50% of the company's shares were acquired by Gojong which increased his involvement and management of the company as the majority shareholder.

However, after Japan had won the Russo-Japanese War in September 1905, Japan had expanded their influence in the Korean Empire with the signing of the Eulsa Treaty. This included the process of absorbing, dismantling, and taking over various reform projects that the Korean Empire had pursued independently. The electric power industry, the basic industry of modern commercial and industrial development, was no exception. In June 1909, Collbran sold Hanseong Electric to a Japanese business named Ilhanwasa Co., Ltd^[15]

The announcement of the Chōsen Electricity Control Decree by the Colonial Korean government in March 1943 saw the integration of several electric companies into the Korea Electric Power Company. The Korea Electric Company (KECO), established through the integration of the Korea Electric Power Company and two distribution companies, Gyeongsung Electric Company and South Korea Electric Company, opened on 1 July 1961. In 1982, KECO became a wholly government owned entity and was renamed the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO).^[16]

KEPCO was listed on the Korea Stock Exchange on 10 August 1989 and later in 1994 on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1996, KEPCO was named the prime contractor for the multinational Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) project to construct a light water reactor nuclear power plant in North Korea,^[17] a project which was eventually abandoned in 2006.^[18] Following a push by the Korean government to restructure Korea's power industry which began in the mid-1990s, the Act on the Promotion of Restructuring the Electric Power Industry was proclaimed on 23 December 2000,^[19] after which the electricity generation business was split up into Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power, a subsidiary responsible for nuclear & hydro power generation, and five thermal power generation companies: Korea South-East Power, Korea Midland Power, Korea Western Power, Korea Southern Power, and Korea East-West Power.

In October 2012, Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation sold its 3.6% of its stake in KEPCO for a fee of around $550 million.^[20]

Timeline

• March 1887 – Turned the first electric lights on (Geongchung Palace inside Gyeongbok Palace)
• January 1898 – Founded Hansung Electric Company
  • May 1899 - First power plant was established in Dongdaemun May 1899 - First electric trolley car line was opened between Seodaemun and Dongdaemun
• April 1900 – Lighted three streetlamps in Jongno by Hansung Electric Company (first-ever lighting in public area)
• December 1900 - Yongsan trolley car line opened
• July 1901 - Uiju trolley car line opened
• June 1905 - First hydroelectric power plant, Unsan Hydropower, was completed
• March 1944 – Completed Supung Hydro Power Plant (600,000 kW)
• July 1961 – Established Korea Electric Power Company with Electricity Enterprises Act (three electric companies were merged)
• April 1964 – Cleared limited electric power transmission for the first time since national liberation
• December 1965 – Declared Act on the Promotion of Electrification in Agricultural and Fishing Villages
• May 1968 – Exceeded one million kW in electric power generation capacity
• April 1978 – Completed 1st unit of Kori Nuclear Power Plant (587,000 kW)
• January 1982 – Launched Korea Electric Power Corporation^[21]
• August 1989 – Listed on the Korea Stock Exchange as people's share No.2
• October 1994 – Listed on the New York Stock Exchange for the first time
• February 1995 – Won bid to operate Malaya power plant in the Philippines
• August 1997 – Broke ground for KEDO nuclear power plant construction
• July 2000 – Exceeded 40 million kW in maximum demand electric power
• April 2001 – Spun the business off into six power generation subsidiaries
• June 2002 – Completed Ilijan Gas combined cycle power plant, the largest in the Philippines
• November 2005 – Increased voltage to 220 V for distribution line, and commenced electric power supply to Gaesung Industrial Complex
• June 2006 – Awarded Edison Award
• September 2006 – Launched independent project division
• December 2009 – Exported nuclear power plant to overseas for the first time (UAE)
• December 2011 – Selected as corrupt-free institute for six years in a row in anti-corruption evaluation, and ranked first in customer satisfaction for 13 years in a row
• February 2012 – Completed Al Qatrana power plant in Jordan
• December 2012 – Ranked first in the public sector for 14 years in a row
• October 2013 – Hosted the World Energy Council, the world's largest and most influential energy event, in Daegu
• December 2014 – Relocated to Bitgaram Innovation City, opening the Energy Valley Era
• October 2015 – Successfully held Bitgaram International Exposition on Electric Power Technology (BIXPO 2015)
• May 2016 – Selected as the top electric utility in the 2016 Platts
• August 2016 – Won a 2016 CIO 100 Award, a first for a Korean company
• October 2016 – Signed a joint venture agreement for the operation of the UAE power plant

Subsidiaries

KEPCO comprises six power generation companies and four subsidiaries in related business areas. It also owns a stake in four affiliated companies.^[22]

Power generation companies

• Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power (KHNP): operates 21 nuclear power plants and 27 hydropower plants in Korea which account for 18,265 MW in total capacity (as of Dec. 2010).
• Korea South-East Power (KOEN): with 8,976 MW in total capacity (as of Dec. 2010), KOSEP operates the Samcheonpo Thermal Power Site Division and the Yeongheung Thermal Power Plant.
• Korea Midland Power (KOMIPO): operates the Boryeong Thermalelectric Power Plant Site Division and the Yeongheung Thermal Power Plant, and possesses 9,399 MW in total installed capacity (as of Dec. 2010).
• Korea Western Power: operates the Taean Thermal Power Plant and manages a total installed capacity of 9,604 MW via 8 soft coal-fired units, 24 LNG combined cycle units, 4 oil-fired units and 4 pumped storage power plant units.
• Korea Southern Power (KOSPO): operates the Hadong Thermal Power Site Division and manages 9,638 MW in total installed capacity as of Dec. 2010.
• Korea East-West Power: operates the Dangjin and Honam Coal Fired Power Plants, and manages a total of 9,510 MW in installed capacity as of Dec. 2010.

Other subsidiaries

• KEPCO E&C: KEPCO Engineering & Construction (KEPCO E&C) is a comprehensive engineering company which develops and designs nuclear and thermal power plants. KEPCO owns a 77.94% share of KEPCO E&C.
• KEPCO Nuclear Fuel (KNF): KEPCO Nuclear Fuel specializes in the design and manufacture of nuclear fuel, as well as fuel engineering services. KNF is the world's only producer of nuclear fuel for both light-water (LWR) and heavy water (HWR) reactors. KEPCO's share of KNF stands at 96.4%.
• Korea Plant Service & Engineering: Korea Plant Service & Engineering is 75% owned by KEPCO. It provides maintenance services for Korea's power generation, transmission, transformation and industrial facilities.
• Korea Electric Power Data Network: 100% wholly owned by KEPCO, Korea Electric Power Data Network provides IT services covering the full range of electric power from generation and transmission to distribution and sales.

Affiliated companies

• Korea Electric Power Industrial Development Corporation
• Korea Gas Corporation
• Korea District Heating Corporation
• LG UPlus Corporation

Overseas office

• Abu Dhabi Branch Office - Muroor Road(4th st), al Mamoura, B Po Box 112010, Abu Dhabi, UAE
• KEPCO China Office - 2702, Tower A, Tianyuangang Center No.C2, Dongsanhuanbeilu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100027, China
• KEPCO New York Office - 400 Kelby Street, Parker Plaza 7th Floor, Fort Lee, NJ 07024, U.S.A
• KEPCO Tokyo Office - 3rd Fl. Toranomon Denki BLDG, 2-8-1 Minakoku, Tokyo, Japan
• KEPCO Hanoi Office - 1112, Charm Vit Tower, 117 Tran Duy Hung, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
• KEPCO Johannesburg Office - 18th floor, Sandton City Tower Corner Rivonia Road & 5th St. Sandton P.O. Box 786703, Sandton City 2146, South Africa
• KEPCO London Office - 36 Old Jewry, London EC2R 8DD, UK
• KEPCO Iran Office - 6th floor Armaghan Tower, No. 13, Eastern Armaghan St., Africa Ave, Tehran, Iran
• KEPCO Dominican Republic Office - ESD Building, No. 63, Mario Garcia Alvarado St., Ens. Quisqueya, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

Operations

Domestic activities

In Korea, KEPCO primarily provides electricity to include industrial, commercial, residential, educational and agricultural customers. As of December 31, 2011, KEPCO had a total installed generating capacity of 67,001MW produced by 503 generation units including nuclear, oil, coal, liquified natural gas, hydro, wind and solar sources. The length of KEPCO's transmission lines stood at 31,249 circuit kilometers as of end-2011.^{[23] [24] [25]}

Nuclear business

See also: Nuclear power in South Korea.

KEPCO's involvement in the nuclear energy sector ranges from design and engineering of the nuclear power plant to nuclear fuel, commissioning and operation, maintenance and decommissioning. Construction of KEPCO nuclear power plants is undertaken by major Korean construction companies, while the manufacture of key elements of a nuclear power plant is done by companies including Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction and Westinghouse Electric Company. In 2009, KEPCO won a bid to construct four units of the APR-1400 reactor in the United Arab Emirates at Barakah.^[26]

In October 2013 a vice-president of KEPCO, amongst about 100 people, was indicted for falsifying safety documents.^[27]

In 2017 KEPCO showed interest in taking a stake in the Moorside Nuclear Power Station in the UK, though did not proceed with the project.^[28]

In October 2020 KEPCO signed a memorandum of understanding with Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering to develop a floating nuclear power plant based on the BANDI-60 60 MWe small modular reactor, which has been under development since 2016.^[29]

Overseas activities

KEPCO's overseas forays started in 1993 when the company was awarded a technical consulting contract for maintenance on the Guangdong nuclear power plant in China. At present, KEPCO is involved in projects in 13 countries around the world.^[30] In 1996, KEPCO entered the Philippines power market when it was awarded the contract for the refurbishment and operation of the Malaya thermal power plant. In 1996, KEPCO won the bid to construct the Ilijan gas-fired combined cycle power plant, a 1,200MW build-operate-transfer project. Today, KEPCO operates four power plants in the Philippines, including the Naga Power Plant Complex and the Cebu Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Power Plant, while the company's operations account for 12% of the country's installed generation capacity.^[22] In April 2012 KEPCO contracted ICPO to raise $400m to buy into Boutique Coal in Australia to benefit from cheap coal briquettes which improved burn efficiency by up to 30% reduced and by >80% and reduced .

In the area of transmission and distribution consultation, KEPCO has undertaken projects in Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Libya, Ukraine, Paraguay and Egypt.^[31] KEPCO entered the wind power industry in China with its involvement in the Gansu wind project, on which the first stage of construction began in 2007. KEPCO also holds an equity share in wind projects in Inner Mongolia and Riaoning, as well as in China's Shanxi Province. In 2010, a KEPCO-led consortium including Samsung C&T and Korean firm Techint was awarded a contract to build and operate the Norte II combined cycle gas power plant in the Mexican state of Chihuahua.^[32] In 2005, KEPCO began supplying electricity to the Kaesong Industrial Region in North Korea.^[33]

Resources development

In order to raise its fuel self-sufficiency rate to 60% by 2020,^[34] in 2010, KEPCO acquired the Bylong Coal Mine in Australia from Anglo American PLC.^[35] Also in 2010, KEPCO bought a 20% stake in Bayan Resources in Indonesia, thus allowing the company to raise its coal self-sufficiency rate by 7 million tons annually from 2015.^[36] In 2009, KEPCO bought a 1.5% stake in Indonesia's Adaro Energy, thus securing 3 million tons of coal annually.^[37] Regarding uranium procurement, in 2009, KEPCO acquired a 17% share of Denison Mines Corp. in Canada, as well as a 10% stake in Areva SA's Imouraren uranium mine in Niger. In 2010, KEPCO signed an agreement with Areva to jointly develop uranium mines.^[38]

Smart grid

In early 2010, KEPCO announced it would invest over US$7 billion in its smart grid business by 2030 to make electricity distribution more efficient and decrease Korea's greenhouse gas emissions.^[39] KEPCO is one of the 168 Korean and foreign companies taking part in the Jeju Smart Grid Demonstration Project, begun following the announcement of Korea's National Smart Grid Roadmap in 2009.^[40] In June 2011, it was announced that KEPCO would collaborate with IBM to build a Total Operations Center at the Jeju Smart Grid Test-Bed Demonstration Complex.^[41]

See also

• Jang Young-sik, KEPCO president from May 1998–April 1999
• Energy in South Korea
• Nuclear power in South Korea
• Smart grids in South Korea
• Jeju Smart Grid Demonstration Project in Korea
• Economy of South Korea
• Environment of South Korea
• Lists of public utilities

Notes and References

1. Web site: Korea Electric Power Corp Annual Report. kepco.co.kr. 2017-02-04.
2. Web site: Korea Electric Power Corp. ADR . Morningstar . 2013 . 2013-02-03 . 13 February 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080213044223/http://quote.morningstar.com/Quote/Quote.aspx?ticker=KEP . dead .
3. Web site: International Business Machines . IBM Expands Global Intelligent Utility Network Coalition to Advance Smart Grid Development . IBM News room . 2011-03-10 . 2013-02-02 .
4. News: Fortune . Fortune Global 500: 271. Korea Electric Power . CNN Money . 2011-07-25 . 2013-02-02.
5. News: Yonhap News Agency . Kepco keeps A-plus credit rating . . 2011-05-25 . 2013-02-02 . usurped . https://web.archive.org/web/20130620193955/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2936655 . 2013-06-20 .
6. Web site: Moody's Investors Services . Korea's 5% Electricity Tariff Hike Is Credit Positive for State-Run KEPCO . 2009-08-01 . 2013-02-02 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131019161421/http://kisrating.co.kr/include/pdf_view.asp?menu=M1&gubun=&filename=Korea%20Electric%20Power%20Corporation%2FKorea%20Electric%20Power%20Corporation20110801.pdf . 2013-10-19 .
7. News: Jung Sung-ki . Move to Naju is part of governmental decentralization scheme . . 2011-11-03 . 2013-02-02.
8. News: Inefficient moves . . 2007-05-09 . 2013-02-02 . usurped . https://web.archive.org/web/20130620194258/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2875304 . 2013-06-20 .
9. Book: Moon-Hyon Nam. 2007 IEEE Conference on the History of Electric Power. 3–5 August 2007. 192–200. 10.1109/HEP.2007.4510266. Early history of Korean electric light and power development. 978-1-4244-1343-0. 23477773.
10. "Birth of the first electric company, Hansung Electric." KEPCO 정리. 편집실 / 참고자료. . Retrieved May 10, 2023 from kecpo.co.kr: https://home.kepco.co.kr/kepco/front/html/WZ/2021_1_2/sub03_12.html
11. "Korea Electric Power Corporation (Kepco) ." International Directory of Company Histories. . Retrieved April 12, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/korea-electric-power-corporation-kepco
12. "Jongno Hansung Electric Company, 1900" Contemporary History Storyteller (현대사스토리텔러). . Retrieved April 12, 2023 from m.blog.naver.com: https://m.blog.naver.com/telience92/221459544171
13. Oh Jin-seok <1898~1904 Establishment and Management Changes of Hansung Electric Company> Journal of Oriental Studies, Vol. 139, 2007, pp. 175~239.
14. Kim Hyun-sook, < Korean Bureaucratic Intellectuals in the Korean Empire Period: Focusing on W. F. Sands, the Imperial Advisor>, History and Reality, 2005, 58.
15. "Supplying electric railroads and electric lights to the capital city of Seoul" NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF KOREAN HISTORY. . Retrieved May 10, 2023 from contents.history.co.kr: http://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_o403950
16. News: Jim . Baumann . KEPCO Plays Key Role in South Korean Economy . Directions Magazine . 2007-06-07 . 2013-02-02.
17. News: KEDO . 'KEDO to break ground on nuclear project in North Korea,' Statement by the Korean Peninsular Energy Organization (KEDO), 14 August 1997 . Disarmament Diplomacy . 17 . July–August 1997 . 2013-02-02 . 26 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120326194910/http://www.acronym.org.uk/dd/dd17/17kedo.htm . dead .
18. Web site: KEDO . About Us: Our History . 2013-02-02.
19. News: Power system and technical issues in South Korea . Park Jong-Keun . First Workshop on Power. Grid Interconnection in Northeast Asia, Beijing, China . 14–16 May 2001 . 2 . 2013-02-02.
20. News: S.Korea's KDIC raises $550 mln in upsized KEPCO sale-source . Elzio Barreto . Reuters . 9 October 2012.
21. Web site: 기록물 생산기관 변천정보 > 기관연혁 상세정보. theme.archives.go.kr. ko. 2018-04-09.
22. Web site: KEPCO . Annual Report 2011 . 2012 . 2013-02-02 . 25 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120325093713/http://www.lacp.com/2010vision/pdf/9444.pdf . dead .
23. News: Kazakhstan and South Korea negotiating on construction of a nuclear power plant . Tengri News . 2011-08-22 . 2013-02-02 .
24. Web site: Yahoo! . Korea Electric Power Co. (KEP) . Yahoo Finance . 2013-02-02.
25. Web site: Korea Electric Power Corp (015760:Korea SE) . Bloomberg Businessweek . 2013-02-01 . 2013-02-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121015141657/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=015760:KS . 2012-10-15 . dead .
26. News: Choi Kyung-hwan . Power industry laid a solid foundation for growth . . 2010-08-30 . 2013-02-02.
27. News: Indictments for South Korea forgery scandal . World Nuclear News . 10 October 2013 . 14 October 2013.
28. News: FT . KEPCO confirms talks on joining Moorside Project . 3 July 2017 . 5 July 2017.
29. News: Kepco E&C teams up with shipbuilder for floating reactors . World Nuclear News . 6 October 2020 . 7 October 2020.
30. News: Lee Kyung-min . KEPCO Aims to Become a Global Top 5 Energy & Engineering Company . . 2011-06-23 . 2013-02-02.
31. Web site: Reuters . Profile: Korea Electric Power Corp (KEP) . Reuters . https://web.archive.org/web/20100412101722/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=KEP . dead . 2010-04-12 . 2013-02-02.
32. News: Jung Seung-hyun . Kepco completes deal to supply electricity in Mexico . . 2010-09-09 . 2013-02-02 . usurped . https://web.archive.org/web/20130620193353/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2925767 . 2013-06-20 .
33. News: Park Young-chul . Kaesong Power Supply to Reverse Current After 57 Years . . 2005-03-14 . 2013-02-02 .
34. News: Kim Tae-gyu . KEPCO aims to be world top-five energy firm . . 2011-07-06 . 2013-02-02.
35. News: Nam In-soo . Kepco Buys 100% Of Bylong Coal Mine For A$403 Million From Anglo . ADVFN . 2010-07-05 . 2013-02-02.
36. News: Cho Mee-young . KEPCO to invest $512 mln in Bayan Resources . Reuters . 2010-07-21 . 2013-02-02.
37. News: Nam Kwang-sik . Korea Electric Power buys into Indonesian coal producer . . 2009-07-23 . 2013-02-02.
38. News: Oh Hae-young . KEPCO Signs an Uranium Mining Partnership with Areva SA . . 2010-02-09 . 2013-02-02.
39. News: Cho Mee-young . KEPCO to invest $7.2 bln in smart grid by 2030 . Reuters . 2011-02-18 . 2013-02-02.
40. Web site: Zpryme . South Korea: Smart Grid Revolution . Global Smart Grid Federation . 2011-08-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120331101400/http://www.globalsmartgridfederation.org/prod/news_20110721_SouthKoreaSmartGridRevolution.html . dead . 31 March 2012 . 2013-02-02.
41. News: Penton Media . Korea to Build Total Operations Center at Jeju Smart Grid Demo Complex . Transmission & Distribution World . 2011-06-29 . 2013-02-02.