Hanlin Academy Explained

Hanlin Academy
Native Name:翰林院
Native Name Lang:Chinese
Closed:
(June 23, 1900 set on fire by the Gansu Braves)
Shut down following the Xinhai Revolution in 1911
Module:
Child:yes
S:翰林院
T:翰林院
P:Hànlín Yuàn
Order:st

The Hanlin Academy was an academic and administrative institution of higher learning founded in the 8th century Tang China by Emperor Xuanzong in Chang'an. It has also been translated as "College of Literature" and "Academy of the Forest of Pencils."[1]

Membership in the academy was confined to an elite group of scholars, who performed secretarial and literary tasks for the court. One of its primary duties was to decide on an interpretation of the Chinese classics. This formed the basis of the Imperial examinations, which aspiring government bureaucrats had to pass to attain higher-level government posts. Painters working for the court were also attached to the academy.[2]

Academy members

Some of the more famous academicians of Hanlin were:

Bureau of Translators

Subordinated to the Hanlin Academy was the Bureau of Translators .[4] Founded by the Ming dynasty in 1407, after the first expedition of Zheng He to the Indian Ocean, the Bureau dealt with the memorials delivered by foreign ambassadors and trained foreign language specialists. It included departments for many languages[5] such as the Jurchen,[6] [7] [8] "Tartar" (Mongol),[9] [10] [11] [12] Korean,[13] Ryukyuan, Japanese,[14] [15] Tibetan,[16] "Huihui" (the "Muslim" language, Persian)[17] [18] [9] [19] [20] [21] Vietnamese[22] and Burmese languages,[22] as well as for the languages of the "various barbarian tribes" (Bai yi 百夷, i.e., Shan ethnic groups on China's southwestern borders), "Gaochang" (people of Turfan, i.e. Old Uyghur language),[9] [20] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] and Xitian (西天; (Sanskrit, spoken in India). In 1511 and 1579 departments for the languages of Ba bai (八百; Lao) and Thai were added, respectively.[28] A Malay language vocabulary (Manlajia Guan Yiyu) 滿剌加館譯語 (Words-list of Melaka Kingdom) for the Malay spoken in the Malacca Sultanate was compiled.[29] [30] [31] [32] [33] A Cham language vocabulary 占城館 was created for the language spoken in the Champa Kingdom.[34] [35]

When the Qing dynasty revived the Ming Siyiguan 四夷館, the Manchus, who "were sensitive to references to barbarians", changed the name from yi 夷 "barbarian" to yi 彝 "Yi people", and changed the Shan exonym from Baiyi 百夷 "hundred barbarians" to Baiyi 百譯 "hundred translations".[36]

The later Tongwen Guan set up by the Qing dynasty for translating western languages was subordinated to the Zongli Yamen and not the Hanlin.

1900 fire

The Beijing Hanlin Academy and its library were severely damaged in a fire during the Siege of the International Legations in Peking (now known as Beijing) in 1900 by the Kansu Braves while fighting against the Eight-Nation Alliance, close to the British Legation as an intimidation tactic. On June 22-23, the fire spread to the academy:

The flames destroyed many ancient texts.[37]

The academy operated continuously until its closure during the 1911 Xinhai Revolution.

See also

Further reading

External links

Foreign language vocabularies

Notes and References

  1. Stevens . Keith . The Han Lin Academy and a Chinese Deity . Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . 13 April 1996 . 36 . 231–233 . 23890208 . JSTOR.
  2. Chung . A. L. Y. . 1966 . The Hanlin Academy in the Early Ch'ing Period (1644-1795) . Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . 6 . 100–119 . 23881435 . 0085-5774.
  3. Baldrian-Hussein . Farzeen . 1996 . Alchemy and Self-Cultivation in Literary Circles of the Northern Song Dynasty – Su Shi 蘇軾 (1037-1101) and His Techniques of Survival – . Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie . 9 . 15–53 . 10.3406/asie.1996.1109 . 45276183 . 0766-1177.
  4. Wild . Norman . Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ i Kuan 四 夷 譯 館 (Bureau of Translators) . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London . 1945 . 11 . 3 . 617–640 . 10.1017/S0041977X00072311 . 609340 . 154048910 .
  5. Web site: ͼ ݹż 䱾 Կ . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131019232753/http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/mulu/fb645.html . 2013-10-19 .
  6. Book: Shou-p'ing Wu Ko. Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature. 1855. xix–.
  7. Book: Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.). 1855. Mission Press. xix–.
  8. de Lacouperie . Terrien . The Djurtchen of Mandshuria: Their Name, Language, and Literature . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland . 1889 . 21 . 2 . 433–460 . 25208941 .
  9. Book: Morris Rossabi. From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi. 28 November 2014. BRILL. 978-90-04-28529-3. 98–.
  10. Book: Shou-p'ing Wu Ko. Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature. 1855. xxvi–.
  11. Book: Alexander Wylie. Henri Cordier. Chinese Researches. termed 1407 certain number of students were appointed by imperial authority instructed in knowledge writing language tribes.. 1897. 261–.
  12. Book: Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.). 1855. Mission Press. xxvi–.
  13. Ogura . S. . A Corean Vocabulary . Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London . 1926 . 4 . 1 . 1–10 . 10.1017/S0041977X00102538 . 607397 . 145363934 .
  14. Mai . Yun . 漢語歷史音韻研究中的 一些方法問題 [Some Methodological Problems in Chinese Phonetics] ]. 浙江大学汉语史研究中心简报 [The Briefing News of Research Center for History of Chinese Language] . 2005 . 18 . 2 . 24 May 2020.
  15. 中國翻譯史學會論文投稿： 16世紀日本譯語的出版及傳抄 . Chichu . Chiu . 21 December 2012 . 書寫中國翻譯史：第五屆中國譯學新芽研討會 [Writing Chinese Translation History: Fifth Young Researchers’ Conference on Chinese Translation Studies] . 24 May 2020 . zh . The Publishing and Writing of Chinese-Japanese Dictionary in the 16th Century .
  16. Lotze . Johannes S. . 2016 . Translation of Empire: Mongol Legacy, Language Policy, and the Early Ming World Order, 1368-1453 . PhD . 24 May 2020.
  17. Book: Ido, Shinji . Trends in Iranian and Persian Linguistics . De Gruyter Mouton . 2018 . 21–52 . Chapter 2: Huihuiguan zazi: A New Persian glossary compiled in Ming China . 10.1515/9783110455793-003.
  18. Book: Ido, Shinji . Iranian languages and literatures of Central Asia: from the 18th century to the present . Association pour l’Avancement des Études Iraniennes . 2015 . 99–136 . New Persian vowels transcribed in Ming China.
  19. Hecker . Felicia J. . A Fifteenth-Century Chinese Diplomat in Herat . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . 1993 . 3 . 1 . 85–98 . 10.1017/S1356186300003692 . 25182641 . 153758529 .
  20. Book: Morris Rossabi. From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi. 28 November 2014. BRILL. 978-90-04-28529-3. 94–.
  21. Web site: p. 5.. 25 June 2023.
  22. Web site: Thông báo về việc các GS Nhật Bản sang trao đổi khoa học, tham gia đào tạo cao học Hán Nôm . 2016-01-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160309125348/http://khoavanhoc.edu.vn/attachments/455_Shimizu%20Masaaki%20-%20tailieu.pdf . 2016-03-09 . dead .
  23. Book: Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee. Luther Carrington Goodrich. Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368–1644. 15 October 1976. Columbia University Press. 1042, 1126. 9780231038010.
  24. Book: Heinrich Julius Klaproth. Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren. January 1985. Buske Verlag. 978-3-87118-710-0. 6–.
  25. Book: Heinrich Julius Klaproth. Abhandlungen über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren. 1820. 6–.
  26. Book: Heinrich Julius von Klaproth. Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren, nebst einem Wörterverzeichnisse und anderen uigurischen Sprachproben (etc.). 1820. Königl. Dr.. 6–.
  27. Book: Heinrich Julius Klaproth. Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren. 1812. 41–.
  28. pp. 617-618.
  29. Book: Vladimir Braginsky. Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia. 18 March 2014. Routledge. 978-1-136-84879-7. 366–.
  30. Edwards . E. D. . Blagden . C. O. . A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?) . Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London . 1931 . 6 . 3 . 715–749 . 10.1017/S0041977X00093204 . 607205 . 129174700 .
  31. B. . C. O. . Corrigenda and Addenda: A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?) . Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London . 1939 . 10 . 1 . 607921 .
  32. Book: Phyllis Ghim-Lian Chew. A Sociolinguistic History of Early Identities in Singapore: From Colonialism to Nationalism. 7 December 2012. Palgrave Macmillan. 978-1-137-01233-3. 79–.
  33. Book: Donald F. Lach. Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume II: A Century of Wonder. Book 3: The Scholarly Disciplines. 15 January 2010. University of Chicago Press. 978-0-226-46713-9. 493–.
  34. Edwards . E. D. . Blagden . C. O. . A Chinese Vocabulary of Cham Words and Phrases . Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London . 1939 . 10 . 1 . 53–91 . 607926 .
  35. Book: Vladimir Braginsky. Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia. 18 March 2014. Routledge. 978-1-136-84879-7. 398–.
  36. Wild (1945), p. 620.
  37. Book: Diana Preston. The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900. 1999. 0-8027-1361-0. 138–140. registration.

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