| Hangal | |
| Other Name: | Viratanagara |
| Settlement Type: | town |
| Pushpin Map: | India#India Karnataka |
| Pushpin Relief: | yes |
| Pushpin Label Position: | right |
| Pushpin Map Caption: | Location in Karnataka, India |
| Coordinates: | 14.767°N 75.126°W |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: |  India |
| Subdivision Type1: | State |
| Subdivision Name1: | Karnataka |
| Subdivision Type2: | District |
| Subdivision Name2: | Haveri |
| Subdivision Type4: | Lok Sabha Constituency |
| Subdivision Name4: | Haveri |
| Subdivision Type5: | Nearest Large City |
| Subdivision Name5: | Hubli-Dharwad |
| Unit Pref: | Metric |
| Elevation M: | 555 |
| Population Total: | 28159 |
| Population As Of: | 2011 |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Demographics Type1: | Languages |
| Demographics1 Title1: | Official |
| Demographics1 Info1: | Kannada |
| Timezone1: | IST |
| Utc Offset1: | +5:30 |
| Postal Code Type: | PIN |
| Postal Code: | 581 104 |
| Area Code Type: | Telephone code |
| Area Code: | 08379 |
| Registration Plate: | KA-27 |
| Iso Code: | IN-KA |
Hangal, formerly known as 'Viratanagara', is a historic town in Karnataka. It is away from Hubli through NH 766E.
Hangal lies about 75km (47miles) south of the city of Hubli-Dharwad, about 30km (20miles) west of the Tungabhadra river and east of the Arabian Sea. It is located on state road one, running north to south. A nearby body of water is the Anakere lake. The town is on level terrain in an agricultural district.[1]
Hungal is recorded as Panungal in early documents. It was once the capital of a feudatory of the Kadambas.[2] [3] [4] [5] The Kadambas was an ancient dynasty of south India which ruled the region of the present-day state of Goa and nearby Konkan region from around until the 11th century. They built temples in Hangal in the Jain tradition.[6] In medieval epigraphs, it is known as Viratakote and Viratanagari, that is the fort and the city of Virata. According to local legends, it is believed to be the place where the Pandavas spent the thirteenth year of their exile.[7]
Hanagal is also known for Agnihotra (three Kunda shroutagni) which was practised by Shrotriya Samrat Brahmashri Chayanayaji—Girishastri Kashikar—for seven generations till 1973.
Around 1031, the Hoysalas took and held Hangal. In 1060, Mallikarjuna of the Shilahara laid siege to Hangal.[8]
In the 12th century, Hangal was held by the Kalalyani Chalukyas, rulers of the Deccan.[9] The Chalukyas built temples in the Gadag architectural style, from grey-green coloured chloritic schist.
On 14 July 1800, English forces took Hangal from Dhoondia Punt Gocklah, a Marhatta rebel deserter.[10]
India census,[11] Hangal had a population of 25,011. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Hangal had an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 67%, and female literacy was 60%. 14% of the population is under six years of age.
Srinivas Mane of Indian National Congress party is the MLA representing the Hangal (Vidhana Sabha constituency) since 2 November 2021.[12]
Hangal is approximately 370km (230miles) from Bengaluru and 40km (30miles) from Haveri. The town can be reached from Bengaluru via Chitradurga and Haveri and from Dharwad via Hubli and Shiggaavi. The nearest rail head is at Haveri (railway station code HVR).
Hangal has many historic temples related to the Chalukyas and the Hoysalas.
See main article: article and Tarakeshwara Temple. The Tarakeshwara Temple is a large structure decorated with images and pillars dating to the Chalukya era in the mid-12th century and dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva in his form as Tarakeshwara.[13] [14] [15] The images include scenes from the Ramayana.[16]
The outer walls are designed with miniature shikaras of both Dravidian and Nagara style. The pillars of the open main hall are lathe turned wood. They have a bell shaped section and other decorations including elephants and diamond shaped motifs in bands. The elephants are carved so there appears to be a space between their trunks and the pillars. The band motifs vary in detail. The temple main hall has a large domed ceiling. It consists of concentric circles of cusped mouldings. At the apex, the ceiling falls rosette or pendant design. The overlying roof is a stepped pyramid shape.
Nearby is the ramal, an octagonal piece of stone in a corbelled lotus shape. It is 30feet and is supported on eight pillars. There are memorial stones carved with religious (Mastigallu) and military (Veeragallu) scenes. Eight of them are guardians of eight cardinal points.[17]
There is a sanctuary adjoining the main hall. The Nandi pavilion rests on twelve pillars and contains balcony seating. There is also a Ganesha temple of the Nagara style (northern curvilinear) shikhara (miniature temple decorations.)
The Jain temple in the Hangal fort is located on the premises of the department of horticulture. It dates to 1150 AD.[18] [19] The temple in the Hoysala style is beautifully decorated but there is need of conservation and restoration.[20] The temple was built on a stepped plan. It had an open hall and sanctuary, now in ruins. The sculptural decoration included flowers, garlands, torana, animals, birds and deities. It was especially elaborate in the upper portion of the walls. The temple walls are also decorated with thin pilasters. The open hall has lathe turned pillars.
Lord Sarahunaath temple in the Suraleshwara near Hangal.
The Veerabhadra temple is also located at the Hangal fort. Although highly decorated, it is in need of restoration work.[21]
The Billeshwara temple is in the Hoysala style. This temple has elaborately carved jambs on the doorframe of the garbhagudi. At the bottom of each side, there are five carved figures. Manmatha is in the central projection. Rati is at his side. Daksha (the goat headed deity) is also present and all are flanked by attendants. The temple has a sanctuary face which is incomplete. The temple outer walls are decorated with designs of temple towers and carved diamond shaped depressions. The square panels show carved serpents with intertwined tails, animals, musicians, and foliage.