Hamilton, Ontario Explained

Hamilton
Official Name:City of Hamilton
Settlement Type:City (single-tier)
Image Alt:Six photos of Hamilton's landmarks, which include a wide view of Downtown Hamilton, City Hall lit up at night, a walkway with a lamp at Bayfront Park, a front view of Dundurn Castle, the Pigott Building in front of a blue sky and Webster's Falls with greenery on either side.
Flag Alt:A vertical triband design (yellow, blue, yellow) with a Canadian pale in the centre
Flag Link:Flag of Hamilton, Ontario
Shield Alt:A coat of arms with a yellow and blue Canadian pale in the middle, a crown made from castle bricks with a red Canadian maple leaf on top, a deer to the left and a tiger to the right. Below is green grass with a banner that has the city's motto: Together Aspire – Together Achieve.
Image Blank Emblem:Hamilton City logo.svg
Blank Emblem Type:Logo
Blank Emblem Size:100px
Nicknames:"The Ambitious City", "The Electric City", "The Hammer", "Steeltown"[1] [2] [3]
Pushpin Map:Canada Southern Ontario#Ontario#Canada
Pushpin Map Caption:Location in Southern Ontario##Location in Ontario##Location in Canada
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name:Canada
Subdivision Type1:Province
Subdivision Name1:Ontario
Subdivision Type2:Region
Subdivision Name2:Southern Ontario
Established Title:Incorporated
Named For:George Hamilton
Government Type:Single-tier municipality with a mayor–council system
Governing Body:Hamilton City Council
Leader Title:Mayor
Leader Name:Andrea Horwath
Unit Pref:Metric
Area Total Km2:1118.31
Area Urban Km2:356.03
Area Metro Km2:1373.15
Population As Of:2021
Population Total:569353 (10th)
Population Density Km2:509.1
Population Urban:729560
Population Metro:785184 (9th)
Population Demonym:Hamiltonian
Demographics Type2:GDP
Demographics2 Title1:Hamilton
Demographics2 Info1:37.0billion (2020)[4]
Timezone1:EST
Utc Offset1:−05:00
Timezone1 Dst:EDT
Utc Offset1 Dst:−04:00
Area Codes:905, 289, 365, and 742

Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian province of Ontario. Hamilton has a population of 569,353, and its census metropolitan area, which encompasses Burlington and Grimsby, has a population of 785,184. The city is situated approximately 45km (28miles) southwest of Toronto in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA).

Conceived by George Hamilton when he purchased the Durand farm shortly after the War of 1812, the town of Hamilton became the centre of a densely populated and industrialized region at the west end of Lake Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe.[5] On January 1, 2001, the current boundaries of Hamilton were created through the amalgamation of the original city with other municipalities of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton–Wentworth.[6] Residents of the city are known as Hamiltonians.[7]

Traditionally, the local economy has been led by the steel and heavy manufacturing industries. During the 2010s, a shift toward the service sector occurred, such as health and sciences. Hamilton is home to the Royal Botanical Gardens, the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum, the Bruce Trail, McMaster University, Mohawk College, and Redeemer University. McMaster University is ranked 4th in Canada and 69th in the world by Times Higher Education Rankings 2021.[8]

History

See main article: History of Hamilton, Ontario. In pre-colonial times, the Neutral First Nation used much of the land. They were gradually driven out by the Five (later Six) Nations (Iroquois) who were allied with the British against the Huron and their French allies.[9] [10] The hamlet of Westover was built in an area that was originally a Seneca Iroquois tribal village, Tinawatawa, which was first visited by the French in September 1699.[11]

After the American Revolutionary War, about 10,000 United Empire Loyalists left the United States to settle in Upper Canada, now southern Ontario. In 1792, the Crown purchased the land on which Hamilton now stands from the Mississaugas in Treaty 3, also known as the Between the Lakes Purchase.[12] [13] The Crown granted the Loyalists lands from this purchase to encourage settlement in the region.[5] These new settlers were soon followed by many more Americans, attracted by the availability of inexpensive, arable land. At the same time, large numbers of Iroquois who had allied with Britain arrived from the United States and were settled on reserves west of Lake Ontario as compensation for lands they lost in what was now the United States.[14] During the War of 1812, British regulars and local militia defeated invading American troops at the Battle of Stoney Creek, fought in what is now a park in eastern Hamilton.[15]

The town of Hamilton was conceived by George Hamilton (a son of a Queenston entrepreneur and founder, Robert Hamilton), when he purchased farm holdings of James Durand,[16] the local member of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, shortly after the War of 1812.[16] Nathaniel Hughson, a property owner to the north, cooperated with George Hamilton to prepare a proposal for a courthouse and jail on Hamilton's property. Hamilton offered the land to the crown for the future site. Durand was empowered by Hughson and Hamilton to sell property holdings which later became the site of the town. As he had been instructed, Durand circulated the offers at York during a session of the Legislative Assembly, which established a new Gore District, of which the Hamilton townsite was a member.[16]

Initially, this town was not the most important centre of the Gore District. An early indication of Hamilton's sudden prosperity occurred in 1816 when it was chosen over Ancaster, Ontario to be the new Gore District's administrative centre. Another dramatic economic turnabout for Hamilton occurred in 1832 when a canal was finally cut through the outer sand bar that enabled Hamilton to become a major port.[17] A permanent jail was not constructed until 1832, when a cut-stone design was completed on Prince's Square, one of the two squares created in 1816.[16] Subsequently, the first police board and the town limits were defined by statute on February 13, 1833.[18] Official city status was achieved on June 9, 1846, by an act of Parliament of the Province of Canada.[19] [20]

By 1845, the population was 6,475. In 1846, there were useful roads to many communities as well as stagecoaches and steamboats to Toronto, Queenston, and Niagara. Eleven cargo schooners were owned in Hamilton. Eleven churches were in operation. A reading room provided access to newspapers from other cities and from England and the U.S. In addition to stores of all types, four banks, tradesmen of various types, and sixty-five taverns, industry in the community included three breweries, ten importers of dry goods and groceries, five importers of hardware, two tanneries, three coachmakers, and a marble and a stone works.[21] As the city grew, several prominent buildings were constructed in the late 19th century, including the Grand Lodge of Canada in 1855,[22] West Flamboro Methodist Church in 1879 (later purchased by Dufferin Masonic Lodge in 1893),[23] a public library in 1890, and the Right House department store in 1893. The first commercial telephone service in Canada, the first telephone exchange in the British Empire, and the second telephone exchange in all of North America were each established in the city between 1877 and 1878.[24] The city had several interurban electric street railways and two inclines, all powered by the Cataract Power Co.[25]

Though suffering through the Hamilton Street Railway strike of 1906, with industrial businesses expanding, Hamilton's population doubled between 1900 and 1914. Two steel manufacturing companies, Stelco and Dofasco, were formed in 1910 and 1912, respectively. Procter & Gamble and the Beech-Nut Packing Company opened manufacturing plants in 1914 and 1922, respectively, their first outside the US.[26] In June and July 1916, the a strike of up to 2,000 machinists was caused by a failure of employers to improve working conditions or pay during a booming World War I economy. The strike disrupted production at many of the largest manufacturers and was the largest dispute in the city's history.[27] Population and economic growth continued until the 1960s. In 1929 the city's first high-rise building, the Pigott Building, was constructed; in 1930 McMaster University moved from Toronto to Hamilton, in 1934 the second Canadian Tire store in Canada opened here; in 1940 the airport was completed; and in 1948, the Studebaker assembly line was constructed.[28] Infrastructure and retail development continued, with the Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway opening in 1958,[29] and the first Tim Hortons store in 1964.[30]

Since then, many of the large industries have moved or shut down operations in a restructuring that also affected the United States.[26] In 1997, there was a devastating fire at the Plastimet plastics plant.[31] Approximately 300 firefighters battled the blaze, and many sustained severe chemical burns and inhaled volatile organic compounds when at least 400 tonnes of PVC plastic were consumed in the fire.[32]

On January 1, 2001, the new city of Hamilton was formed from the amalgamation of Hamilton and its five neighbouring municipalities: Ancaster, Dundas, Flamborough, Glanbrook, and Stoney Creek.[6] Before amalgamation, the "old" City of Hamilton had 331,121 residents and was divided into 100 neighbourhoods. The former region of Hamilton-Wentworth had a population of 490,268. The amalgamation created a single-tier municipal government ending subsidization of its suburbs. The new amalgamated city had 519,949 people in more than 100 neighbourhoods, and surrounding communities.[33]

The city was impacted by a widespread blackout in 2003[34] and a tornado in 2005.[35] In 2007, the Red Hill Valley Parkway opened after extensive delays.[36] The Stelco mills were idled in 2010 and permanently closed in 2013.[37] This closure capped a significant shift in the city's economy: the percentage of the population employed in manufacturing declined from 22 to 12 percent between 2003 and 2013.[38]

Geography

See main article: Geography of Hamilton, Ontario. Hamilton is in Southern Ontario on the western end of the Niagara Peninsula and wraps around the westernmost part of Lake Ontario; most of the city, including the downtown section, is on the south shore. Hamilton is in the geographic centre of the Golden Horseshoe. Its major physical features are Hamilton Harbour, marking the northern limit of the city, and the Niagara Escarpment running through the middle of the city across its entire breadth, bisecting the city into "upper" and "lower" parts. The maximum high point is 250m (820') above the level of Lake Ontario.[39]

According to all records from local historians, this district was called Attiwandaronia by the native Neutral people.[40] Hamilton is one of 11 cities showcased in the book, Green City: People, Nature & Urban Places by Quebec author Mary Soderstrom, which examines the city as an example of an industrial powerhouse co-existing with nature.[41] Soderstrom credits Thomas McQuesten and family in the 1930s who "became champions of parks, greenspace and roads" in Hamilton.[42]

Hamilton Harbour is a natural harbour with a large sandbar called the Beachstrip. This sandbar was deposited during a period of higher lake levels during the last ice age and extends southeast through the central lower city to the escarpment. Hamilton's deep sea port is accessed by ship canal through the beach strip into the harbour and is traversed by two bridges, the QEW's Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway and the lower Canal Lift Bridge.[43]

Between 1788 and 1793, the townships at the Head-of-the-Lake were surveyed and named. The area was first known as The Head-of-the-Lake for its location at the western end of Lake Ontario.[24] John Ryckman, born in Barton township (where present day downtown Hamilton is), described the area in 1803 as he remembered it: "The city in 1803 was all forest. The shores of the bay were difficult to reach or see because they were hidden by a thick, almost impenetrable mass of trees and undergrowth".[44]

George Hamilton, a settler and local politician, established a town site in the northern portion of Barton Township in 1815. He kept several east–west roads which were originally Indian trails, but the north–south streets were on a regular grid pattern. Streets were designated "East" or "West" if they crossed James Street or Highway 6. Streets were designated "North" or "South" if they crossed King Street or Highway 8.[45] The townsite's design, likely conceived in 1816, was commonplace. George Hamilton employed a grid street pattern used in most towns in Upper Canada and throughout the American frontier. The eighty original lots had frontages of fifty feet; each lot faced a broad street and backed onto a twelve-foot lane. It took at least a decade to sell all the original lots, but the construction of the Burlington Canal in 1823, and a new court-house in 1827 encouraged Hamilton to add more blocks around 1828–9. At this time he included a market square in an effort to draw commercial activity onto his lands, but the town's natural growth occurred to the north of Hamilton's plot.[46]

The Hamilton Conservation Authority owns, leases or manages about 4500ha of land with the city operating 1077ha of parkland at 310 locations.[47] [48] Many of the parks are along the Niagara Escarpment, which runs from Tobermory at the tip of the Bruce Peninsula in the north, to Queenston at the Niagara River in the south, and provides views of the cities and towns at Lake Ontario's western end. The hiking path Bruce Trail runs the length of the escarpment.[49] Hamilton is home to more than 100 waterfalls and cascades, most of which are on or near the Bruce Trail as it winds through the Niagara Escarpment.[50] Visitors can often be seen swimming in the waterfalls during the summertime, although it is strongly recommended to stay away from the water: much of the watershed of the Chedoke and Red Hill creeks originates in storm sewers running beneath neighbourhoods atop the Niagara escarpment, and water quality in many of Hamilton's waterfalls is seriously degraded. High e. coli counts are regularly observed through testing by McMaster University near many of Hamilton's waterfalls, sometimes exceeding the provincial limits for recreational water use by as much as 400 times. The storm sewers in upstream neighbourhoods carry polluted runoff from streets and parking lots, as well as occasional raw sewage from sanitary lines that were improperly connected to the storm sewers instead of the separate sanitary sewer system. Notably, in March 2020, it was revealed that as much as 24 billion litres of untreated wastewater has been leaking into the Chedoke creek and Cootes' Paradise areas since at least 2014 due to insufficiencies in the city's sewerage and storm water management systems.[51]

Climate

Hamilton's climate is humid-continental, characterized by changeable weather patterns. In the Köppen classification, Hamilton it is on the Dfb/Dfa border found in southern Ontario because the average temperature in July is 22C.[52] However, its climate is moderate compared with most of Canada. The airport's open, rural location and higher altitude results in lower temperatures, generally windier conditions, and higher snowfall amounts than lower, built-up areas of the city. The highest temperature ever recorded in Hamilton was 41.1 °C (106 °F) on July 14, 1868.[53] The coldest temperature ever recorded was −30.6 °C (−23 °F) on January 25, 1884.[54] In 2023, it was found that the city has areas of poor air quality with a high concentration of benzo(a)pyrene, particularly in neighbourhoods near industrial sites.[55]

Economy

See main article: Economy of Hamilton, Ontario.

See also: Film industry in Hamilton, Ontario and List of head offices in Hamilton, Ontario.

Manufacturing is important to Ontario's economy, and the Toronto–Hamilton region is Canada's most industrialized area. The area from Oshawa, Ontario around the west end of Lake Ontario to Niagara Falls, with Hamilton at its centre, is known as the Golden Horseshoe and had a population of approximately 8.1 million people in 2006.[56]

With sixty percent of Canada's steel produced in Hamilton by Stelco and Dofasco, the city has become known as the Steel Capital of Canada.[57] After nearly declaring bankruptcy, Stelco returned to profitability in 2004.[58] On August 26, 2007 United States Steel Corporation acquired Stelco for C$38.50 in cash per share, owning more than 76 percent of Stelco's outstanding shares.[59] On September 17, 2014, US Steel Canada announced it was applying for bankruptcy protection and it would close its Hamilton operations.[60]

A stand-alone subsidiary of ArcelorMittal, the world's largest steel producer, Dofasco produces products for the automotive, construction, energy, manufacturing, pipe and tube, appliance, packaging, and steel distribution industries.[61] It has approximately 7,300 employees at its Hamilton plant, and the four million tons of steel it produces each year is about 30% of Canada's flat-rolled sheet steel shipments. Dofasco was North America's most profitable steel producer in 1999, the most profitable in Canada in 2000, and a long-time member of the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index. Ordered by the U.S. Department of Justice to divest itself of the Canadian company, ArcelorMittal has been allowed to retain Dofasco provided it sells several of its American assets.[62]

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Hamilton had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of, it had a population density of in 2021.[63]

At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Hamilton CMA had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of, it had a population density of in 2021.[64]

In the 2016 Canadian census, 24.69% of the city's population was not born in Canada. Hamilton is home to 26,330 immigrants who arrived in Canada between 2001 and 2010 and 13,150 immigrants who arrived between 2011 and 2016.[65] In February 2014, the city's council voted to declare Hamilton a sanctuary city, offering municipal services to undocumented immigrants at risk of deportation.[66] [67]

Children aged 14 years and under accounted for 16.23% of the city's population, a decline of 1.57% from the 2011 census. Hamiltonians aged 65 years and older constituted 17.3% of the population, an increase of 2.4% since 2011.[65] [68] The city's average age is 41.3 years. 54.9% of Hamiltonians are married or in a common-law relationship, while 6.4% of city residents are divorced.[65] Same-sex couples (married or in common-law relationships) constitute 0.8% (2,710 individuals) of the partnered population in Hamilton.[69]

Environics Analytics, a geodemographic marketing firm that created 66 different "clusters" of people complete with profiles of how they live, what they think and what they consume, sees a future Hamilton with younger upscale Hamiltonians — who are tech-savvy and university-educated — choosing to live in the downtown and surrounding areas rather than just visiting intermittently. More two and three-storey townhouses and apartments will be built on downtown lots; small condos will be built on vacant spaces in areas such as Dundas, Ainslie Wood and Westdale to accommodate newly retired seniors. Furthermore, additional retail and commercial zones will be created.[70]

Ethnicity

Hamilton maintains significant Italian, English, Scottish, German and Irish ancestry. 130,705 Hamiltonians claim English heritage, while 98,765 indicate their ancestors arrived from Scotland, 87,825 from Ireland, 62,335 from Italy, and 50,400 from Germany.[65] The top countries of birth for the newcomers living in Hamilton in the 1990s were: former Yugoslavia, Poland, India, China, the Philippines, and Iraq.[71]

Hamilton also has a notable French community for which provincial services are offered in French. In Ontario, urban centres where there are at least 5,000 Francophones are designated areas where bilingual provincial services have to be offered.[72] As per the 2016 census, the Francophone community maintains a population of 6,760, while 30,530 residents, or 5.8% of the city's population, have knowledge of both official languages. The Franco-Ontarian community of Hamilton boasts two school boards, the public Conseil scolaire Viamonde and the Catholic Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir, which operate five schools (2 secondary and 3 elementary). Additionally, the city maintains a Francophone community health centre that is part of the LHIN (Centre de santé communautaire Hamilton/Niagara), a cultural centre (Centre français Hamilton), three daycare centres, a provincially funded employment centre (Options Emploi), a community college site (Collège Boréal) and a community organization that supports the development of the francophone community in Hamilton (ACFO Régionale Hamilton).[73]

Panethnic
group! colspan="2"
2021[74] 2016[75] 2011[76] 2006[77] 2001[78]
European407,445415,735419,345421,925425,410
South Asian34,79022,10517,24014,76511,000
African28,41520,24516,11013,90010,455
Middle Eastern22,85515,13011,3358,8405,765
Southeast Asian20,17514,65513,04510,0358,880
East Asian14,47013,22011,33511,8259,715
Indigenous12,52012,13510,3207,6256,270
Latin American11,1458,4257,3355,5854,250
Other/Multiracial9,0956,2753,5702,8902,625
Total responses560,915527,930509,635497,395484,385
Total population569,353536,917519,949504,559490,268

Religion

According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Hamilton included:[74]

The most described religion in Hamilton is Christianity although other religions brought by immigrants are also growing. The 2011 census indicates that 67.6% of the population adheres to a Christian denomination, with Catholics being the largest at 34.3% of the city's population. The Christ the King Cathedral is the seat of the Diocese of Hamilton. Other denominations include the United Church (6.5%), Anglican (6.4%), Presbyterian (3.1%), Christian Orthodox (2.9%), and other denominations (9.8%). Other religions with significant populations include Islam (3.7%), Buddhist (0.9%), Sikh (0.8%), Hindu (0.8%), and Jewish (0.7%). Those with no religious affiliation accounted for 24.9% of the population.[79]

Government

See main article: Politics of Hamilton, Ontario.

See also: Hamilton City Council (Ontario). Citizens of Hamilton are represented at all three levels of Canadian government: federal, provincial, and municipal. Hamilton is represented in the Parliament of Canada by five members of Parliament and in the Legislature of Ontario by five members of Provincial Parliament.

Federal MPs for Hamilton, Ontario
PartyNameElectoral DistrictFirst elected
Dan MuysFlamborough—Glanbrook2021
Matthew GreenHamilton Centre2019
Chad CollinsHamilton East—Stoney Creek2021
Lisa HepfnerHamilton Mountain2021
Filomena TassiHamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas2015
Ref:[80]
Provincial MPPs for Hamilton, Ontario
PartyNameElectoral DistrictFirst elected
Donna SkellyFlamborough—Glanbrook2018
Sarah Jama[81] Hamilton Centre2023
Neil LumsdenHamilton East—Stoney Creek2022
Monique TaylorHamilton Mountain2011
Sandy ShawHamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas2018
Ref:[82]

Hamilton's municipal government has a mayor, elected citywide, and 15 city councillors—one per city ward—to serve on the Hamilton City Council. The province grants the Hamilton City Council authority to govern through the Municipal Act of Ontario.[83] Hamilton's current mayor is Andrea Horwath, elected on October 24, 2022.[84] Hamilton's next municipal election will be held in 2026.[85]

Hamilton is served by four school boards: the English language Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board and Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board and the French language Conseil scolaire Viamonde and Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir. Each school board is governed by trustees. The English language school boards are represented by trustees elected from wards in Hamilton. The HWDSB has 11 trustees and the HWCDB has 9 trustees. The French language school boards are represented by one trustee each from Hamilton and the surrounding area.[86] The Canadian Military maintains a presence in Hamilton, with the John Weir Foote Armoury in the downtown core on James Street North, housing the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry as well as the 11th Field Hamilton-Wentworth Battery and the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada. The Hamilton Reserve Barracks on Pier Nine houses the naval reserve division, 23 Service Battalion and the 23 Field Ambulance.[87]

Crime

The Criminal Code of Canada is the chief piece of legislation defining criminal conduct and penalty. The Hamilton Police Service is chiefly responsible for the enforcement of federal and provincial law. Although the Hamilton Police Service has authority to enforce, bylaws passed by the Hamilton City Council are mainly enforced by Provincial Offences Officers employed by the City of Hamilton.[88]

In 2020, the city saw 18 murders and 51 shootings (up from 47 in 2019), the most shootings the city seen in at least a decade.[89] [90] 2021 saw the homicides in the city increase to 20, giving the city a rate of around 3.5 per 100,000 residents.[91] [90] Hamilton ranked first in Canada for police-reported hate crimes in 2016, with 12.5 hate crimes per 100,000 population.[92] Organized crime also has a notable presence in Hamilton[93] with three centralized Mafia organizations: the Luppino crime family, the Papalia crime family, and the Musitano crime family.[94] [95] Street gangs such as the Original/Oriental Blood Brothers & the Oriole Crescent Crips,[96] [97] and biker crews such as Satan's Choice MC and the Hells Angels also have presence in Hamilton.[98] [99]

Culture

See main article: Culture of Hamilton, Ontario.

See also: Media in Hamilton, Ontario and List of attractions in Hamilton, Ontario. Hamilton's local attractions include the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum, the National Historic Site,[100] Dundurn Castle (the residence of an Allan MacNab, the 8th Premier of Canada West),[101] the Royal Botanical Gardens, the Canadian Football Hall of Fame, the African Lion Safari Park, the Cathedral of Christ the King, the Workers' Arts and Heritage Centre, and the Hamilton Museum of Steam & Technology.[102] [103]

, there are 40 pieces in the city's Public Art Collection. The works are owned and maintained by the city.[104] [105] Founded in 1914, the Art Gallery of Hamilton is Ontario's third largest public art gallery. The gallery has over 9,000 works in its permanent collection that focus on three areas: 19th-century European, Historical Canadian and Contemporary Canadian.[106] The McMaster Museum of Art (MMA), founded at McMaster University in 1967, houses and exhibits the university's art collection of more than 7,000 objects.[107]

Supercrawl is a large community arts and music festival that takes place in September in the James Street North area of the city.[108] In 2018, Supercrawl celebrated its 10th anniversary with over 220,000 visitors.[109] In March 2015, Hamilton was host to the JUNO Awards.[110]

Growth in the arts and culture sector has garnered media attention for Hamilton. A 2006 article in The Globe and Mail, entitled "Go West, Young Artist", focused on Hamilton's growing art scene.[111] The Factory: Hamilton Media Arts Centre,[112] opened a new home on James Street North in 2006. Art galleries have sprung up on streets across the city: James Street, King William Street, Locke Street and King Street. The opening of the Downtown Arts Centre[113] on Rebecca Street has spurred creative activities in the core. The Community Centre for Media Arts[114] (CCMA) continues to operate in downtown Hamilton. The CCMA works with marginalized populations and combines new media services with arts education and skills development programming.[115]

Sports

See main article: Sports in Hamilton, Ontario.

See also: List of sports venues in Hamilton, Ontario. Hamilton hosted Canada's first major international athletic event, the first Commonwealth Games (then called the British Empire Games) in 1930. Hamilton bid for the Commonwealth Games in 2010 but lost to New Delhi.[116] On November 7, 2009, in Guadalajara, Mexico, it was announced Toronto would host the 2015 Pan Am Games after beating out two rival South American cities, Lima, Peru, and Bogotá, Colombia. The city of Hamilton co-hosted the Games with Toronto. Hamilton Mayor Fred Eisenberger said "the Pan Am Games will provide a 'unique opportunity for Hamilton to renew major sport facilities giving Hamiltonians a multi-purpose stadium, a 50-metre swimming pool, and an international-calibre velodrome to enjoy for generations to come'."[117] Hamilton's major sports complexes include Tim Hortons Field and FirstOntario Centre.[118]

Hamilton is represented by the Tiger-Cats in the Canadian Football League. The team traces its origins to the 1869 "Hamilton Foot Ball Club". Hamilton is also home to the Canadian Football Hall of Fame museum.[119] The museum hosts an annual induction event in a week-long celebration that includes school visits, a golf tournament, a formal induction dinner and concludes with the Hall of Fame game involving the local CFL Hamilton Tiger-Cats at Tim Hortons Field.[120] [121] The 108th championship game of the Canadian Football League, the Grey Cup, was played in Hamilton in 2021 and won by the Winnipeg Blue Bombers.[122]

In 2019, Forge FC debuted as Hamilton's soccer team in the Canadian Premier League. The team plays at Tim Hortons Field and shares the venue with the Tiger-Cats. They finished their inaugural season as champions of the league.[123]

In 2019, the Hamilton Honey Badgers debuted as Hamilton's basketball team in the Canadian Elite Basketball League. The team played its home games at the FirstOntario Centre.[124] In 2022, the Honey Badgers relocated to Brampton, Ontario due to the renovations occurring at FirstOntarioCentre.[125]

Since 1958, the Hamilton Cardinals have been Hamilton's baseball team in the Intercounty Baseball League. The team has played its home games at Bernie Arbour Memorial Stadium since 1971.[126]

The Around the Bay Road Race circumnavigates Hamilton Harbour. Although it is not a marathon distance, it is the longest continuously held long-distance foot race in North America.[127] The local newspaper also hosts the amateur Spectator Indoor Games.

In addition to team sports, Hamilton is home to an auto race track, Flamboro Speedway and Canada's fastest half-mile harness horse racing track, Flamboro Downs.[128] Another auto race track, Cayuga International Speedway, is near Hamilton in the Haldimand County community of Nelles Corners, between Hagersville and Cayuga.[129]

Professional teams
ClubLeagueVenueEstablishedChampionships
Forge FCCanadian Premier LeagueTim Hortons Field20174
Hamilton CardinalsIntercounty Baseball LeagueBernie Arbour Memorial Stadium19581
Hamilton Tiger-CatsCanadian Football LeagueTim Hortons Field19508
Toronto RockNational Lacrosse LeagueFirstOntario Centre19986

Education

Hamilton is home to several post-secondary institutions.

Four school boards administer public education for students from kindergarten through high school. The Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board manages 93 public schools,[134] while the Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board operates 57 schools in the greater Hamilton area.[135] The Conseil scolaire Viamonde operates one elementary and one secondary school (École secondaire Georges-P.-Vanier) in the area, and the Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir operates two elementary schools and one secondary school.[136]

Calvin Christian School, Providence Christian School and Timothy Christian School are independent Christian elementary schools. Hamilton District Christian High School, Rehoboth Christian High School and Guido de Bres Christian High School are independent Christian high schools in the area. Both HDCH and Guido de Brès participate in the city's interscholastic athletics. Hillfield Strathallan College is on the West Hamilton mountain and is a CAIS member, non-profit school for children from early Montessori ages through grade twelve and has around 1,300 students. Columbia International College is Canada's largest private boarding high school, with 1,700 students from 73 countries.[137]

The Dundas Valley School of Art is an independent art school founded in the city in 1964. In 1998, as a joint venture with McMaster University, a full-time diploma program was launched for students.[138] The Hamilton Conservatory for the Arts is home to many of the area's young actors, dancers, musicians, singers and visual artists. The school is known for having a keyboard studio, dance studios, art and sculpting studios, gallery space and a 300-seat recital hall.[139]

Hamilton is home to two think tanks, the Centre for Cultural Renewal and Cardus, which deals with social architecture, culture, urbanology, economics and education and also publishes the LexView Policy Journal and Comment Magazine.[140]

Infrastructure

Transportation

See also: Transportation in Hamilton, Ontario and List of streets in Hamilton, Ontario. The primary highways serving Hamilton are Highway 403, the QEW, the Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway, and the Red Hill Valley Parkway. Other highways connecting Hamilton include Highway 5, Highway 6 and Highway 8. Public transportation is provided by the Hamilton Street Railway, which operates an extensive local bus system. Hamilton and Metrolinx will build a provincially-funded LRT line (Hamilton LRT) in the early 2020s.[141] Intercity public transportation, including frequent service to Toronto, is provided by GO Transit. The Hamilton GO Centre, formerly the Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway station, is a commuter rail station on the Lakeshore West line of GO Transit. While Hamilton is not directly served by intercity rail, the Lakeshore West line does offer an off-peak bus connection and a peak-hours rail connection to Aldershot station in Burlington, which doubles as the VIA Rail station for both Burlington and Hamilton.[142]

In the 1940s, the John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport was a wartime air force training station. Today, managed by TradePort International Corporation, passenger traffic at the Hamilton terminal has grown from 90,000 in 1996 to approximately 900,000 in 2002 with mostly domestic and vacation destinations in the United States, Mexico and Central America. The airport's mid-term growth target for its passenger service is five million air travellers annually. The airport's air cargo sector has 24–7 operational capability and strategic geographic location, allowing its capacity to increase by 50% since 1996; 91,000 metric tonnes (100,000 tons) of cargo passed through the airport in 2002. Courier companies with operations at the airport include United Parcel Service and Cargojet Canada.[143] In 2003, the city began developing a 30-year growth management strategy which called, in part, for a massive aerotropolis industrial park centred on Hamilton Airport. Advocates of the aerotropolis proposal, now known as the Airport Employment Growth District, tout it as a solution to the city's shortage of employment lands.[144] The closest other international airport to Hamilton is Toronto Pearson International Airport, located northeast of the city in Mississauga.[145]

A report by Hemson Consulting identified an opportunity to develop 1000ha of greenfields (the size of the Royal Botanical Gardens) that could create an estimated 90,000 jobs by 2031. A proposed aerotropolis industrial park at Highway 6 and 403, has been debated at City Hall for years. Opponents feel the city needs to do more investigation about the cost to taxpayers.[146]

Hamilton also plays a major role in Ontario's marine shipping industry as the Port of Hamilton is Ontario's busiest port handling between 9 and 12 million tonnes of cargo annually.[147]

Major highways

Health

The city is served by the Hamilton Health Sciences hospital network of five hospitals with more than 1,100 beds: Hamilton General Hospital, Juravinski Hospital, McMaster University Medical Centre (which includes McMaster Children's Hospital), St. Peter's Hospital and West Lincoln Memorial Hospital.[148] Other buildings under Hamilton Health Sciences include Juravinski Cancer Centre, Regional Rehabilitation Centre, Ron Joyce Children's Health Centre, and the West End Clinic and Urgent Care Centre. Hamilton Health Sciences is the largest employer in the Hamilton area and serves as academic teaching hospital affiliated with McMaster University and Mohawk College.[149] The only hospital in Hamilton not under Hamilton Health Sciences is St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, which has 777 beds and three campuses. This healthcare group provides inpatient and outpatient services, and mental illness or addiction help.[150] [151]

Sister cities

The City of Hamilton is twinned with ten sister cities:[152] [153] [154]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Bailey, Thomas Melville . Dictionary of Hamilton Biography . II, 1876–1924 . W.L. Griffin Ltd . 1991.
  2. News: Bieber Fever hits the Hammer . Daniel Nolan . December 22, 2011 . Metroland Media . . January 3, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140219021159/http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2226428-bieber-fever-hits-the-hammer/ . February 19, 2014 . live.
  3. News: Showdown in Steeltown . Daniel Nolan . April 6, 2011 . Metroland Media . The Hamilton Spectator . January 3, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150104190752/http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2179772-showdown-in-steeltown/ . January 4, 2015 . live.
  4. Web site: Statistics Canada. Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000) . Statistics Canada . December 9, 2023 . December 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231208063742/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801&cubeTimeFrame.startYear=2019&cubeTimeFrame.endYear=2020&referencePeriods=20190101,20200101 . live .
  5. Encyclopedia: Hamilton . . March 11, 2019 . Weaver . John C. . . June 9, 2021 . June 17, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210617195810/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hamilton . live .
  6. Web site: City of Hamilton Act, 1999 . January 4, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090822061022/http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_99c14c_e.htm#BK6 . August 22, 2009 . live.
  7. Book: Houghton, Margaret . The Hamiltonians, 100 Fascinating Lives . James Lorimer & Company Ltd., Publishers . 6 . 2003 . 1-55028-804-0 .
  8. Web site: World University Rankings 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210529142055/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats . May 29, 2021 . June 1, 2021 . Times Higher Education . August 25, 2020.
  9. Warrick . Gary . The Precontact Iroquoian Occupation of Southern Ontario . Journal of World Prehistory . 14 . 4 . 2000 . 415–466 . 10.1023/A:1011137725917 . 25801165 . 163183815.
  10. Web site: Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment: Woodburn Bridge Replacement . City of Hamilton . 2014 . March 6, 2021 . September 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210911032517/http://www2.hamilton.ca/NR/rdonlyres/74782313-5881-435D-A35C-78F0661FE11B/0/WoodburnBridgeClassEAFinalReportAppCStage1Archaeology.pdf . live .
  11. Web site: Eighth Annual Report . 1920 . 109 . Waterloo Historical Society . March 21, 2021 . May 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210518233301/https://www.whs.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/1920.pdf . live .
  12. Web site: Map of Ontario treaties and reserves . Government of Ontario . February 22, 2021 . June 9, 2021 . June 3, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210603121855/https://www.ontario.ca/page/map-ontario-treaties-and-reserves . live .
  13. Web site: Between the Lakes Treaty No. 3 (1792) . . May 28, 2017 . June 9, 2021 . February 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220210043018/http://mncfn.ca/treaty3/ . dead.
  14. Web site: A Short History of the United Empire Loyalists . January 4, 2008 . Mackenzie . Ann . United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada . https://web.archive.org/web/20071201030444/http://www.uelac.org/PDF/loyalist.pdf . December 1, 2007 . dead.
  15. Web site: Battle of Stoney Creek National Historic Site of Canada . Canada . Parks Canada . February 24, 2021 . January 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210116024855/https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=521 . live .
  16. Book: Weaver, John C. . Hamilton: an illustrated history . 1985 . James Lorimer & Company, Publishers . 15–16 . 0-88862-593-6.
  17. Book: Burghardt, Andrew F. . The Origin and Development of the Road Network of the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario 1770 - 1851 . McMaster University . 1969.
  18. Statutes of Upper Canada, 1833, 3° William IV, p. 58–68. Chapter XVII An act to define the Limits of the Town of Hamilton, in the District of Gore, and to establish a Police and Public Market therein.
  19. An Act to amend the Act incorporating the Town of Hamilton, and to erect the same into a City, Statutes of the Province of Canada 1846 (9 Vict.), c. 73.
  20. Book: Henley, Brian . 1846 Hamilton: From a Frontier Town to the Ambitious City . registration . North Shore Publishing . 1995 . 0-9698460-7-X.
  21. Book: Smith, Wm. H. . 1846 . Smith's Canadian Gazetteer - Statistical and General Information Respecting All Parts of the Upper Province, or Canada West . Toronto . H. & W. ROWSELL . 75–76 . May 26, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160403155457/https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit . April 3, 2016 . live.
  22. Web site: A Brief History of Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario:1855 ~ 2005 Then and Now . Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario . January 4, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071226224557/http://grandlodge.on.ca/ . December 26, 2007 . live. (Requires navigation to article).
  23. Web site: Dufferin Masonic Lodge No. 291 A.F. & A.M. . January 4, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081218083030/http://www.dufferinlodge.com/lodge.php . December 18, 2008 . live.
  24. Web site: Chronology of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth . January 4, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071015225930/http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/cultural_landmarks/twps.html . October 15, 2007 . live.
  25. Cataract Traction, by John M. Mills (Canadian Traction Series, Volume 2)(1971).
  26. Web site: Industrial Hamilton – A Trail to the Future . Canada's Digital Collections . January 30, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090528232906/http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/industrial/default.htm . May 28, 2009 . live.
  27. Siemiatycki . Myer . Munitions and Labour Militancy: The 1916 Hamilton Machinists' Strike . Labour / Le Travail . 1978 . 3 . 134 . 10.2307/25139910 . 25139910 . 19 November 2022 . April 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404174922/https://www.lltjournal.ca/index.php/llt/article/view/2384 . live .
  28. The Hamilton Memory Project; STUDEBAKER . The Hamilton Spectator–Souvenir Edition . MP45 . June 10, 2006.
  29. News: Oct. 30, 1958: Burlington Bay Skyway completed . The Hamilton Spectator . March 3, 2020 . March 6, 2021 . February 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210227041411/https://www.thespec.com/life/local-history/2019/10/30/oct-30-1958-burlington-bay-skyway-completed.html . live .
  30. News: May 17, 1964: Tim Hortons store No. 1 opens on Hamilton's Ottawa Street . The Hamilton Spectator . March 1, 2020 . March 6, 2021 . May 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210516162033/https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2016/09/23/may-17-1964-tim-hortons-store-no-1-opens-on-hamilton-s-ottawa-street.html . live .
  31. Web site: Plastimet Inc. fire Hamilton, Ontario: July 9-12, 1997 . 1997 . Ontario Ministry of the Environment . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160547/http://www.archive.org/stream/plastimetincfire00sochuoft/plastimetincfire00sochuoft_djvu.txt . September 24, 2015.
  32. Web site: Deadly legacy: Is Plastimet killing firefighters? . The Hamilton Spectator . https://web.archive.org/web/20131024023618/http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2147497-deadly-legacy-is-plastimet-killing-firefighters-/ . October 24, 2013.
  33. Book: Manson, Bill . Footsteps in Time: Exploring Hamilton's heritage neighbourhoods . North Shore Publishing Inc . 2003 . 1-896899-22-6.
  34. Web site: 10 years after blackout, grid is more reliable but still vulnerable . CBC . Canadian Press . August 13, 2013 . February 28, 2021 . May 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210512130308/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/headlines/10-years-after-blackout-grid-is-more-reliable-but-still-vulnerable-1.1348790 . live .
  35. Web site: Meteorologists confirm tornado hit Hamilton . CBC . November 10, 2005 . February 28, 2021 . May 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210512145026/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/meteorologists-confirm-tornado-hit-hamilton-1.565514 . live .
  36. News: Nov. 17, 2007: Red Hill Valley Parkway opens . The Hamilton Spectator . September 23, 2016 . February 28, 2021 . May 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210516155534/https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2016/09/23/nov-17-2007-red-hill-valley-parkway-opens.html . live .
  37. Web site: U.S. Steel closing steelmaking operations at Hamilton plant . The Toronto Star . October 29, 2013 . February 28, 2021 . October 30, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131030211047/http://www.thestar.com/business/economy/2013/10/29/us_steel_to_close_hamilton_operations.html . live .
  38. Web site: Hamilton . The Canadian Encyclopedia . John C Weaver . March 11, 2019 . March 4, 2020 . March 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200316180424/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hamilton . live .
  39. Web site: Seward . Carrie . About Hamilton; Physical features . January 4, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071015210727/http://www.ueyhamilton.ca/ . October 15, 2007 . mdy-all.
  40. News: Saga of a City . Milton . Watson . The Hamilton Spectator . 1938.
  41. Book: Soderstrom, Mary . Green City: People, Nature & Urban Places . Independent Pub Group . 2006 . 1-55065-207-9.
  42. News: B. . Lawson . Green City . The Hamilton Spectator . Go-7 . January 26, 2007.
  43. Web site: Burlington Bay/ Beach strip, Hamilton Harbour, Skyway Bridge . January 4, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071215084635/http://beachvideo.info/ . December 15, 2007 . live. (Requires navigation to relevant articles.)
  44. Web site: A History of the city of Hamilton . January 4, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071015225925/http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/cultural_landmarks/hamhist.htm . October 15, 2007 . live.
  45. Book: Bailey, Thomas Melville . Dictionary of Hamilton Biography (Vol I, 1791–1875) . W.L. Griffin Ltd . 1981.
  46. Weaver . John C. . 7 . Hamilton, George .
  47. Web site: . HCH History: A Long History ... . https://web.archive.org/web/20070607221331/http://www.conservationhamilton.ca/corporate/aboutus/history.asp . June 7, 2007 . June 21, 2007.
  48. Web site: City of Hamilton . myhamilton.ca . Hamilton Conservation Authority: City Parks . https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234254/http://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/ArtsSportsAndRecreation/outdoor/city_parks.htm . September 26, 2007 . January 4, 2008.
  49. Web site: Bruce Trail Association . January 4, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070711004543/http://www.brucetrail.org/ . July 11, 2007 . live.
  50. Web site: Waterfalls - Hamilton Conservation Authority . conservationhamilton.ca . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120319015739/http://www.conservationhamilton.ca/waterfalls . March 19, 2012.
  51. News: March 9, 2020 . Chedoke Creek's sad legacy of abuse: 10 things you didn't know . en . The Hamilton Spectator . June 23, 2020 . 1189-9417 . June 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200626002908/https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2020/03/09/chedoke-creek-s-sad-legacy-of-abuse.html . dead.
  52. Web site: Interactive Canada Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map . www.plantmaps.com . en . October 11, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014555/https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-canada.php . October 12, 2018 . live.
  53. Web site: . Hamilton (July 1868) . Canadian Climate Data . October 31, 2011 . March 23, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160609182902/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=7&Day=12&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1868 . June 9, 2016 . live.
  54. Web site: . Hamilton (January 1884) . Canadian Climate Data . October 31, 2011 . March 23, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160609191008/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-08-31&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C1958-12-01&StationID=4931&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=hamilton&timeframe=2&Year=1884&Month=1 . June 9, 2016 . live.
  55. Web site: Peesker . Saira . Breathing the air in parts of Hamilton is like smoking a cigarette a day, researcher says . CBC News . July 14, 2023 . July 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230713214901/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/air-quality-hamilton-1.6904964 . live .
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  81. Elected as a New Democrat, but expelled from NDP Caucus over unsafe workplace allegations.
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  88. Web site: Provincial Offences Act (Requires navigation to article) . https://web.archive.org/web/20070704233807/http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/DBLaws/Statutes/English/90p33_e.htm#1.(3) . July 4, 2007 . Ontario . January 4, 2008.
  89. Web site: Hamilton reports historic low in homicides for 2022, but shootings still high: police - Hamilton Globalnews.ca . August 4, 2023 . Global News . en-CA . August 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230804055815/https://globalnews.ca/news/9441630/hamilton-historic-low-in-homicides-2022/ . live .
  90. Web site: Government of Canada . April 13, 2021 . Number and rate of homicide victims, by Census Metropolitan Areas . August 4, 2023 . Statistics Canada . May 19, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230519155616/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3510007101 . live .
  91. Web site: admin . January 1, 2021 . Hamilton, Ontario 2021 Homicide Victim List - Homicide Canada . August 24, 2023 . homicidecanada.com . en-CA . August 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230804055818/https://homicidecanada.com/hamilton-ontario-2021-homicide-victim-list/ . live .
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  94. News: Unease as mobsters set free . https://archive.today/20130629210748/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=b9fa5e38-48cb-40a0-b390-cbcd989d6e37 . dead . June 29, 2013 . National Post . June 29, 2013.
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  99. Web site: Hamilton biker 'Johnny K-9' embroiled in B.C. gang murder plot . kitchenerpost.ca . August 30, 2011 . August 4, 2023 . August 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230804160910/https://www.kitchenerpost.ca/news-story/2216330-hamilton-biker-johnny-k-9-embroiled-in-b-c-gang-murder-plot/?li_source=li&li_medium=mobile_ymbii&li_pl=9be55fbe-23d9-4632-a50c-9b60fb3783f7&li_tr=mobile_ymbii . dead.
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  103. Web site: Hamilton Museum of Steam & Technology . January 10, 2019 . January 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190110234940/https://www.hamilton.ca/attractions/hamilton-civic-museums/hamilton-museum-steam-technology-national-historic-site . dead.
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  105. Information and the locations of each piece in Public Art Collection can be viewed on this interactive map .
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  110. News: Kakoullis . Adrienne . Hamilton to Host the 2015 JUNO Awards . March 20, 2015 . CARAS . CTV . January 9, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060112/http://junoawards.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2015-JUNO-Awards-Host-City.pdf . March 4, 2016 . live.
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  114. Web site: Community Centre for Media Arts . https://web.archive.org/web/20071212233519/http://www.ccma.ws/site/ . December 12, 2007 . January 4, 2008.
  115. Invest in Hamilton, Economic Development Review 2005, Wednesday, June 28, 2006, "City Remains Committed To Growing Arts & Culture" Page H20
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  117. Web site: Toronto, Hamilton win Pan Am Games bid. . November 8, 2009.
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  121. Web site: Ivor Wynne Stadium Information . January 4, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071231122708/http://football.ballparks.com/CFL/Hamilton/index.htm . December 31, 2007 . live.
  122. News: Blue Bombers defeat Tiger-Cats 33-25 in OT to repeat as Grey Cup champions . Dan . Ralph . . December 12, 2021 . August 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211228160730/https://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/cfl/cfl-grey-cup-recap-blue-bombers-tiger-cats-2021-1.6283215 . December 28, 2021 . live.
  123. News: April 30, 2021 . Former Hamilton Forge FC defender David Edgar joins CPL champion's coaching staff . . May 5, 2021 . April 30, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210430200757/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-david-edgar-1.6009009 . live .
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  125. Web site: Arena Closure in Hamilton Forces CEBL To Relocate Honey Badgers to Brampton . October 1, 2023 . Honey Badgers . November 28, 2022 . en-CA . November 28, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221128174627/https://www.honeybadgers.ca/arena-closure-in-hamilton-forces-cebl-to-relocate-honey-badgers-to-brampton . live .
  126. Web site: Bernie Arbour Stadium . October 1, 2023 . IBL Cardinals . en-CA . September 21, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230921183044/https://www.iblcardinals.ca/bernie-arbour-stadium . live .
  127. Tigertown Triumphs . The Hamilton Spectator – Memory Project (Souvenir Edition) page MP56-MP68 . June 10, 2006.
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  130. Web site: McMaster's Economic Impact on the Hamilton Community . McMaster University . January 4, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071016194015/http://mcmaster.ca/pres/chambercomm.html . October 16, 2007.
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  134. Web site: Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board » About Us . www.hwdsb.on.ca . May 18, 2012 . September 2, 2022 . September 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220920224024/https://www.hwdsb.on.ca/about/ . live .
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  138. Web site: Dundas Valley School of Art . January 4, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071226092147/http://www.dvsa.ca/ . December 26, 2007 . live.
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  140. Web site: Cardus . Cardus.ca . August 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190810165314/https://www.cardus.ca/ . August 10, 2019 . live.
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  142. Web site: Coronavirus: Hamilton-Toronto GO Transit service impacted amid anticipated ridership drop . May 5, 2021 . Global News . en-CA . May 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210505140527/https://globalnews.ca/news/6682567/coronavirus-go-transit-hamilton-toronto/ . live .
  143. Web site: 2009 Annual Report . John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport . October 25, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110716021951/http://www.flyhi.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/hamilton_international_airport_2009_annual_report.pdf . July 16, 2011 . mdy-all.
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  147. Web site: 2018 . Summary Report of Sustainability Actions in 2018 . May 5, 2021 . . May 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210505132840/http://hamiltonharbour.ca/resources/documents/2018_HPA_SustainabilityRept_web.pdf . dead.
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  152. Web site: City Twinning (City Wide) (FCS06049) Referred from Corporate Administration Committee on March 23, 2005 . June 27, 2023 . June 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230628030233/http://www2.hamilton.ca/NR/rdonlyres/56D8FE88-414D-452E-9C18-AB66450CC434/0/May17FCS06049CityTwinning.pdf . live .
  153. Web site: NUEVO LEÓN . June 28, 2023 . portales.sre.gob.mx . October 22, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010611/https://portales.sre.gob.mx/coordinacionpolitica/index.php/entidades/159-nuevo-leon . live .
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