Hamgyong line explained

Box Width:auto
Hamgyeong Line
Native Name:함경선
Native Name Lang:ko
Type:Heavy rail, Passenger & freight rail
Regional rail
Status:Operational (see article)
Locale:Gangwon,
North Hamgyeong,
South Hamgyeong
Start:Wonsan
End:Sangsambong
Open:1915−1942
Owner:Chosen Government Railway,
Domun Railway,
South Manchuria Railway
Linelength Km:664.0
Hangul:함경선
Rr:Hamgyeongseon
Mr:Hamgyŏngsŏn
Context:north

The Hamgyeong Line was a railway line of the Chosen Government Railway (Sentetsu) in Japanese-occupied Korea, running from Wonsan to Sangsambong. Construction began in 1914, and was completed in 1928.[1] The line is now entirely within North Korea; the Korean State Railway has divided it between the Kangwŏn Line (WonsanKowon section), the P'yŏngra Line (Kowon−Cheongjin section), the Kangdŏk Line (Namgangdŏk−Suseong), and the Hambuk Line (Chongjin−Sangsambong section).[2]

History

Sentetsu began construction of a line north from Wonsan on the Gyeongwon Line on 1 October 1914. The first section, a 20km (10miles) line from Wonsan to Muncheon, was completed on 1 August 1915, followed by a 34.4km (21.4miles) extension from Muncheon to Yeongheung via Gowon on 21 July 1916. At the same time, Sentetsu started construction of a line north from the important east coast port of Cheongjin, completing the first 55.7km (34.6miles) section from Cheongjin to Changpyeong, on 5 November 1916.[3]

On 31 July 1917, the management of Sentetsu was transferred from the Railway Bureau of the Government-General of Korea to the South Manchuria Railway (Mantetsu), which established the Mantetsu Gyeongseong Railway Administration (Japanese: 満鉄京城管理局, Mantetsu Keijō Kanrikyoku;, Mancheol Gyeongseong Gwalliguk) to oversee the operation of all railways in Korea. Construction of the Cheongjin Line was accelerated under Mantetsu management, and by the end of 1917 it had been completed all the way to Hoeryeong, with the 13.4km (08.3miles) from Changpyeong to Pungsan opened on 16 September, and the remaining 24.7km (15.3miles) to Hoeryong opened on 25 November of that year.

To handle increasing freight traffic on the line, a large marshalling yard, called Cheongjin Jochajang, was built near Cheongjin.[2] To access this, a new 14.9km (09.3miles) line between Nanam and Suseong (on the Cheongjin−Changpyeong line) was built, being opened on 10 December 1919; Gangdeok Station, located 7.2km (04.5miles) from Nanam, was opened on 1 August 1922. Construction of the southern portion of the Hamgyeong Line continued at the same time, with a new 69.5km (43.2miles) section from Yeongheung to Hamheung being opened on 15 December 1919.

Mantetsu continued expanding the Hamgyeong Line slowly over the next few years, opening 21km (13miles) south from Nanam to Jueul on 11 November 1920, 18km (11miles) north from Hamheung to Seohojin on 1 December 1922, followed by another 18.4km (11.4miles) north from Seohojin to Toejo on 25 September 1923. Following that three-year period of rather sedate expansion, on 11 October 1924 Mantetsu opened three major new sections: 58km (36miles) north from Teojo to Yanghwa, 39.5km (24.5miles) south from Jueul to Ponggang, as well as a disconnected, 84.7km (52.6miles) central section from Dancheon to Gilju.

On 1 April 1925, management of Korea's railways was returned to the Railway Bureau, and Sentetsu became independent of Mantetsu once again. Construction of the east coast line slowed down somewhat for a time, with 1925 seeing the opening of only 14.1km (08.8miles) of new line (Yanghwa−Sokhu), whilst in 1926 only 26.2km (16.3miles) of new construction was completed - 8.9km (05.5miles) north from Sokhu to Sinbukcheong, and 17.3km (10.7miles) south from Ponggang to Geukdong. The first half of 1927 was even slower - only an 8.1km (05miles) section from Geukdong to Yongdong had been completed by 10 June; in the second half of the year, however, major progress was made, with over 85km (53miles) of new railway opened: 39.4km (24.5miles) from Gilju to Yongdong, 31.5km (19.6miles) from Gunseon to Dancheon, as well as a section of approximately 15km (09miles) from Sinbukcheong to Bansong (this station, located somewhere between Geosan and Geonja, was closed on 31 August 1928.[1]

The final 26.1km (16.2miles) gap between Geosan and Gunseon was closed on 1 September 1928, completing the line in its entirety from Wonsan to Hoeryeong.[1] At the same time, the line was split, with the Wonsan−Cheongjin section being named the Hamgyeong Main Line, and the Cheongjin−Hoeryeong section becoming the Cheongjin Line.[1] These lines later played a major role in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, and grew further in importance after the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo.

The privately owned Domun Railway was formed in 1920, opening its first line, (40.4km (25.1miles)) from Hoeryeong to Sangsambong on 5 January 1920. This line was subsequently extended twice, from Sangsambong to Jongseon (9.1km (05.7miles)) on 1 December 1922, and from Jongseon to Donggwanjin (8.2km (05.1miles)) on 1 November 1924.[4]

In order to create the shortest possible route from Japan to eastern Manchuria, Sentetsu began construction of a line from Unggi (now Sŏnbong) to Donggwanjin via Namyang in 1929. Named the East Domun Line, it reached Donggwanjin on 1 August 1933, at which time the entire Hoeryeong−Unggi line was redesignated as the Domun Line, and Donggwanjin Station was renamed to Donggwan Station.[5]

On 1 April 1929, the Domun Railway was nationalised, with the mainline becoming Sentetsu's West Domun Line,[4] after which the Manchukuo National bought the Tiantu Railway, converting it to standard gauge and opening the new line, called Chaokai Line, at the end of March 1934,[6] creating a second direct connection across the Tumen River between Korea and Manchukuo.

Just a few months after completion of the line from Unggi, on 1 October 1933 the management of Sentetsu's entire route from Cheongjin to Unggi was transferred to Mantetsu,.[7] On 1 November 1934, Mantetsu rearranged these lines, merging the Namyang Border Line with the Unggi−Namyang section of the Domun Line to create the North Chosen East Line (Unggi–Namyang–Tumen), with the Namyang–Sambong section becoming the North Chosen West Line.[8] In 1936, the "Asahi" express train between Xinjing and Najin was inaugurated, to connect to the ferry from Najin to Japan.[8]

In 1940, management of the Cheongjin–Sangsambong route was transferred back to Sentetsu, merging it with the Wonsan−Cheongjin Hamgyeong Main Line to create the Hamgyeong Line;[8] Mantetsu continued to manage the North Chosen Line, eventually acquiring outright ownership of the line.[9]

On 1 December 1941, a new line was opened between Nanam and Cheongjin to allow trains to bypass the Cheongjin marshalling yard. The existing line, running via Gangdeok Station and the marshalling yard, was detached from the Hamgyeong Line and designated the Gangdeok Line; at the same time, a 2.4km (01.5miles) connection from Cheongjin Seohang Station (Cheongjin West Port) to Gangdeok was built, to allow southbound trains to access the marshalling yard without having to reverse at Nanam.[10] Later, the Cheongjin−Changpyeong line was realigned, reducing the distance from Cheongjin to Suseong from 9km (06miles) to 7.8km (04.8miles);[11] this work was completed on 1 February 1942.

Service on the line was suspended after the Soviet invasion at the end of the Pacific War. The damage sustained by the line during the war was slow to be repaired due to strained relations between the Soviets and the Korean People's Committees; those two bridges have not been repaired to the present day. After the partition of Korea, the Provisional People’s Committee for North Korea nationalised all railways in the Soviet zone of occupation on 10 August 1946, and following the establishment of the DPRK, the Korean State Railway was created in 1948.[12] After the end of the Korean War, the North Korean railway system was restructured, which included the rearrangement of several rail lines. This included the division of the Hamgyeong Line into three parts.

The Cheongjin−Hoeryeong–Sambong (formerly Sangsambong) section of the Hamgyeong Line inherited from Sentetsu was merged with the former Sambong−Namyang North Chosen West Line, the Namyang−Unggi section of the North Chosen East Line, and the Unggi−Najin Ungna Line inherited from Mantetsu to create the new Hambuk Line running from Cheongjin to Najin via Namyang.[2] The Namyang−Tumen cross-border section of the North Chosen East Line was split off to create the Namyang Gukgyeong Line.[2]

The GowonGeumya (formerly Yeongheung) section of the Hamgyeong Line was merged with the Pyeongyang−Gowon Pyeongwon Line and the partially completed Cheongjin−Rajin Cheongna Line to create the P'yŏngra Line from Pyeongyang to Najin.[2]

The partition of Korea left the PyeonggangWonsan section of Sentetsu's Gyeongwon Line in the DPRK; this was then merged with the Wonsan−Gowon section of the former Hamgyeong line to create the Pyeonggang−Wonsan−Gowon Kangwŏn Line.[2]

Section Length Opened Original Owner Line to 1928 1929 1933 1934 1941 1945
20.0 km 1 August 1915 Sentetsu Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
34.4 km 21 July 1916 Sentetsu Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
69.5 km 15 December 1919 Mantetsu Hamgyeong Line
(Sentetsu after 1925)
Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
18.0 km 1 December 1922 Mantetsu Hamgyeong Line
(Sentetsu after 1925)
Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
18.4 km Mantetsu Hamgyeong Line
(Sentetsu after 1925)
Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
58.0 km 11 October 1924 Mantetsu Hamgyeong Line
(Sentetsu after 1925)
Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
14.1 km 1 November 1925 Sentetsu Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
8.9 km 11 November 1926 Sentetsu Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
13.6 km 1 December 1927 Sentetsu Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
26.1 km 1 September 1928 Sentetsu Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
31.5 km 1 December 1927 Sentetsu Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
84.7 km 11 October 1924 Mantetsu Hamgyeong Line
(Sentetsu after 1925)
Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
Kilju–Ryongdong 39.4 km 1 December 1927 Sentetsu Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
Ryongdong–Geukdong 8.1 km 10 June 1927 Sentetsu Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
Geukdong–Ponggang 17.3 km 1 December 1926 Sentetsu Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
39.5 km 11 October 1924 Mantetsu Hamgyeong Line
(Sentetsu after 1925)
Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
21.0 km 11 November 1920 Mantetsu Hamgyeong Line
(Sentetsu after 1925)
Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
13.1 km 10 December 1919 Mantetsu Hamgyeong Line
(Sentetsu after 1925)
Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Main Line Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
Ranam–Suseong
(new alignment)
1 December 1941 Sentetsu - - - - - Gangdeok Line
55.7 km 5 November 1916 Sentetsu Hamgyeong Line Cheongjin Line Cheongjin Line Cheongjin Line
(Mantetsu 1934−1940)
Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
13.4 km 16 September 1917 Mantetsu Hamgyeong Line
(Sentetsu after 1925)
Cheongjin Line Cheongjin Line Cheongjin Line
(Mantetsu 1934−1940)
Hamgyeong Line Hamgyeong Line
24.7 km 25 November 1917 Mantetsu Hamgyeong Line
(Sentetsu after 1925)
Cheongjin Line Cheongjin Line Cheongjin Line
(Mantetsu 1934−1940)
Hamgyeong Line
(Sentetsu)
Hamgyeong Line
(Sentetsu)
40.4 km 5 January 1920 Domun Railway Domun Railway West Tomun Line
(Sentetsu)
Domun Line
(Sentetsu)
Cheongjin Line
(Mantetsu 1934-1940)
Hamgyeong Line
(Sentetsu)
Hamgyeong Line
(Sentetsu)

Route

Stations as of 1945
Distance Station name
Total; kmS2S; kmTranscribed, KoreanTranscribed, JapaneseHunminjeongeumHanja/KanjiOpening date
Original owner
Connections
0.00.0WonsanGenzan원산元山1 August 1915
Sentetsu
Sentetsu Gyeongbu Line
Sentetsu Gyeongwon Line
5.55.5DeokwonTokugen덕원德源1 August 1915
Sentetsu
12.67.1MunpyeongBunhei문평文坪1 August 1915
Sentetsu
20.07.4MuncheonBunsen문천文川21 July 1916
Sentetsu
Chosen Anthracite Company Koam Line (opened 17 December 1943)
29.99.9YongdamRyōtan용담龍潭21 July 1916
Sentetsu
Sentetsu Cheonnaeri Line (opened 1 November 1927)
34.54.6JeontanSentan전탄箭灘21 July 1916
Sentetsu
42.07.5GowonKōgen고원高原21 July 1916
Sentetsu
Sentetsu Pyeongwon Line (opened 16 December 1937)
47.05.0HyeonheungGenkō현흥玄興21 July 1916
Sentetsu
54.47.4YeongheungYōkō영흥永興21 July 1916
Sentetsu
62.88.4MajangBajō마장馬場15 December 1919
Mantetsu
70.17.3BeompoHonho범포范浦15 December 1919
Mantetsu
77.77.6WangjangŌjō왕장旺場15 December 1919
Mantetsu
82.54.8MunbongBunhō문봉文峰15 December 1919
Mantetsu
87.06.5SinsangShinjō신상新上15 December 1919
Mantetsu
93.86.8BupyeongFuhei부평富坪15 December 1919
Mantetsu
103.59.7JeongpyeongJōhei정평定平15 December 1919
Mantetsu
111.78.2Hamnam HeungsangKannan Kōjō함남흥상咸南興上15 December 1919
Mantetsu
123.912.2HamheungKankō함흥咸興15 December 1919
Mantetsu
Sinheung Railway Hamnam Line (opened 10 June 1923)
Sinheung Railway Namheung Line (opened 11 May 1934)
132.78.8BongungHongū본궁本宮1 December 1922
Mantetsu
139.36.6HeungnamKōnan흥남興南1 December 1922
Mantetsu
141.92.6SeohojinSeikoshin서호진西湖津1 December 1922
Mantetsu
Sinheung Railway Namheung Line (opened 15 December 1936)
146.44.5MajeonMaden마전麻田25 September 1923
Mantetsu
156.19.7YeohoRyoko여호呂湖25 September 1923
Mantetsu
160.34.2ToejoTaichō퇴조退潮25 September 1923
Mantetsu
165.65.3SeporiSaifuri세포리細浦里11 October 1924
Mantetsu
173.47.8SamhoSanko삼호三湖11 October 1924
Mantetsu
181.58.1Yong'unRyōun용운龍雲11 October 1924
Mantetsu
186.55.0JeonjinZenshin전진前津11 October 1924
Mantetsu
192.56.0GyeongpoKeiho경포景浦11 October 1924
Mantetsu
199.97.4UnpoUnho운포雲浦11 October 1924
Mantetsu
203.53.6JunghoChūko중호中湖11 October 1924
Mantetsu
205.82.3YeongmuReibu영무靈武11 October 1924
Mantetsu
212.36.5SinpoShinho신포新浦11 October 1924
Mantetsu
218.36.0YanghwaYōka양화陽化11 October 1924
Mantetsu
225.47.1GangsangniKōjōri강상리江上里1 November 1925
Sentetsu
232.47.0SokhuZokugu속후俗厚1 November 1925
Sentetsu
241.38.9SinbukcheongShinhokushō신북청新北靑11 November 1926
Sentetsu
Sentetsu Bukcheong Line (opened 20 September 1929)
246.75.4SinchangShinshō신창新昌1 December 1927
Sentetsu
254.98.2GeosanKyozan거산居山1 December 1927
Sentetsu
260.05.1GeonjaKanji건자乾自1 December 1927
Sentetsu
263.83.8NaheungNakō나흥羅興1 December 1927
Sentetsu
Sentetsu Cheolsan Line (opened 20 September 1929)
267.13.3JeungsanSōzan증산曾山1 December 1927
Sentetsu
Sentetsu Chaho Line (opened 20 September 1929)
273.96.9YeombunEnbon염분鹽盆1 December 1927
Sentetsu
277.33.4IwonRigen이원利原1 December 1927
Sentetsu
281.03.7GunseonGunsen군선群仙1 December 1927
Sentetsu
286.45.4SsangamSōgan쌍암雙巖1 December 1927
Sentetsu
291.45.0GokguKokkō곡구谷口1 December 1927
Sentetsu
296.34.9GiamKigan기암奇巖1 December 1927
Sentetsu
302.25.9YonggangRyōkō용강龍崗1 December 1927
Sentetsu
307.85.6OmongniGomuri오몽리五夢里1 December 1927
Sentetsu
312.54.7DancheonTansen단천端川1 December 1927
Sentetsu
Danpung Railway Danpung Line
321.18.6YeohaejinNyokaishin여해진汝海津11 October 1924
Mantetsu
Chosen Magnesite Development Railway Hamnam Line
328.37.2YongdaeRyūtai용대龍臺11 October 1924
Mantetsu
335.16.8IlsinNisshin일신日新11 October 1924
Mantetsu
342.87.7ManchunBanshun만춘晩春11 October 1924
Mantetsu
348.55.7SsangnyongSōryō쌍룡雙龍11 October 1924
Mantetsu
354.96.4SeongjinSeishin성진城津11 October 1924
Mantetsu
361.26.3SinseongjinShinseishin신성진新城津11 October 1924
Mantetsu
363.92.7NongseongNōsei농성農城11 October 1924
Mantetsu
368.35.4HakjungGakuchū학중鶴中11 October 1924
Mantetsu
375.77.4Eob'eokGōoku업억業億11 October 1924
Mantetsu
381.65.9WonpyeongEnhei원평院坪11 October 1924
Mantetsu
389.68.0NodongRodō노동蘆洞11 October 1924
Mantetsu
397.27.6GiljuKisshū길주吉州11 October 1924
Mantetsu
Sentetsu Gilhye Line (opened 1 November 1933)
404.87.6GeumsongKinshō금송金松1 December 1927
Sentetsu
408.84.0OnsupyeongOnsuihei온수평溫水坪1 December 1927
Sentetsu
414.96.1GochamKotan고참古站1 December 1927
Sentetsu
Sentetsu Gocham Colliery Line (opened 1937)
423.68.7NaepoNaiho내포內浦1 December 1927
Sentetsu
428.14.5MyeongcheonMeisen명천明川1 December 1927
Sentetsu
432.14.0SangnyongjeonJōryōden상룡전上龍田1 December 1927
Sentetsu
436.64.5YongdongRyōdō용동龍洞1 December 1927
Sentetsu
441.44.8Yeong'anEian영안永安10 June 1927
Sentetsu
444.73.3GeukdongGokudō극동極洞10 June 1927
Sentetsu
451.26.5JomaksanZōmakusen조막산造幕山1 December 1926
Sentetsu
462.010.8BonggangBukō봉강鳳岡1 December 1926
Sentetsu
470.88.8EodaejinGyodaishin어대진漁大津11 October 1924
Mantetsu
480.19.3HoemunKaibun회문會文11 October 1924
Mantetsu
489.79.6YonghyeonRyūken용현龍峴11 October 1924
Mantetsu
496.97.2JueulShuitsu주을朱乙11 November 1920
Mantetsu
501.54.6SaenggiryongSeikiryō생기령生氣嶺11 November 1920
Mantetsu
509.68.1GyeongseongKyōjō경성鏡城11 November 1920
Mantetsu
517.98.3NanamRanan나남羅南10 December 1919
Mantetsu
Sentetsu Gangdeok Line (opened 1 December 1941)
Cheongjin JochajangSeishin Sōshajō청진조차장清津操車場10 December 1919
Mantetsu
(to Gangdeok Line in 1941)
525.92.1Cheongjin SeohangSeishin Seikō청진서항淸津西港10 December 1919
Mantetsu
528.32.4Cheongjin EohangSeishin Gyokō청진어항淸津漁港10 December 1919
Mantetsu
531.02.7CheongjinSeishin청진淸津5 November 1916
Sentetsu
Sentetsu Cheongjin Wharf Line (opened 1 July 1940)
538.87.8SuseongSujō수성輸城5 November 1916
Sentetsu
Sentetsu Gangdeok Line (opened 1 December 1941)
544.45.6SeongmakSekimaku석막石幕5 November 1916
Sentetsu
552.27.8JangheungShōkō장흥章興5 November 1916
Sentetsu
566.714.5BuryeongFunei부령富寧5 November 1916
Sentetsu
573.06.3GomusanKomosan고무산古茂山5 November 1916
Sentetsu
Chosen Railway Hambuk Line (20 August 1927 – 1 April 1944)
Sentetsu Musan Line (from 1 April 1944)
585.512.5ChangpyeongSōhei창평蒼坪5 November 1916
Sentetsu
592.87.3JeongoriZengori전거리全巨里5 November 1916
Sentetsu
598.96.1PungsanHōzan풍산豊山16 September 1917
Mantetsu
610.511.6JungdoChūdō중도中島25 November 1917
Mantetsu
616.56.0DaedeokDaitoku대덕大德25 November 1917
Mantetsu
623.67.1HoeryeongKainei회령會寧25 November 1917
Mantetsu
Sentetsu Hoeryeong Colliery Line
624.50.9SinhoeryeongShinkainei신회령新会寧5 January 1920
Domun Railway
627.32.8GeumsaengKinsei금생金生5 January 1920
Domun Railway
633.05.7GoryeongjinKōreichin고령진高嶺鎭5 January 1920
Domun Railway
638.45.4SinhakpoShingakuho신학포新鶴浦5 January 1920
Domun Railway
641.32.9HakpoGakuho학포鶴浦5 January 1920
Domun Railway
650.79.4SinjeonShinden신전新田5 January 1920
Domun Railway
657.16.4GanpyeongKanhei간평間坪5 January 1920
Domun Railway
664.06.9SangsambongJōsanhō상삼봉上三峰5 January 1920
Domun Railway
Mantetsu North Chosen Line (opened 1 December 1922)
Manchukuo National Railway Chaokai Line (opened March 1934)

Notes and References

  1. 朝鮮総督府官報 . The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea. Shōwa No. 486. 10 August 1928. Japanese.
  2. Book: Kokubu, Hayato. ja:将軍様の鉄道. Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō. 89 . Shinchosha. Tokyo. 2007. 978-4-10-303731-6.
  3. Book: Japanese Government Railways. ja:鉄道停車場一覧 昭和12年10月1日現在. The List of the Stations as of 1 October 1937. Kawaguchi Printing Company. Tokyo. 1937. 498–501, 504–505. Japanese.
  4. 朝鮮総督府官報 . The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea . Shōwa No. 669 . 28 March 1929 . Japanese.
  5. 朝鮮総督府官報 . The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea. Shōwa No. 1963. 26 July 1933. Japanese.
  6. Web site: 京図線: 開山屯. Keiseo Line: Kayamaun. Biglobe.ne.jp. ja.
  7. 朝鮮総督府官報 . The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea. 1 October 1933. Japanese.
  8. Web site: http://homepage1.nifty.com/kitabatake/mansyu3.5.html. ja:南満州鉄道株式会社全路線. South Manchurian Railway Co., Ltd. All routes. https://web.archive.org/web/20131021125429/http://homepage1.nifty.com/kitabatake/mansyu3.5.html. 21 October 2013. ja.
  9. 朝鮮総督府官報 . The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea. Shōwa No. 5461. 21 April 1945. Japanese.
  10. 朝鮮総督府官報 . The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea. Shōwa No. 4449. 22 November 1941. Japanese.
  11. 朝鮮総督府官報 . The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea. Shōwa No. 4479. 29 December 1941. Japanese.
  12. Book: Kokubu, Hayato. 将軍様の鉄道. Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō. 131 . Shinchosha. Tokyo. 2007. 978-4-10-303731-6.