Halymeniales Explained

Halymeniales is an order of red algae belonging to the class Florideophyceae and the subclass Rhodymeniophycidae.[1]

The type species is Halymenia .[2]

The red algae colour comes from photosynthetic pigments (phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin). Then the various blends of relative amounts of these 3 and chlorophyll, influences the plant colour, which can vary from dark red to blue, brown, or greenish.[3]

History

In 1996, Saunders and Kraft recognized a new name, the Halymeniales, for the red algal order that was previously known as the Cryptonemiales,[4] based on small-subunit rRNA phylogenetic analyses. The adapted order of Halymeniales originally held the families of Halymeniaceae and Sebdeniaceae, and it was characterized by taxa with a multi-axial thallus, non-procarpic female reproductive development, outwardly directed carpogonial branches and intercalary auxiliary cells (Saunders and Kraft, 1996). Later Saunders and Kraft in 2002, transferred the genus Tsengia from the Nemastomatales order into the Halymeniales with the establishment of the new mono-generic family Tsengiaceae. The Sebdeniaceae family was later removed from the Halymeniales and elevated to a new order, Sebdeniales (by Withall and Saunders, 2006) as suggested by Gavio et al. (2005).[5] Later, Papenfuss (1955) synonymized the Grateloupiaceae with the Cryptonemiaceae; however, Guiry (1978) reinstated the Halymeniaceae based on nomenclatural priority. As a consequence, the Grateloupiaceae and Cryptonemiaceae are now considered synonyms of the Halymeniaceae. After using a taxon-rich rbcL data set, the family Grateloupiaceae was reinstated into the Halymeniales order in 2021.[6] The Archaeolithophyllaceae family was created in 1987, and placed within the Corallinales (Order),[7] before being placed within the Halymeniales.

Families

As accepted by AlgaeBase (with number of species per family);[8]

WoRMS only accepts Halymeniaceae and Tsengiaceae and not the other 2 families[9]

Distribution

The order has cosmopolitan distribution.[10] They are found in places such as Tasmania (Australia),[11] Brazil,[12] within the Mediterranean,[13] near the island of Madagascar (within the Indian Ocean),[14] the Philippines,[15] Vietnam,[16] the South Korean coast (East and South) and near Japan.[17]

Species notes

Polyopes affinis is a red alga from the order Halymeniales. The species is abundantly found along the South Korean coast (East and South) and also in Japan, and it is widely used as a food in South Korea, Japan, and China because of its nutritional properties and health benefits (Ha et al. 2022).[17]

Also, Halymenia durvillei is a red seaweed with a great potential as sulphated galactan producer.[14]

Notes and References

  1. Kamiya, M., Lindstrom, S.C., Nakayama, T., Yokoyama, A., Lin, S.-M., Guiry, M.D., Gurgel, F.D.G., Huisman, J.M., Kitayama, T., Suzuki, M., Cho, T.O. & Frey, W. 2017. Rhodophyta. In: Syllabus of Plant Families, 13th ed. Part 2/2: Photoautotrophic eukaryotic Algae. (Frey, W. Eds), pp. [i]–xii, [1]–171. Stuttgart: Borntraeger Science Publishers
  2. Joanna M. Kain (Jones), Murray T. Brown and Marc Lahaye (Editors)
  3. Web site: Phylum Rhodophyta SeaNet . seanet.stanford.edu . 16 December 2022 . en.
  4. K. Esser, J. W. Kadereit, U. Lüttge and M. Runge
  5. Debashish Bhattacharya (Editor)
  6. Kim . Su Yeon . Lee . Hyung Woo . Yang . Eun Chan . Boo . Sung Min . Lopez-Bautista . Juan . Fredericq . Suzanne . D’Archino . Roberta . Yoon . Hwan Su . Kim . Myung Sook . Resurrection of the Family Grateloupiaceae Emend. (Halymeniales, Rhodophyta) Based on a Multigene Phylogeny and Comparative Reproductive Morphology . Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 8 December 2021 . 9 . 10.3389/fevo.2021.775627. free .
  7. Web site: IRMNG - Archaeolithophyllaceae Chuvashov, 1987 † . www.irmng.org . 17 December 2022.
  8. Web site: Taxonomy Browser :: AlgaeBase . www.algaebase.org . 15 December 2022.
  9. Web site: WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Halymeniales . www.marinespecies.org . 15 December 2022.
  10. Web site: Halymeniales . www.gbif.org . 15 December 2022 . en.
  11. Saunders . Gary W. . Withall . Rodney D. . Collections of the invasive species Grateloupia turuturu (Halymeniales, Rhodophyta) from Tasmania, Australia . Phycologia . 23 January 2006 . 45 . 6 . 711–714 . 10.2216/06-10.1. 84288235 .
  12. De Azevedo . Arau´joarau´arau´jo . Cassano . Valériaval´valéria . Oliveira . Mariana Cabral . Diversity of branched Halymenia (Halymeniales, Rhodophyta) species on the Brazilian coast: Molecular and morphological analyses reveal three new species . Phycologia . May 2016 . 55 . 4 . 431–444 . 10.2216/15-126.1. 88771681 .
  13. Manghisi . Antonio . Gall . Line Le . Ribera . M. Antonia . Bonillo . Céline . Gargiulo . Gaetano M. . Morabito . Marina . The Mediterranean Endemic New genus Felicinia (Halymeniales, Rhodophyta) Recognized by a Morphological and Phylogenetic Integrative Approach," . Cryptogamie, Algologie . 1 August 2014 . 35 . 3 . 221–243 . 10.7872/crya.v35.iss3.2014.221. 85238607 .
  14. Fenoradosoa . T. A. . Delattre . C. . Laroche . C. . Wadouachi . A. . Dulong . V. . Picton . L. . Andriamadio . P. . Michaud . P. . Highly sulphated galactan from Halymenia durvillei (Halymeniales, Rhodophyta), a red seaweed of Madagascar marine coasts . Int J Biol Macromol . 1 August 2009 . 45 . 2 . 140–5 . 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.04.015. 19409410 .
  15. De Smedt . G. . De Clerck . F. . Leliaert . F. . Coppejans . E. . Liao . L.M. . Morphology and systematics of the genus Halymenia C.Agardh (Halymeniales, Rhodophyta) in the Philippines . Nova Hedwigia . November 2001 . 73 . 3–4 . 293–322 . Stuttgart. 10.1127/nova.hedwigia/73/2001/293 .
  16. Isabella Aiona Abbott
  17. Patil . Maheshkumar Prakash . Kim . Jong-Oh . Kim . Kyunghoi . Kim . Young-Ryun . Yoon . Seokjin . Complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of the marine red alga Polyopes affinis (Rhodophyta: Halymeniales) . Mitochondrial DNA Part B . 2022 . 7 . 7 . 1387–1388 . 10.1080/23802359.2022.2101399. 35923632 . 9341338 . 251166898 .

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