| Halsted Ritter | |
| Office: | Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida |
| Appointer: | Calvin Coolidge |
| Term Start: | February 15, 1929 |
| Term End: | April 17, 1936 |
| Predecessor: | Rhydon Mays Call |
| Successor: | John W. Holland |
| Birth Name: | Halsted Lockwood Ritter |
| Birth Date: | 14 July 1868 |
| Birth Place: | Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |
| Death Place: | Laurel, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Party: | Republican |
| Relatives: | Mary Ritter Beard (sister) Charles A. Beard (brother-in-law) |
Halsted Lockwood Ritter (July 14, 1868 – October 15, 1951) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. He was the thirteenth individual to be impeached by the United States House of Representatives and the fourth individual to be convicted and removed from office in an impeachment trial before the United States Senate. He was also the last federal official to be impeached by the House of Representatives until Harry E. Claiborne (not counting on Richard Nixon, who resigned before he was impeached), when he was impeached and removed from office by the Senate for tax evasion in 1986.
Born on July 14, 1868, in Indianapolis, Indiana, Ritter received a Bachelor of Philosophy degree in 1891, a Bachelor of Laws in 1892, and an Artium Magister degree in 1893, all from DePauw University. He entered private practice in Indianapolis from 1892 to 1895. He continued private practice in Denver, Colorado from 1895 to 1925. He was the Republican nominee for Governor of Colorado in 1912.[1] In 1919, as a member of the Denver Lions Club, he attended the association's 3rd international convention in Chicago, where he proposed what would become the association's slogan - "liberty, intelligence, and our nation's safety", a backronym for the Lions name.[2] In 1925, he moved to West Palm Beach, Florida for his wife's health and continued in private practice until 1929.Ritter wrote a book, Washington as a Business Man, published in 1931 by Sears Publishing of New York.
Ritter was nominated by President Calvin Coolidge on January 23, 1929, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida vacated by Judge Rhydon Mays Call. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 15, 1929, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on April 17, 1936, due to his impeachment, conviction and removal from office.
On May 29, 1933, United States Representative J. Mark Wilcox of Florida introduced resolution (H. Res. 163) authorizing the House Judiciary Committee to investigate Ritter's conduct to "determine whether in the opinion of the committee he had been guilty of any high crime or misdemeanor."[3] The resolution was referred to the Judiciary Committee.[4]
On March 2, 1936, the United States House of Representatives voted to impeach Ritter by 181 votes to 146 on seven articles of impeachment.[5] The proceedings were only the 13th impeachment case in the 147 years of Congress. The seven articles were:
Ritter's chief defense attorney was Frank P. Walsh. Three House managers prosecuted the case, with Sam Hobbs of Alabama leading.
On April 6, 1936, the United States Senate began his impeachment trial. Eleven days after the trial began, the Senate voted to acquit him of all but the last article (bringing the judiciary into disrepute), which he was convicted of 56–28, exactly the two-thirds necessary for conviction under the Constitution, the partisan balance of the United States Senate being approximately 72 Democrats to approximately 22 Republicans in the 74th United States Congress, and Ritter was removed from office on April 17, 1936.[6] A motion to disqualify Ritter from all further federal office was defeated unanimously by the Senate.
Ritter challenged the conviction in the federal Court of Claims on the grounds that the Senate could not convict him on a general charge of bringing the judiciary into disrepute if it was not able to convict him of a specific offense. The Court of Claims dismissed the case and held it did not have jurisdiction because the Senate was given the "sole power" to try impeachments under Clause 6, Section 3 of Article I of the United States Constitution.[7]
After his removal from office, Ritter continued to practice law in Miami, Florida. He became ill while flying to the West Coast, and stopped in New Orleans, Louisiana. He subsequently traveled to Laurel, Mississippi to recover while staying with friends. He died on October 15, 1951, in Laurel.
Ritter's sister was Mary Ritter Beard, the wife of Charles A. Beard; both were noted historians.