Hall's conjecture explained

In mathematics, Hall's conjecture is an open question on the differences between perfect squares and perfect cubes. It asserts that a perfect square y² and a perfect cube x³ that are not equal must lie a substantial distance apart. This question arose from consideration of the Mordell equation in the theory of integer points on elliptic curves.

The original version of Hall's conjecture, formulated by Marshall Hall, Jr. in 1970, says that there is a positive constant C such that for any integers x and y for which y² ≠ x³,

|y ^{2} - x ^{3|} > C\sqrt{|x|}.

Hall suggested that perhaps C could be taken as 1/5, which was consistent with all the data known at the time the conjecture was proposed. Danilov showed in 1982 that the exponent 1/2 on the right side (that is, the use of |x|^1/2) cannot be replaced by any higher power: for no δ > 0 is there a constant C such that |y² - x³| > C|x|^{1/2 + δ} whenever y² ≠ x³.

In 1965, Davenport proved an analogue of the above conjecture in the case of polynomials: if f(t) and g(t) are nonzero polynomials over C such that g(t)³ ≠ f(t)² in C[''t''], then

\deg(g(t) ^{2} - f(t) ^{3)} \geq (1)/(2) \deg f(t) + 1 .

The weak form of Hall's conjecture, stated by Stark and Trotter around 1980, replaces the square root on the right side of the inequality by any exponent less than 1/2: for any ε > 0, there is some constant c(ε) depending on ε such that for any integers x and y for which y² ≠ x³,

|y ^{2} - x ^{3|} > c(\varepsilon) x ^{1/2-\varepsilon} .

The original, strong, form of the conjecture with exponent 1/2 has never been disproved, although it is no longer believed to be true and the term Hall's conjecture now generally means the version with the ε in it. For example, in 1998, Noam Elkies found the example

447884928428402042307918² - 5853886516781223³ = -1641843,

for which compatibility with Hall's conjecture would require C to be less than .0214 ≈ 1/50, so roughly 10 times smaller than the original choice of 1/5 that Hall suggested.

The weak form of Hall's conjecture would follow from the ABC conjecture.^[1] A generalization to other perfect powers is Pillai's conjecture, though it is also known that Pillai's conjecture would be true if Hall's conjecture held for any specific 0 < ε < 1/2.^[2]

The table below displays the known cases with

r = \sqrt{x}/|y ^{2-x} ^{3|} > 1 . Note that y can be computed as thenearest integer to x^3/2.

	x	r
1	2	1.41
2	5234	4.26
3	8158	3.76
4	93844	1.03
5	367806	2.93
6	421351	1.05
7	720114	3.77
8	939787	3.16
9	28187351	4.87
10	110781386	1.23
11	154319269	1.08
12	384242766	1.34
13	390620082	1.33
14	3790689201	2.20
15	65589428378	2.19
16	952764389446	1.15
17	12438517260105	1.27
18	35495694227489	1.15
19	53197086958290	1.66
20	5853886516781223	46.60
21	12813608766102806	1.30
22	23415546067124892	1.46
23	38115991067861271	6.50
24	322001299796379844	1.04
25	471477085999389882	1.38
26	810574762403977064	4.66
27	9870884617163518770	1.90
28	42532374580189966073	3.47
29	51698891432429706382	1.75
30	44648329463517920535	1.79
31	231411667627225650649	3.71
32	601724682280310364065	1.88
33	4996798823245299750533	2.17
34	5592930378182848874404	1.38
35	14038790674256691230847	1.27
36	77148032713960680268604	10.18
37	180179004295105849668818	5.65
38	372193377967238474960883	1.33
39	664947779818324205678136	16.53
40	2028871373185892500636155	1.14
41	10747835083471081268825856	1.35
42	37223900078734215181946587	1.38
43	69586951610485633367491417	1.22
44	3690445383173227306376634720	1.51
45	133545763574262054617147641349	1.69
46	162921297743817207342396140787	10.65
47	374192690896219210878121645171	2.97
48	401844774500818781164623821177	1.29
49	500859224588646106403669009291	1.06
50	1114592308630995805123571151844	1.04
51	39739590925054773507790363346813	3.75
52	862611143810724763613366116643858	1.10
53	1062521751024771376590062279975859	1.006
54	6078673043126084065007902175846955	1.03

References

• Book: Guy, Richard K. . Richard K. Guy

. Richard K. Guy . Unsolved problems in number theory . . 3rd . 2004 . 978-0-387-20860-2 . 1058.11001 . D9 .

• Book: Hall, Jr., Marshall . 1971 . The Diophantine equation x³ - y² = k . 173–198 . Computers in Number Theory . A.O.L. . Atkin . A. O. L. Atkin . B. J. . Birch . Bryan John Birch . 0-12-065750-3 . 0225.10012.
• Elkies, N.D. "Rational points near curves and small nonzero | 'x³ - y²'| via lattice reduction", http://arxiv.org/abs/math/0005139
• Danilov, L.V., "The Diophantine equation   'x³   -  y² '  ' =  k  ' and Hall's conjecture", 'Math. Notes Acad. Sci. USSR' 32(1982), 617-618.
• Gebel, J., Pethö, A., and Zimmer, H.G.: "On Mordell's equation", 'Compositio Math.' 110(1998), 335-367.
• I. Jiménez Calvo, J. Herranz and G. Sáez Moreno, "A new algorithm to search for small nonzero |'x3 - y2'| values", 'Math. Comp.' 78 (2009), pp. 2435-2444.
• S. Aanderaa, L. Kristiansen and H. K. Ruud, "Search for good examples of Hall's conjecture", 'Math. Comp.' 87 (2018), 2903-2914.

External links

• a page on the problem by Noam Elkies

Notes and References

1. Book: Schmidt, Wolfgang M. . Wolfgang M. Schmidt

   . Wolfgang M. Schmidt . Diophantine approximations and Diophantine equations . Lecture Notes in Mathematics . 1467 . . 1996 . 2nd . 3-540-54058-X . 0754.11020 . 205–206 .

2. Nair . M . 1 December 1977 . A NOTE ON THE EQUATION x^3−y^2=k . The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics . 29 . 4 . 483–487.