Taiwanese Hakka Explained

Taiwanese Hakka
Nativename:toiˇ vanˇ hagˋ gaˊ ngiˊ / toiˇ vanˇ hagˋ fa
Thòi-vàn Hak-kâ-ngî / Thòi-vàn Hak-fa
Pronunciation:



States:Taiwan
Ethnicity:Hakka Taiwanese
Region:Taoyuan, Miaoli, Hsinchu, Pingtung, Kaohsiung, Taichung, Nantou, Changhua, Yunlin, Yilan, Hualien and Taitung
Speakers:2,580,000
Date:2015
Ref:[1]
Familycolor:Sino-Tibetan
Fam2:Sinitic
Fam3:Chinese
Fam4:Hakka–Gan?
Fam5:Hakka–She?
Fam6:Hakka
Fam7:Yue-Tai & Hailu
Script:Latin (Pha̍k-fa-sṳ)
Nation:Taiwan
Isoexception:dialect
Iso6:htia
Agency:Hakka Affairs Council
Glotto:none
Lingua:79-AAA-gap
Map:Taiwanese Hakka usage map in 2010.svg
Mapcaption:Proportion of residents aged 6 or older using Hakka at home in Taiwan, in 2010
Dia1:Sixian
Dia2:Hailu
Dia3:Raoping

Taiwanese Hakka is a language group consisting of Hakka dialects spoken in Taiwan, and mainly used by people of Hakka ancestry. Taiwanese Hakka is divided into five main dialects: Sixian, Hailu, Dabu, Raoping, and Zhao'an.[2] The most widely spoken of the five Hakka dialects in Taiwan are Sixian and Hailu.[3] The former, possessing 6 tones, originates from Meizhou, Guangdong, and is mainly spoken in Miaoli, Pingtung and Kaohsiung, while the latter, possessing 7 tones, originates from Haifeng and Lufeng, Guangdong, and is concentrated around Hsinchu. Taiwanese Hakka is also officially listed as one of the national languages of Taiwan. In addition to the five main dialects, there are the northern Xihai dialect and the patchily-distributed Yongding, Fengshun, Wuping, Wuhua, and Jiexi dialects.

Geographic distribution

In 2014, 4.2 million Taiwanese self-identified as Hakka, accounting for 18% of the population.[4] The Hakka Affairs Council has designated 70 townships and districts across Taiwan where the Hakka account for more than a third of the total population, including 18 in Miaoli County, 11 in Hsinchu County, and another 8 in Pingtung, Hualien, and Taoyuan counties each.

Status

With the introduction of martial law in 1949, the KMT-led government repressed Hakka, along with Taiwanese Hokkien and other indigenous languages in favor of Mandarin.[5] In 1988, the Hakka community established the Restore My Mother Tongue Movement to advocate for the right to use and preserve the Hakka language.[6] Language restrictions were relaxed after 1987 with the lifting of martial law and ensuing democratic reforms. In 2012, the ministry-level Hakka Affairs Council was established to stem the language's decline in Taiwan.[7] In December 2017, the Legislative Yuan designated Hakka as an official national language of Taiwan.[8]

Sociolinguistics

While Hakka has official status in Taiwan, it has seen ongoing decline due to a language shift to the more dominant Taiwanese Mandarin and Taiwanese Hokkien.[9] The number of Hakka speakers in Taiwan has declined by 1.1% per year, particularly among youth. In 2016, only 22.8% of self-identifying Hakkas aged 19 to 29 spoke the language.[10] Today, Taiwanese Hakka tends to be used within families and within local communities, which has reduced intergenerational transmission. An estimated 2 million Hakkas now self-identify as Hoklo. Furthermore, the great diversity of Hakka dialects used throughout Taiwan has impeded standardization of Hakka for teaching.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Eberhard. David M.. Simons. Gary F.. Fennig. Charles D.. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2019. SIL International. Dallas, Texas. 22nd. 14 August 2019. Chinese, Hakka.
  2. Web site: 16 July 2018 . Distribution and Resurgence of the Hakka Language . 14 August 2019 . Hakka Affairs Council . en.
  3. Book: The Republic of China Yearbook . Government Information Office . 2010 . 9789860252781 . Republic of China (Taiwan) . 42 . en . Chapter 2: People and Language . http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/02People&Language.pdf . https://web.archive.org/web/20110805173731/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/02People%26Language.pdf . 2011-08-05 . dead.
  4. Web site: 2017-06-25 . Study of Hakka language to become mandatory in designated regions . 2024-02-20 . Taipei Times.
  5. Web site: Waksman . Itamar . 2021-10-11 . The fight for Taiwan's linguistic diversity . 2024-02-20 . The China Project . en-US.
  6. Web site: 2023-11-06 . KMT Hakka language policy hypocrisy . 2024-02-20 . Taipei Times.
  7. News: Van Trieste . John . 2021-12-24 . Lawmakers call for law promoting the revival of the Hakka language . RTI.
  8. Web site: Cheng . Hung-ta . Chung . Jake . 2017-12-30 . Hakka made an official language . 2024-02-20 . Taipei Times.
  9. Vollmann . Ralf . Soon . Tek Wooi . 2022-09-01 . Convergence of Hakka with Chinese in Taiwan . Global Chinese . en . 8 . 2 . 211–229 . 10.1515/glochi-2022-0008 . 2199-4382. free .
  10. Web site: Chan . Rosalie . 2016-01-25 . Demographic shift spells language decline . 2024-02-20 . Taipei Times.